The Sudan
 

1821/22 - 1881/85                           2 Sep 1898 - 1 Jan 1956         Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Governor-general's flag               2 Sep 1898 - 1 Jan 1956 Joint flag (U.K.)  19 Jan 1899 - 18 Jun 1953 Joint flag (Egypt)                       1 Jan 1956 - 20 May 1970                           Adopted 20 May 1970   Map of Sudan Hear National Anthem "Nahnu Djundulla Djundulwatan" (We Are the Army of God and of Our Land)  Text of National Anthem Adopted 1956 Interim Constitution (6 Jul 2005) -------------------------------------- Former Constitution (1 Jul 1998 - 6 Jul 2005) Capital: Khartoum (Omdurman 1881-1898) Currency:  Sudanese Pound (SDG) 1957-1992, 2007-; Sudanese Dinar (SDD) 1992-9 Jan 2007  National Holiday: 1 Jan (1956) Independence Day Population: 34,847,910 (2013) GDP: $89.9 billion (2013) Exports: $4.15 billion (2013) Imports: $5.94 billion (2013) Ethnic groups: black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, others 3% (2003) note: demographic data includes South Sudan Total Active Armed Forces: 109,300 (2010) African Union-UN Darfur Force (UNAMID): 19,442 (2013) Merchant marine: 2 ships (2010) Religions: Sunni Muslim 68.4% (in north), Roman Catholic 9.5%,  and Protestant 8.8% (of which Anglican 5.4%) (mostly in south and in Khartoum), traditional beliefs 10.8%, other 2.5% (2005) International Organizations/Treaties: ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AIIB (applicant), AL, AMF, APM, Arabsat, AU, BTWC, CAEU, COMESA, CTBT, CWC, ESCR, FAO, G-77, GAFTA, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OIC, OPCW, OPEC (observer), PCA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) The Sudan Index Chronology Jul 1820                   Egypt under Muhammad Ali begins conquest of Sudan                              (Dongala 23 Sep 1820, Berber 5 Mar 1821, Khartoum                              in May 1821, Senner 11 Jun 1821, and Kordofan                              on 19 Aug 1821). 1821/1822                  Annexation by Egypt (nominally under Ottoman                              suzerainty). 29 Jun 1881                Mahdiya established (Mahdi's "emergence"). 26 Jan 1885                Egyptian Sudan fully occupied by the Mahdiya.  2 Sep 1898                Mahdiya extinguished by Britain. 19 Jan 1899                Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (initially spelled "Soudan")                              (condominium). 24 Nov 1924                Egyptian troops and civil servants withdrawn.  4 Jul 1940 - 17 Jan 1941  Italian occupation of Gallabat, Kurmak and Kassala. 22 Oct 1952                Self-rule granted.  1 Jan 1956                Independence (Republic of The Sudan). 25 May 1969                Democratic Republic of The Sudan  5 Jun 1983 -  9 Jan 2005  Civil war erupts, large parts of the southern                              provinces under rebel control. 15 Dec 1985                Republic of The Sudan  9 Jul 2011                Independence of South Sudan. States (from 1991) Provinces (1821-1889)  Traditional Polities Abyei Area Darfur Transitional Authority  Map of Civil War 1983-2005 Historical Maps of Sudan

