The following is a chronological overview of the history of the Tamil people, who trace their ancestry to the Indian state of Tamil Nadu , the Indian Union territory of Puducherry , or the Northern , Eastern Province and Puttalam District [1] of Sri Lanka .[2]
Pre-historic period [ edit ]
Period
Events
c. 150,000-100,000 BCE
Evidence for presence of Hominins with Acheulean technology in north Tamil Nadu.[3]
c. 30,000 BCE
Paleolithic industries in north Tamil Nadu[4]
c. 8000 -3000 BCE
Pre-pottery microlithic industries[5]
c. 3000 -1000 BCE
Neolithic and fine microlithic industries[6]
Pre-Sangam period [ edit ]
Sangam age [ edit ]
Post-Sangam period [ edit ]
Period
Events
c. 300 -590
Kalabhras invade the Tamil country and displace the traditional rulers
c. 300-500
Post-Sangam period, Tamil epics such as Silappatikaram written
Pallava and Pandya [ edit ]
Period
Events
c. 560 -580
Pallava Simhavishnu overthrows the Kalabhras in Tondaimandalam
c. 560 -590
Pandya Kadungon rules from Madurai and displaces the Kalabhras from the south
c. 590 -630
Pallava Mahendravarman I rules in Kanchipuram
c. 610
Saiva saint Thirunavukkarasar (Appar) converts Mahendravarman from Jainism
c. 628
Chalukya Pulakesi II invades the Pallava kingdom and lays siege on Kanchipuram
c. 630 -668
Pallava Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla ) rules in Tondaimandalam
c. 642
Pallava Narasimhavarman I launches a counter invasion into the Chalukya country and sacks Vatapi . Pulakesi is killed in battle
c. 670 -700
CE-Pandya Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman rules in Madurai
c. 700 -728
Pallava Rajasimha builds the Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram and many of the shore temples in Mamallapuram
c. 710 -730
Pandya king Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran expands the Pandya kingdom into the Kongu country
c. 731
Pandya Maravarman Rajasimha aligns with the Chalukya Vikramaditya II and attacks the Pallava king Nandivarmam
c. 731 -765
Pandya Maravarman Rajasimha aligns with the Chalukya Vikramaditya II and attacks the Pallava king Nandivarmam
c. 735
Chaluka Vikramaditya II invades the Pallava country and occupies the capital Kanchipuram
c. 760
Pallava Nandivarman II invades and defeats the Ganga kingdom at the battle of Villande
c. 768 -815
Pandya Parantaka Nedunchadaiyan (Varaguna Pandyan) rules in Madurai[17]
c. 767
Pandya forces defeat the Pallavas on the south banks of the Kaveri
c. 800 -830
Varagunan I becomes Pandya king and extends his empire up to Tiruchirapalli by defeating the Pallava king Dandivarman
c. 830 -862
Pandya Sirmara Srivallabha rules in Madurai
c. 840
Srimara invades Lanka and captures the northern provinces of the Lanka king Sena I[18]
c. 848
Rise of Vijayalaya Chola in Tanjavur after defeating the Muttaraiyar[19] Muthuraja rulers of kaveri delta
c. 846 -869
Pallava Nadivarman III leads an invasion against the Pandya kingdom and defeats the Pandyas
at the battle of Tellaru . Pallava kingdom extends up to the river Vaigai
c. 859
Pandya Srivallaba defeats the Pallavas at a battle at Kumbakonam
c. 862
Sinhala forces under Sena II invade the Pandya country and sack Madurai. Srimara is killed in battle
Chola period [ edit ]
Chola to Pandya transition [ edit ]
Pandiya revival and Muslim rule [ edit ]
Period
Events
1251
Accession of Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I [25]
1279
End of the Chola dynasty with the death of Rajendra Chola III [22]
1268 -1310
Kulasekara Pandiyan rules in Madurai[25]
1308
Malik Kafur a general of Allaudin Khilji invades Devagiri en route to Tamil Nadu[26]
1310
Sundara Pandian, son of Kulasekara Pandiyan, kills his father and becomes king. In the ensuing civil war he is defeated by his brother Vira Pandiyan.[27]
1311
Malik Kafur, invades Pandiya country and attacks Madurai[26]
1327 -1370
Madurai under the rule of Madurai Sultanate[26]
Vijayanagar and Nayak period [ edit ]
East India Company [ edit ]
British rule [ edit ]
Period
Events
1892
British government passes the Indian Councils Act
1909
'Minto-Morley Reforms'. Madras Legislative Council formed
1921
First regional elections held in Madras. Justice party forms government[31]
1927
Madras Congress passes a resolution for 'Full Independence'
1928
Simon Commission visits Madras. Mass protests result in several deaths
1937
Congress party under C. Rajagopalachari wins provincial elections and forms government in Madras
1938
Periyar E. V. Ramasamy organises a separatist agitation demanding Dravida Nadu consisting of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala
1941
Indian Muslim League holds its congress in Madras. Muhammad Ali Jinnah delivers keynote speech
1944
Periyar E. V. Ramasamy and C. N. Annadurai organise Dravidar Kazhagam
Post independence period [ edit ]
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
^ Manual of the Puttalam District of the North-Western Province of Ceylon (1908), Frank Modder, p.55.
