Critique
of "Evaluating Heterodox Theories"
By David
Orme-Johnson, Ph.D. and Robert Oates
Dr. David
Orme-Johnson, a prominent scientist (now retired) and Robert Oates at the Institute
of Science Technology and Public Policy, critiqued a paper by Evan
Fales and Barry Markovsky that is critical of research conducted on the
Maharishi Effect. The abstract is posted below with a summary of the paper. Military analysts may recall the article "When Nothing Works"
in the 28 Oct 85 issue of the Army Times. In the article, Dr. Orme-Johnson
proposed military use of Invincible Defense Technology. Since this time,
this technology has been successfully field-tested by the armed forces
of two countries (for details, see Project:
Coherence and Invincible
Defense--A New "Secret Weapon!") Dr. David
Orme-Johnson discusses the Maharishi Effect research in great detail on his personal website.
Journal of Scientific Exploration
Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 139–166, 2009 0892-3310/09
A Field-Theoretic View of Consciousness: Reply to Critics
DAVID W. ORME-JOHNSON AND ROBERT M. OATES
Maharishi University of Management
Fairfield, IA 52557
Abstract
This paper replies to a critique (Fales & Markovsky, 1997) of a study reporting that group practice of the Transcendental Meditation program had a measurable effect on objective measures of the quality of life in Israel and the war in Lebanon (Orme-Johnson et al., 1988). The critics proposed various cultural/political events as alternative explanations for the results. These events could not explain the results, as indicated by (1) simple inspection of the published data; (2) statistical analyses controlling for these events; (3) analyses of reduced data sets that completely eliminated the days of the events from the analyses; and (4) analyses of six random samples of 50% of the data. Although some of the cultural/political events suggested did have a significant effect on a composite index of crime, traffic accidents, fires, war intensity, stock market, and national mood, the effects of these events were independent of the effect of the meditators and could not explain it. We argue that Maharishi’s theory of collective consciousness provides a unifying framework that explains these results through a logical structure of clearly defined, operationalized terms grounded in physiological and behavioral research, which makes specific quantifiable and socially important predictions that have been extensively replicated.
More indepth summary of the paper:
Evaluating Heterodox Theories (EHT) is a thinly disguised
attempt to censor research on the Maharishi Effect the objectively
measurable peace-creating effect associated with large groups of meditation
experts. The EHT paper does not recount the data in the original research
study which EHT is attempting to criticize, data showing that as daily
attendance fluctuated at a peace-creating assembly in Jerusalem over
a 60-day period, crime, traffic accidents and fires in Israel, and warfare
in neighboring Lebanon, also fluctuated with strong inverse correlation.
Nor does EHT recount any of the data in 50 other studies on the same
phenomenon, most of them covered in 23 published scientific papers on
the topic. Instead, EHT attempts to dismiss the whole concept as a heterodox
theory not worthy of the usual rigor associated with a scientific
critique. In the social sciences, however, such an approach has little
validity since there is no well-developed orthodox theoretical
structure against which other theories can be judged as heterodox.
In its theory section, EHT asserts that if a theory is discredited,
then the data which supports the theory is discredited, which in fact
is the opposite of the practice in science, in which theories are created,
tested, and modified according to the data. EHT invokes Bayes
Theorem as a seemingly objective means of evaluating a theory, but since
only subjective opinions are entered into the equation by EHT, only
subjective opinions come out of it. EHT claims that the primitive term
of the theory-- pure consciousness-- is vague, when in fact
the means by which anyone can directly experience this state of quiet
inner wakefulness is operationally defined by the Transcendental Meditation
technique, and a large body of research over the last thirty-five years
has provided objective physiological definition of the state. EHT claims
that the research on the Maharishi Effect theory did not test one of
its most obvious quantitative predictions, which is that the effect
will increase as a square of the number of people practicing the TM
and TM-Sidhi programs together. In fact, the study in question did empirically
evaluate this issue both in the original paper and in published debate
on the theory. EHT asserts that prior knowledge makes the
Maharishi Effect theory improbable, but in fact: 1) the basic theoretical
tenets of the Maharishi Effect comprise the Perennial Philosophy,
the most ancient and ubiquitous knowledge of the human race; and 2)
the central proposition that EHT finds heterodox--that individuals directly
interact at a distance by other means than the classical sensory modalities--is
currently the focus of several active research programs. EHT criticizes
the work of physicist John Hagelin showing parallels between the structure
of natural law described by modern science with the structure of natural
law described in the most comprehensive and ancient knowledge of consciousness,
the Vedic Tradition. In fact, Hagelin is an award winning Harvard PhD
in theoretical physics whose technical articles are on the leading edge
of modern science and are among the most frequently quoted in physics.
This background, together with the fact that for over thirty years Hagelin
has personally explored consciousness using the subject technologies
of the Vedic Tradition, and has engaged in hundreds of hours discussions
of consciousness with Maharishi, the worlds foremost authority
of consciousness, as well as with other leading scholars, makes him
uniquely qualified to formulate an integration of consciousness with
modern science. Hagelins work is in the tradition of other great
physicists, such as Schroedinger, Planck, and Einstein, who saw the
deep implications of their discoveries for a unified understanding of
the physics and consciousness and he greatly extends their efforts in
this regard in scope, rigor, empirical testing, and practical applications
to improve society.
The empirical aspect of EHT intends to offer several alternate explanations
for the data presented in a paper on the Maharishi Effect published
in the Journal of Conflict Resolution in 1988. Whereas the predictions of the study were lodged in advance
with outside scientists in Israel and the United States, and is based
on daily fluctuations in crime, accidents, and warfare amenable to mathematical
analysis, the explanations suggested by EHT are all post
hoc, and consist of a handful of unrelated events. EHT points out a
holiday that the study did not account for, for example, but quantitative
analysis shows that this holiday did not account for any of the variance
in the data. Furthermore, EHTs listed events do not meet the minimum
requirement of an explanation. What needs to be explained
in this study is the strong relationship between daily fluctuations
in crime, accidents, warfare and other variables, on the one hand, and
daily fluctuations in the size of the coherence-creating group located
in Jerusalem, on the other. EHT points out several events that happened
during the study, such as Prime Minister Begin resigning, but does not
even attempt to show how this event could explain either aspect of the
data, not to mention the strong relationship between them. In a footnote,
EHT says that the authors of the Israel study would not send them the
original data, when in fact they were sent all the data in graphic form,
which was also published as an appendix when the original paper was
reprinted in a research anthology in 1990. Moreover, the EHT authors
were told that they would also be sent the data in spreadsheet form
as soon as they publicly retracted false statements that they had made
about the research in television interviews and in the popular press.
Finally, EHT maintains that if it discounts one study that it has discounted
them all. Replication is the very essence of the scientific method,
and EHT has not effectively discounted even this one study on the Maharishi
Effect, much less any of the other 50 studies directly on the phenomenon,
or any of the 600 studies testing ancillary tenets crucial to the theory.
Often replicated evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that large
groups of peace-creating experts, meditating together, are associated
with a measurable influence of peace and orderliness in the surrounding
society. Nothing in EHT undermines that evidence-based conclusion.
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