Egyptian Commanders
Nov 1820 - 1821            Isma`il Kamel Pasha                (b. 1795 - d. 1822)
Apr 1821 - Sep 1824        Muhammad Bey Defterdar             (d. 1833)
Sep 1824 - May 1825        'Uthman Bey Jarkas                 (d. 1825)
May 1825 - Mar 1826        Mahu Bey Urfali                    (d. 1828)
Governor
Mar 1826 - 1835            Ali Khurshid Agha                  (b. 1786 - d. 1845)
Governors-general (Hakimdar)
1835 - Jun 1838            Ali Khurshid Pasha                 (s.a.)
Jun 1838 -  6 Oct 1843     Ahmad Pasha abu Widan              (d. 1843)
1843 - 1845                Ahmad Pasha Manikli (Manlilki)     (b. c.1795 - d. 1862)
1845 - 1850                Khalid Khusraw Pasha   
1850 - Jan 1851            'Abd al-Latif Pasha                (b. c.1805 - d. 1883)
Jan 1851 - May 1852        Rustum Pasha Jarkas                (d. 1852)
May 1852 - 1853            Isma'il Haqqi Pasha abu Jabal      (b. 1818 - d. 1882)
1853 - 1854                Salim Pasha Sa'ib al-Jaza'irli
Jul 1854 - Nov 1854        Ali Pasha Sirri al-Arna'ut         (b. 1814 - d. 1866)
Governors
1854 - 1855                Ali Pasha Jarkas
1856 - 1858                Arakil Bey al-Armani               (b. 1826 - d. 1858)
1859 - 1861                Hasan Bey Salama Jarkas            (d. 1861)
1861 - 1862                Muhammad Rasikh Bey                (b. c.1834 - d. 1883)
Governors-general 
1862 - 1865                Musa Pasha Hamdi                   (b. c.1800 - d. 1865)
1865 - Nov 1865            'Umar Bey Fakhri (acting)          (d. 1866)
Nov 1865 - 1866            Ja'afar Pasha Sadiq                (b. 1805 - d. af.1884)
1866 -  5 Feb 1871         Ja'afar Pasha Mazhar               (d. 1878)
 5 Feb 1871 - Oct 1872     Ahmad Mumtaz Pasha                 (b. c.1825 - d. 1874)
Oct 1872 - 1872            Edhem Pasha al-Arifi at-Atqalawi   (b. c.1815 - d. af.1872)
                             (acting)
1872 - 18 May 1877         Isma'il Pasha al- Aiyub            (d. 1884)
May 1877 - Dec 1879        Charles George Gordon (1st time)   (b. 1833 - d. 1885)
                             "Gordon Pasha"
Dec 1879 - Feb 1882        Muhammad Ra'uf Pasha               (b. 1832 - d. c.1888)
Feb 1882 - May 1882        Giegler Pasha (acting)             (b. 1844 - d. 1921)
                             (Carl Christian Giegler)
May 1882 - Mar 1883        'Abd al-Qadir Pasha Hilmi          (b. 1837 - d. 1908)
Mar 1883 -  5 Nov 1883     'Ala al-Din Pasha Siddiq           (d. 1883)
 5 Nov 1883 - Feb 1884     William Hicks "Hicks Pasha"        (b. 1830 - d. 1884)
Feb 1884 - 18 Feb 1884     Henry Watts Russell de Coetlogon   (b. 1839 - d. 1908)
                             (acting)
18 Feb 1884 - 26 Jan 1885  Charles George Gordon (2nd time)   (s.a.)
Mahdi
29 Jun 1881 - 22 Jun 1885  Muhammad Ahmad                     (b. 1844 - d. 1885)
Khalifa
22 Jun 1885 -  2 Sep 1898  `Abd Allah                         (b. 1846 - d. 1899)
Military governor
 2 Sep 1898 - 19 Jan 1899  Horatio Herbert Kitchener,         (b. 1850 - d. 1916)
                             Baron Kitchener 
Governors-general
19 Jan 1899 - 22 Dec 1899  Horatio Herbert Kitchener,         (s.a.)
                             Baron Kitchener 
22 Dec 1899 - 31 Dec 1916  Sir Francis Reginald Wingate       (b. 1861 - d. 1953)
 1 Jan 1917 - 20 Nov 1924  Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack   (b. 1868 - d. 1924)
21 Nov 1924 -  5 Jan 1925  Wasey Sterry (acting)              (b. 1866 - d. 1955)
 5 Jan 1925 -  6 Jul 1926  Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer        (b. 1882 - d. 1964)
31 Oct 1926 - 10 Jan 1934  Sir John Loader Maffey             (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
10 Jan 1934 - 19 Oct 1940  Sir George Stewart Symes           (b. 1882 - d. 1962)
19 Oct 1940 -  8 Apr 1947  Sir Hubert Jervoise Huddleston     (b. 1880 - d. 1950)
 8 Apr 1947 - 29 Mar 1954  Sir Robert George Howe             (b. 1893 - d. 1981)
