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Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests
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Communicated by Peter Crane, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, January 4, 2009 (received for review April 1, 2008)
Abstract
The rosid clade (70,000 species) contains more than one-fourth of all angiosperm species and includes most lineages of extant temperate and tropical forest trees. Despite progress in elucidating relationships within the angiosperms, rosids remain the largest poorly resolved major clade; deep relationships within the rosids are particularly enigmatic. Based on parsimony and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of separate and combined 12-gene (10 plastid genes, 2 nuclear; >18,000 bp) and plastid inverted repeat (IR; 24 genes and intervening spacers; >25,000 bp) datasets for >100 rosid species, we provide a greatly improved understanding of rosid phylogeny. Vitaceae are sister to all other rosids, which in turn form 2 large clades, each with a ML bootstrap value of 100%: (i) eurosids I (Fabidae) include the nitrogen-fixing clade, Celastrales, Huaceae, Zygophyllales, Malpighiales, and Oxalidales; and (ii) eurosids II (Malvidae) include Tapisciaceae, Brassicales, Malvales, Sapindales, Geraniales, Myrtales, Crossosomatales, and Picramniaceae. The rosid clade diversified rapidly into these major lineages, possibly over a period of <15 million years, and perhaps in as little as 4 to 5 million years. The timing of the inferred rapid radiation of rosids [108 to 91 million years ago (Mya) and 107–83 Mya for Fabidae and Malvidae, respectively] corresponds with the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests and the concomitant diversification of other clades that inhabit these forests, including amphibians, ants, placental mammals, and ferns.
Footnotes
- 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dsoltis{at}botany.ufl.edu
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Author contributions: P.S.S., S.R.M., and D.E.S. designed research; H.W., M.J.M., C.D.B., S.F.B., R.A., C.C.D., and M.L. performed research; M.J.M., C.D.B., and D.E.S. analyzed data; and M.J.M., P.S.S., C.D.B., S.R.M., and D.E.S. wrote the paper.
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The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession nos. EU002149 to EU002556).
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This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0813376106/DCSupplemental.
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Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
- Hengchang Wanga,b,
- Michael J. Moorec,
- Pamela S. Soltisd,
- Charles D. Belle,
- Samuel F. Brockingtonb,
- Roolse Alexandreb,
- Charles C. Davisf,
- Maribeth Latvisb,f,
- Steven R. Manchesterd and
- Douglas E. Soltisb,1
- aWuhan Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 China;
- bDepartment of Botany and
- dFlorida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611;
- cBiology Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074-1097;
- eDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148; and
- fDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Communicated by Peter Crane, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, January 4, 2009 (received for review April 1, 2008)
Abstract
The rosid clade (70,000 species) contains more than one-fourth of all angiosperm species and includes most lineages of extant temperate and tropical forest trees. Despite progress in elucidating relationships within the angiosperms, rosids remain the largest poorly resolved major clade; deep relationships within the rosids are particularly enigmatic. Based on parsimony and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of separate and combined 12-gene (10 plastid genes, 2 nuclear; >18,000 bp) and plastid inverted repeat (IR; 24 genes and intervening spacers; >25,000 bp) datasets for >100 rosid species, we provide a greatly improved understanding of rosid phylogeny. Vitaceae are sister to all other rosids, which in turn form 2 large clades, each with a ML bootstrap value of 100%: (i) eurosids I (Fabidae) include the nitrogen-fixing clade, Celastrales, Huaceae, Zygophyllales, Malpighiales, and Oxalidales; and (ii) eurosids II (Malvidae) include Tapisciaceae, Brassicales, Malvales, Sapindales, Geraniales, Myrtales, Crossosomatales, and Picramniaceae. The rosid clade diversified rapidly into these major lineages, possibly over a period of <15 million years, and perhaps in as little as 4 to 5 million years. The timing of the inferred rapid radiation of rosids [108 to 91 million years ago (Mya) and 107–83 Mya for Fabidae and Malvidae, respectively] corresponds with the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests and the concomitant diversification of other clades that inhabit these forests, including amphibians, ants, placental mammals, and ferns.
- community assembly
- divergence time estimates
- phylogeny
- rapid radiation
Footnotes
- 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dsoltis{at}botany.ufl.edu
-
Author contributions: P.S.S., S.R.M., and D.E.S. designed research; H.W., M.J.M., C.D.B., S.F.B., R.A., C.C.D., and M.L. performed research; M.J.M., C.D.B., and D.E.S. analyzed data; and M.J.M., P.S.S., C.D.B., S.R.M., and D.E.S. wrote the paper.
-
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
-
Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession nos. EU002149 to EU002556).
-
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0813376106/DCSupplemental.
-
Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.
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