Countermeasure system for laser radiation
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- Publication number
- US3992628A US3992628A US05271313 US27131372A US3992628A US 3992628 A US3992628 A US 3992628A US 05271313 US05271313 US 05271313 US 27131372 A US27131372 A US 27131372A US 3992628 A US3992628 A US 3992628A
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- Prior art keywords
- laser
- energy
- aerosol
- material
- absorbing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
- G01S7/495—Counter-measures or counter-counter-measures using electronic or electro-optical means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H11/00—Defence installations; Defence devices
- F41H11/02—Anti-aircraft or anti-guided missile or anti-torpedo defence installations or systems
Abstract
Description
The present invention is related to countermeasures and particularly to an effective countermeasure against laser beam target designators. A laser beam target designator is a device for sending a laser beam to a target for attracting laser homing weapons. Laser energy is reflected from a target and the reflected laser energy when detected by a laser guided weapon is used for homing in on the target.
The objective of the countermeasure technique is to introduce within a known laser path, a material (gas or vapor) having sufficient absorbing properties to significantly reduce the laser energy striking the illuminated target. Consequently, the reflected target energy is reduced in intensity and the returning scattered energy will undergo a second attenuation if it passes a second time through the volume of absorbing medium. Reduced laser energy levels and blanked laser beam pulses can seriously degrade the performance of most laser energy seeking guidance devices and range finders presently being employed for tactical missions. Presently there is no other known system in existence that could accomplish this feat of laser beam attenuation within the framework of economy, efficiency and utility that this system provides.
The system of this invention is for interposing a non-toxic aerosol material between a laser source and a target to attenuate the laser beam without providing a visible trace of the absorbing medium.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the countermeasure system of the present invention wherein an aerosol screen is dispersed into the atmosphere above ground targets by means of ground based aerosol generators.
FIG. 2 illustrates other embodiments wherein resonance absorbing aerosol is dispersed by exploding mortar canisters and by spraying from aircraft.
The physical mechanism that distinguishes this system of laser attenuation from simple aerosol scattering is sometimes referred to as resonance absorption. A molecular species whether liquid or vapor in form, has an associated electronic, vibrational or rotational spectra characteristic ofthe material.
Upon illuminating the liquid or vapor with optical energy at one of the characteristic emission lines, the incident energy is absorbed with a subsequent redistribution of the energy into one of the vibrational or rotational states. Re-emission over 4 π steradians may occur, with a depopulation of the vibrational states, but at a longer wavelength than the original. Thus, the inelastic qualities of this type of absorption-scattering prevent the instantaneous re-emission of the original optical energy.
Regular aerosol scattering is characterized by an absorption and instantaneous re-emission at the same wavelength.
Conventional smoke bombs or aerosol fogs, when deployed in the same manner as in the present system, could serve as attenuating mechanisms. However, the radiation scattered by non-absorbing aerosols could render the beam more detectable but would also constitute a visible target similar to a white cloud or smoke puff. This factor may be of importance when it is necessary to keep one's position inconspicuous or covert to an enemy.
The objective of using an absorbing vapor or gas is to provide a more efficient means of attenuating the laser beam without providing a visible trace of the absorbing medium. The vapor or material used for this application should also be non-toxic.
The deployment of the laser absorbing vapor 10 is accomplished by using conventional ordnance for gas or smoke screen delivery, sprayed from aircraft 12, or with a ground based agricultural type aerosol generator 14, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. The type of means best suited for remote delivery to positions surrounding a strategic site 15 is the aerialdetonating mortar canister 16, presently used for delivery of smoke screensand anti-personnel bombs as shown in FIG. 2. The actual delivery mode is predicated upon the tactical situation. A perimeter defense using the absorbing vapor 10, has a particular advantage in that knowledge of the exact position of the enemy designator 18 is not necessary. A deployment tactic would consist of having ground based aerosol generators 14 located at intervals along a perimeter surrounding a protected site. One or several of these sources can be turned on when warned of enemy laser operations for protection of strategic sites against laser energy seeking guidance devices 20 and range finders.
A series of experiments have been made examining the absorption behavior ofseveral species of chemicals at the 1.06 micron laser wavelength. These chemicals were selected for testing on the basis of known infrared spectroscopic data. A chemical, although liquid at room temperature, can be vaporized by simple atomization or heating. The mechanism of absorptionand spectral characteristics usually remains unchanged for large clusters of molecules forming the aerosol. Some changes in spectral linewidths and positions do occur when going from the liquid phase to vapor phase. Thus, the necessity of performing an experiment using the narrow linewidth and short pulse duration of a Q-switched, 1.06 micron laser.