29 Mar 1954 - 12 Dec 1955  Sir Alexander Knox Helm            (b. 1893 - d. 1964)
12 Dec 1955 -  1 Jan 1956  Muhammad Ahmad Abu Rannat (acting) (b. 1902 - d. 1979)
Presidents
 1 Jan 1956 - 17 Nov 1958  Supreme Commission (later,
                           Supreme Council of State)
                           - 'Abd al-Fattah Muhammad          (d. 1985)
                               al-Maghribi
                           - al-Dardiri Muhammad 'Uthman      (b. 1896 - d. 1977)
                           - Ahmad Muhammad Yasin
                           - Ahmad Muhammad Salih             (b. 1898 - d. 1973)
                           - Siricio Iro Wani                 (b. 1919 - d. 1985)
17 Nov 1958 - 15 Nov 1964  Ibrahim 'Abbud                     (b. 1900 - d. 1983)  Mil
                            (president of the Supreme Council
                             for the Armed Forces to 26 Oct 1964,
                             then Head of State)
15 Nov 1964 -  5 Dec 1964  Sirr al-Khatim al-Khalifa          (b. 1919 - d. 2006)  UNF
                             al-Hasan (acting)
 5 Dec 1964 - 10 Jun 1965  Supreme Council of State
                           (chair rotating)
                           - 'Abd al-Halim Muhammad (1st time)(b. 1910 - d. 2009)
                           - al-Tijani al-Mahi                (b. 1911 - d. 1970)
                           - Mubarak al-Fadil Shaddad         (b. 1915)
                           - Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman
                           - Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho        (b. 1929 - d. 2010)
                              (1st time)(from 6 Dec 1964)
10 Jun 1965 -  8 Jul 1965  Supreme Council of State
                           (chair rotating)
                           - Ismail al-Azhari                 (b. 1900 - d. 1969)  NUP
                           - Abdullah al-Fadil al-Mahdi       (b. 1892 - d. 1966) 
                           - Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho        (s.a.)
                              (2nd time)(to 14 Jun 1965)
                           - 'Abd al-Halim Muhammad (2nd time)(s.a.)
                           - Khidr Hamad                      (b. 1908 - d. 1970)  NUP
                           - Philemon Majok (from 5 Jul 1965) (b. 1905 - d. 1982)  NUP
 8 Jul 1965 - 25 May 1969  Ismail al-Azhari                   (s.a.)               NUP
                             (president of the Supreme Council of State)
25 May 1969 - 19 Jul 1971  Jafar Muhammad al-Nimeiry          (b. 1930 - d. 2009)  Mil
                             (president of Revolutionary Command Council)
                             (1st time)
19 Jul 1971 - 22 Jul 1971  Babikr al-Nur 'Uthman (Osman)      (b. 1935 - d. 1971)  Mil
                             (president of Revolutionary Council; remained outside country)
19 Jul 1971 - 22 Jul 1971  Hashim al-'Atta (acting)           (b. 1936 - d. 1971)  Mil
                             (vice president of Revolutionary Council; acting for 'Uthman)
22 Jul 1971 -  6 Apr 1985  Jafar Muhammad al-Nimeiry          (s.a.)              Mil;1972 SSU
                             (president of Revolutionary Command Council to 12 Oct 1971)
                             (2nd time)
 6 Apr 1985 -  6 May 1986  'Abd al-Rahman Suwar al-Dhahab     (b. 1934)            Mil
                             (commander-in-chief of Armed Forces of the Sudan to
                             9 Apr 1985, then president of Transitional Military Council)
 6 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1989  Ahmad 'Ali al-Mirghani             (b. 1941 - d. 2008)  DUP
                             (chairman of Supreme Council)
30 Jun 1989 -              'Umar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir        (b. 1944)           Mil;1996 NCP
                             (president of Revolutionary Command 
                             Council for National Salvation to 16 Oct 1993)
 