^ Minahan, James (2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-659-1 .
^ Pappu, Shanni; et al. "Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India" . Science Magazine . Retrieved 12 April 2014 .
^ "Excavations at the Palaeolithic Site of Attirampakkam, South India" . Antiquity journal. September 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2013 .
^ "Evidence of pre-historic humans in Thanjavur" . The Hindu . Thanjavur, India. 10 May 2009.
^ "Bedrock on which Neolithic man sharpened stone tools found in T.N." . The Hindu . India. 3 April 2013.
^ "Kanchi district, gold mine of megalithic sites" . IBN Live . Tamil Nadu, India. 14 March 2012.
^ Coningham, R.A.E.; Allchin, F.R.; Batt, C.M. (1996). "Passage to India: Anuradhapura and the early use of Brahmi Script". Cambridge Archaeological Journal . 6:2 : 73–97. doi :10.1017/s0959774300001608 .
^ Allan Dahlaquist. Megasthenes and Indian Religion
^ Keay, John (2000) [2001]. India: A history. India: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0 .
^ Singh, Upinder (2009). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India 1st Edition . Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. ISBN 8131716775 .
^ "Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela of Kalinga" (PDF) . Project South Asia . South Dakota State University. Retrieved 12 April 2014 .
^ Strabo XV.1
^ Schoff (tr. & ed.), W.H. "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century (London, Bombay & Calcutta 1912)" . Internet History Sourcebooks Project . Fordham University. Retrieved 12 April 2014 .
^ Zvelebil, Kamil Veith (1991). Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature . Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9004093656 .
^ Coningham (), Robin; et al. "Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka) Project, Phase I: ASW2" . Arts and Humanities Research Council. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2014 .
^ "Preserving the past" . The Hindu . India. 3 February 2010.
^ "Sinhala king and South Indian invasions" . Daily News . SriLanka. 20 October 2009.
^ "Chapter 1-4.pmd" (PDF) . Retrieved 2012-11-07 .
^ a b c d Kulke and Rothermund (2010). A History of India . Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 9780415485432 .
^ Majumdar, R.C. (1934). Ancient Indian Colonies In The Far East . Dacca: Asoke Humar Majumdar Ramna. p. 407.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2005). A History of South India . New Age International Limited (P). p. 158.
^ Meyer, Holger (1999). Umsatzsteuer - Binnenmarkt . Berlin: Boorberg. p. 73. ISBN 978-3415026131 .
^ Sethuraman, N (1980). Medieval Pandyas, A.D. 1000-1200 . University of Michigan.
^ a b Thinakaran, Alice Justina (15 May 2007). The Second Pandyan Empire, A.D. 1190-1312 . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. p. 225.
^ a b c Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). South India and her Muhammadan Invaders . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 222–223.
^ Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). South India and her Muhammadan Invaders . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 97.
^ "Portuguese on the Coromandel" . The Hindu . India. 17 May 2004.
^ "Historical Moments" . Thanjavur Municipality, Tamil Nadu state Government. Retrieved 28 May 2013 .
^ "Excerpts from a Sergeant's Diary recounting Robert Clive's capture of Arcot, September-October 1751" . Project South Asia . South Dakota State University, USA. Retrieved 11 July 2013 .
^ "A history of agitational politics" . Frontline . India. 10 April 2004.
^ http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/index.htm
^ http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review%204_67-70.pdf
Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. A History of South India, OUP, Reprinted 2000
Nilakanta Sastri, K.A., Srinivasachari, Advanced History of India, Allied Publishers Ltd, New Delhi, Reprinted 2000
Read, Anthony, The Proudest Day - India's Long Ride to Independence, Jonathan Cape, London, 1997
External links [ edit ]