Experimental results verified the existence of several nontoxic liquid materials suitable for use in the above described system. However, one of these materials, designated 406B, showed superior performance. The composition and proportion of the constituents in 406B can be varied 10% to 20% of that shown with marginal difference in the result. The composition of 406B is as follows:
______________________________________Isopropyl alcohol 80%Butyl Cellosolve 15%Ethylene glycol 5%______________________________________
Experiment has verified the existence of certain aerosol or vapor compoundshave the capability of absorbing 1.06 micron laser radiation. These materials are
Isopropyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, CuCl, Cu(N)32, and also a special mixture of isopropyl alcohol (80%), Butyl Cellosolve (15%), and ethylene glycol (5%) and designated mixture 406B.
All of these materials offer some absorption at the 1.06 micron wavelength.However, the compound designated 406B was found to be the most satisfactory. Calibration tests were made before and after each chemical was separately tested.
The results for the first four chemicals named were somewhat inconclusive; that is, a small loss, 12% or less, could be measured but it was not certain what portion of this was attributable to scattering. The special mixture, 406B, revealed an unmistakable beam attenuation. The transmissionthrough a sample of vapor was calculated from: ##EQU1##where
VS/R = ratio of peak sample voltage to peak reference voltage
VND/R = ratio of peak voltage from a neutral density filter to reference voltage
TS = transmission of sample
TND = transmission of neutral density filter.
It was determined that mixture 406B had an average transmission of 23% or an attenuation of 77%. Some portion of this figure is undoubtedly the result of beam scattering and the remainder attributed to absorption. An indeterminate but low scattering level was detectable. It is believed thatthe incident energy being absorbed by mixture 406B is used to raise the energy state of the molecules contributing to increased vibrational-rotational transitions which is further transmitted via collisions or as non-radiative transistions.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
Claims (11)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US05271313 US3992628A (en) | 1972-07-17 | 1972-07-17 | Countermeasure system for laser radiation |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US05271313 US3992628A (en) | 1972-07-17 | 1972-07-17 | Countermeasure system for laser radiation |
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US3992628A true US3992628A (en) | 1976-11-16 |
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US05271313 Expired - Lifetime US3992628A (en) | 1972-07-17 | 1972-07-17 | Countermeasure system for laser radiation |
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Cited By (40)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0020217A1 (en) * | 1979-05-23 | 1980-12-10 | Thomson-Brandt Armements | Method of making a gaseous medium opaque in the optical and infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum |
US4522126A (en) * | 1984-01-11 | 1985-06-11 | Morton Thiokol Inc. | Gun launched IR cloaking device for vehicles |
FR2588091A1 (en) * | 1985-06-13 | 1987-04-03 | Gravisse Philippe | Method and screen for disturbing the transmission of electromagnetic radiation, especially infrared radiation |
US4673250A (en) * | 1985-08-09 | 1987-06-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | CO2 laser weapon countermeasure |
US4704942A (en) * | 1986-08-01 | 1987-11-10 | Barditch Irving F | Charged aerosol |
WO1988004025A1 (en) * | 1986-11-25 | 1988-06-02 | Philippe Gravisse | Process and screen for disturbing the transmission of electromagnetic radiation, particularly infra-red radiation |
EP0270464A1 (en) * | 1986-12-04 | 1988-06-08 | Philippe Gravisse | Process for counter measure in the field of designating objects and laser telemetry, materials and apparatuses therefor |
US5076966A (en) * | 1990-07-02 | 1991-12-31 | John J. McSheffrey | Composition and method for testing smoke detectors |
US5078462A (en) * | 1986-11-25 | 1992-01-07 | Gravisse Philippe E | Process and screen for disturbing the transmission of electromagnetic radiation particularly infra-red radiation |
US5212488A (en) * | 1992-01-21 | 1993-05-18 | Konotchick John A | Ellipsoidal chaff |
US5255125A (en) * | 1992-12-28 | 1993-10-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Particulate obscurant disseminator air source |
US5386778A (en) * | 1993-01-11 | 1995-02-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Process for visualization of a blast wave |
US5747720A (en) * | 1995-06-01 | 1998-05-05 | Trw Inc. | Tactical laser weapon system for handling munitions |
GB2320316A (en) * | 1996-12-16 | 1998-06-17 | British Aerospace | Laser countermeasure |
US5895882A (en) * | 1997-12-08 | 1999-04-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Air-delivered remotely-activated infrared anti-ship missile decoy and deployment method |
US6324955B1 (en) | 1992-04-20 | 2001-12-04 | Raytheon Company | Explosive countermeasure device |