Territorial Disputes: The effects of Sudan's almost constant ethnic and rebel militia fighting since the mid-20th century have penetrated all of the neighboring states; Chad wishes to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; as of 2006, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda provided shelter for over a half million Sudanese refugees, which include 240,000 Darfur residents driven from their homes by Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military forces; as of Jan 2011, Sudan, in turn, hosted about 138,700 Eritreans, 43,000 Chadians, and smaller numbers of Ethiopians; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia proceed slowly due to civil and ethnic fighting in eastern Sudan; Sudan claims but Egypt de facto administers security and economic development of Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel boundary; periodic violent skirmishes with Sudanese residents over water and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic; South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 Jan 1956 alignment, final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan.

Party abbreviations: DUP = al-Hizb al-Ittihadi al-Dimuqrati (Democratic Unionist Party, nationalist, center-right, merger of NUP and People's Democratic Party, est.1967); NCP = al-Mu'tamar al-Watani (National Congress Party, Arab nationalist, Islamist conservative, state party 1996-2000, est.1996); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: NUP = National Unionist Party (social democratic, nationalist, federalist, 1952-1967, merged into DUP); SSU = Sudanese Socialist Union/Al-Ittihad Al-Ishtiraki Al-Sudaniy (Arab nationalist, socialist, 1971-85 state part of Sudan, 1971-1985); UMMA = Hizb al-Umma (Umma National Party, Sudanese nationalist, Islamist centrist, est.Feb 1945); UNF = United National Front (alliance of most parties, est.1964)

Abyei Area Administration

31 Aug 2008                Abyei Area Administration formed in disputed region between
                             Southern Sudan and government of Sudan.
 9 Jan 2011                Proposed referendum on joining South Sudan, postponed
                             indefinitely.
21 May 2011 - 27 Jun 2011  Occupied by The Sudan.
27-29 Oct 2013             Unilateral referendum held by Ngok Dinka, 99% vote to
                             join South Sudan (not recognized).
Jul 2015                   Renamed Abyei Special Administrative Area.

Chiefs of Administration
31 Aug 2008 - 30 Dec 2009  Arop Mayak Mony Toc                                     SPLM
30 Dec 2009 - 21 May 2011  Deng Arop Kuol (1st time)                               SPLM
21 May 2011 - 27 Jun 2011  Ahmed Hussein al-Imam                                   NCP
27 Jun 2011 - 21 May 2013  Deng Arop Kuol (2nd time)                               SPLM
May 2013 – Mar 2015        Kuol Monyluak Dak                                       SPLM
24 May 2015 - Feb 2017     Chol Deng Alak                                          SPLM
Feb 2017 -                 Kuol Alor Kuol Arop                                     SPLM

Commanders of United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA)
27 Jul 2011 - 24 Jan 2013  Tadesse Werede Tesfay (Ethiopia)   (b. 1958)
12 Mar 2013 - 19 Jun 2014  Yohannes Gebremeskel Tesfamariam   (b. 1960)
                             (Ethiopia)
21 Nov 2014 - 20 Jan 2016  Birhanu Jula Gelalcha (Ethiopia)   (b. 1965)
20 Jan 2016 -              Hassen Ebrahim Mussa (Ethiopia)    (b. 1966)

Party abbreviations: NCP = al-Mu'tamar al-Watani (National Congress Party, Arab nationalist, Islamist conservative, state party 1996-2000, est.1996); SPLM = Sudan People's Liberation Movement (pro-southern autonomy, political arm of Sudan Peoples' Liberation Army, est.1983)