US6805035B2 (en) * | 2002-12-06 | 2004-10-19 | The Boeing Company | Blast attenuation device and method |
WO2005001374A2 (en) * | 2003-05-02 | 2005-01-06 | Honeywell International Inc. | Protecting commercial airliners from man portable missiles |
US20070180983A1 (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2007-08-09 | Farinella Michael D | Vehicle protection system |
US20070190368A1 (en) * | 2006-02-13 | 2007-08-16 | Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware | Camouflage positional elements |
US20080148930A1 (en) * | 2006-04-10 | 2008-06-26 | Henry Roger Frick | Protective device and protective measure for a radar system |
US20090184859A1 (en) * | 2006-10-05 | 2009-07-23 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Disruptive media dispersal system for aircraft |
US7624666B1 (en) * | 2003-07-08 | 2009-12-01 | Raytheon Company | Obscuration method for reducing the infrared signature of an object |
US20100294122A1 (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2010-11-25 | Hoadley David J | Protection system including a net |
US20100319526A1 (en) * | 2008-04-24 | 2010-12-23 | Imholt Timothy J | Systems and methods for mitigating a blast wave |
US20110192014A1 (en) * | 2008-04-16 | 2011-08-11 | Holmes Jr Robert G | Net patching devices |
US8011285B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2011-09-06 | Foster-Miller, Inc. | Vehicle and structure shield |
WO2012033513A1 (en) * | 2010-09-08 | 2012-03-15 | Foster-Miller, Inc. | Vehicle and structure shield net/frame arrangement |
US8245620B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2012-08-21 | QinetiQ North America, Inc. | Low breaking strength vehicle and structure shield net/frame arrangement |
US8443709B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2013-05-21 | QinetiQ North America, Inc. | Vehicle and structure shield hard point |
US8453552B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2013-06-04 | QinetiQ North America, Inc. | Method of designing an RPG shield |
US8464627B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2013-06-18 | QinetiQ North America, Inc. | Vehicle and structure shield with improved hard points |
US8468927B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2013-06-25 | QinetiQ North America, Inc. | Vehicle and structure shield with a cable frame |
US8607685B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2013-12-17 | QinetiQ North America, Inc. | Load sharing hard point net |
US8648306B1 (en) * | 2009-10-29 | 2014-02-11 | Capco, Inc. | Metamaterial dispersion |
US8677882B2 (en) | 2010-09-08 | 2014-03-25 | QinetiQ North America, Inc. | Vehicle and structure shield with flexible frame |
US8813631B1 (en) | 2013-02-13 | 2014-08-26 | Foster-Miller, Inc. | Vehicle and structure film/hard point shield |
US8922868B2 (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2014-12-30 | Kilolambda Technologies Ltd. | Responsivity enhancement of solar light compositions and devices for thermochromic windows |
US9062948B1 (en) * | 2014-10-03 | 2015-06-23 | ASGS Associates, Trustee for Aerial Smoke Generator System CRT Trust | Aerial smoke generator system |
US9268158B2 (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2016-02-23 | Kilolambda Technologies Ltd. | Responsivity enhancement of solar light compositions and devices for thermochromic windows |
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Cited By (65)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DK151060B (en) * | 1979-05-23 | 1987-10-19 | Thomson Brandt | A method of generating opacity in a gaseous medium which is transparent to optical and thermal radiation, |
FR2457474A1 (en) * | 1979-05-23 | 1980-12-19 | Thomson Brandt | Method for opacification of a gaseous medium in the optical and infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum, and its application has a cons-measures electrooptical device |
US4328117A (en) * | 1979-05-23 | 1982-05-04 | Thomson-Brandt | Process of opacification of a gaseous medium in the optical and infrared bands of the electromagnetic spectrum |
EP0020217A1 (en) * | 1979-05-23 | 1980-12-10 | Thomson-Brandt Armements | Method of making a gaseous medium opaque in the optical and infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum |
US4522126A (en) * | 1984-01-11 | 1985-06-11 | Morton Thiokol Inc. | Gun launched IR cloaking device for vehicles |
FR2588091A1 (en) * | 1985-06-13 | 1987-04-03 | Gravisse Philippe | Method and screen for disturbing the transmission of electromagnetic radiation, especially infrared radiation |
US4673250A (en) * | 1985-08-09 | 1987-06-16 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | CO2 laser weapon countermeasure |
US4704942A (en) * | 1986-08-01 | 1987-11-10 | Barditch Irving F | Charged aerosol |
US5078462A (en) * | 1986-11-25 | 1992-01-07 | Gravisse Philippe E | Process and screen for disturbing the transmission of electromagnetic radiation particularly infra-red radiation |
WO1988004025A1 (en) * | 1986-11-25 | 1988-06-02 | Philippe Gravisse | Process and screen for disturbing the transmission of electromagnetic radiation, particularly infra-red radiation |
FR2607936A1 (en) * | 1986-12-04 | 1988-06-10 | Philippe Gravisse | Process for the countermeasure against the field of target designation and laser telemetry, materials and devices for carrying out said measure against METHOD |
EP0270464A1 (en) * | 1986-12-04 | 1988-06-08 | Philippe Gravisse | Process for counter measure in the field of designating objects and laser telemetry, materials and apparatuses therefor |
US5134296A (en) * | 1986-12-04 | 1992-07-28 | Philippe Gravisse | Countermeasure process in the field of target evaluation and laser range finding materials and devices for the implementation of said countermeasure process |
US5076966A (en) * | 1990-07-02 | 1991-12-31 | John J. McSheffrey | Composition and method for testing smoke detectors |
US5212488A (en) * | 1992-01-21 | 1993-05-18 | Konotchick John A | Ellipsoidal chaff |
US6324955B1 (en) | 1992-04-20 | 2001-12-04 | Raytheon Company | Explosive countermeasure device |
US5255125A (en) * | 1992-12-28 | 1993-10-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Particulate obscurant disseminator air source |
US5386778A (en) * | 1993-01-11 | 1995-02-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Process for visualization of a blast wave |
US5747720A (en) * | 1995-06-01 | 1998-05-05 | Trw Inc. | Tactical laser weapon system for handling munitions |
GB2320316A (en) * | 1996-12-16 | 1998-06-17 | British Aerospace | Laser countermeasure |
US5895882A (en) * | 1997-12-08 | 1999-04-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Air-delivered remotely-activated infrared anti-ship missile decoy and deployment method |
US6805035B2 (en) * | 2002-12-06 | 2004-10-19 | The Boeing Company | Blast attenuation device and method |
WO2005001374A2 (en) * | 2003-05-02 | 2005-01-06 | Honeywell International Inc. | Protecting commercial airliners from man portable missiles |
WO2005001374A3 (en) * | 2003-05-02 | 2005-04-14 | Honeywell Int Inc | Protecting commercial airliners from man portable missiles |
US7624666B1 (en) * | 2003-07-08 | 2009-12-01 | Raytheon Company | Obscuration method for reducing the infrared signature of an object |
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US20070180983A1 (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2007-08-09 | Farinella Michael D | Vehicle protection system |
US20100294122A1 (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2010-11-25 | Hoadley David J | Protection system including a net |
US20100319524A1 (en) * | 2006-02-09 | 2010-12-23 | Farinella Michael D | Vehicle protection system |
US7866250B2 (en) | 2006-02-09 | 2011-01-11 | Foster-Miller, Inc. | Vehicle protection system |
US8042449B2 (en) | 2006-02-09 | 2011-10-25 | Foster-Miller, Inc. | Vehicle protection system |
US20070190368A1 (en) * | 2006-02-13 | 2007-08-16 | Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware | Camouflage positional elements |
US7999720B2 (en) * | 2006-02-13 | 2011-08-16 | The Invention Science Fund I, Llc | Camouflage positional elements |
US7903019B2 (en) * | 2006-04-10 | 2011-03-08 | Rheinmetall Air Defence Ag | Protective device and protective measure for a radar system |
US20080148930A1 (en) * | 2006-04-10 | 2008-06-26 | Henry Roger Frick | Protective device and protective measure for a radar system |
US20090184859A1 (en) * | 2006-10-05 | 2009-07-23 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Disruptive media dispersal system for aircraft |
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US8011285B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2011-09-06 | Foster-Miller, Inc. | Vehicle and structure shield |
US8443709B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2013-05-21 | QinetiQ North America, Inc. | Vehicle and structure shield hard point |
US8783156B1 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2014-07-22 | Foster-Miller, Inc. | Vehicle and structure shield with a cable frame |
US8464627B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2013-06-18 | QinetiQ North America, Inc. | Vehicle and structure shield with improved hard points |
US8468927B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2013-06-25 | QinetiQ North America, Inc. | Vehicle and structure shield with a cable frame |
US20110192014A1 (en) * | 2008-04-16 | 2011-08-11 | Holmes Jr Robert G | Net patching devices |
US8607685B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2013-12-17 | QinetiQ North America, Inc. | Load sharing hard point net |
US8615851B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2013-12-31 | Foster-Miller, Inc. | Net patching devices |
US8453552B2 (en) | 2008-04-16 | 2013-06-04 | QinetiQ North America, Inc. | Method of designing an RPG shield |
US20100319526A1 (en) * | 2008-04-24 | 2010-12-23 | Imholt Timothy J | Systems and methods for mitigating a blast wave |
US7878103B2 (en) * | 2008-04-24 | 2011-02-01 | Raytheon Company | Systems and methods for mitigating a blast wave |
US8648306B1 (en) * | 2009-10-29 | 2014-02-11 | Capco, Inc. | Metamaterial dispersion |
US8677882B2 (en) | 2010-09-08 | 2014-03-25 | QinetiQ North America, Inc. | Vehicle and structure shield with flexible frame |
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US9268158B2 (en) | 2012-02-22 | 2016-02-23 | Kilolambda Technologies Ltd. | Responsivity enhancement of solar light compositions and devices for thermochromic windows |
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