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[[Fasciculus:Buddha Bodhgaya.JPG|thumb|Signum [[Gautama Buddha|Gautamae Buddhae]] in [[Bodhgaya]] [[India]]e. Bodhgaya secundum memorias antiquas habetur locus ubi ipse vigilabat.<ref>[http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/bodgaya.htm De Bodhgaya] (Buddhanet.net).</ref>]]
[[Fasciculus:Buddha Bodhgaya.JPG|thumb|[[Imago]] [[Gautama Buddha|Gautamae Buddhae]] in [[Bodhgaya]] [[India]]e. Bodhgaya secundum [[memoria]]s antiquas habetur locus ubi ipse vigilabat.<ref>[http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/bodgaya.htm De Bodhgaya] (Buddhanet.net).</ref>]]


'''Buddhismus''' (e verbo ''buddha'' 'sapiens') est praeceptorum congeries saepe religio habita,<ref>''Chambers Dictionary'', 2006; ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'', 2003; ''New Penguin Handbook of Living Religions'', 1998; ''Dewey Decimal System of Book Classification''; [http://www.adherents.com].</ref> vel tantum modus vivendi, qui circa [[saeculum 6 a.C.n.]] in [[India]] orsus est. Hoc cogitationis fideique systema potius et practicum quam [[philosophia|philosophicum]] a quodam sapiente solitario sive [[monachus|monacho]] dicto idcirco [[Gautama Buddha|Sakyamuni]], cuius nomen quotidianum ''Siddharta Gautama'' fuisse videtur. Ex regali stirpe [[Gotamida]]rum progenitus, sapientiam quaerens, ad [[Brahminus|Brahminos]] se contulit ut ab eis edoceretur; sed eorum doctrina haud contentus, eos mox reliquit et in solitudinem, ubi vitam austeram ducebat, sese recepit; unde non multo post ad novam doctrinam suam divulgandam prodiit.<ref>Vide, exempli gratia, ''[[Termini et notiones Buddhisticae]].''</ref> Alius schola docet Buddhismum esse doctrinam qua adsectatores ad sensum [[Realitas in Buddhismo|realitatem]] ducerentur.<ref>Exemplorum gratia: [[Thich Nhat Hanh]], ''Old Path White Clouds'' ; Dorothy Figen, [http://www.buddhistinformation.com/is_buddhism_a_religion1.htm ''Is Buddhism a Religion?'']; Narada Thera, [http://www.buddhanet.net/nutshell03.htm ''Buddhism in a Nutshell.'']</ref> Multi eruditi Buddhsmum habentur pluralitatem, non rem unicam.<ref>Gethin, ''Foundations of Buddhism,'' p. 2; Robinson et al., ''Buddhist Religions'' (5th ed., Wadsworth, Belmont, California, 2004).</ref> Buddhism etiam appellatur [[Dharma (Buddhismus)|Buddha Dharma vel Dhamma]], quod [[Sanscritice]] et [[Pali]], in linguis [[texta Buddhistica|textorum]] antiquorum, 'doctrina vigilantis' significat.
'''Buddhismus'''<ref name=NSLO>Ebbe Vilborg, ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok'', editio secunda, 2009.</ref> (e verbo ''buddha'' 'sapiens, vigilatus'), sive '''Buddhae religio,'''<ref name=NSLO/> est corpus praeceptorum saepe [[religio]] habitum,<ref>''Chambers Dictionary'', 2006; ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'', 2003; ''New Penguin Handbook of Living Religions'', 1998; ''Dewey Decimal System of Book Classification''; [http://www.adherents.com].</ref> vel tantum [[vita|modus vivendi]], qui circa [[saeculum 6 a.C.n.|saeculum sextum a.C.n.]] in [[India]] ortus est. Hoc [[cogitatio]]nis [[fides|fideique]] systema potius et practicum quam [[philosophia|philosophicum]] a quodam sapiente solitario sive [[monachus|monacho]] dicto idcirco [[Gautama Buddha|Sakyamuni]], cuius [[nomen proprium|nomen quotidianum]] ''Siddharta Gautama'' fuisse videtur. Ex regali stirpe [[Gotamida]]rum progenitus, [[sapientia]]m quaerens, ad [[Brahman (tribus)|Brahmanes]] se contulit ut ab eis edoceretur; sed eorum [[dogma]]te haud contentus, eos mox reliquit et in [[solitudo|solitudinem]], ubi [[vita]]m austeram ducebat, sese recepit; unde non multo post ad novam doctrinam suam divulgandam prodiit.<ref>Vide, exempli gratia, ''[[Termini et notiones Buddhisticae]].''</ref> Alius schola docet Buddhismum esse doctrinam qua adsectatores ad sensum [[realitas|realitatem]] ducerentur.<ref>Exemplorum gratia: [[Thich Nhat Hanh]], ''Old Path White Clouds'' ; Dorothy Figen, [http://www.buddhistinformation.com/is_buddhism_a_religion1.htm ''Is Buddhism a Religion?'']; Narada Thera, [http://www.buddhanet.net/nutshell03.htm ''Buddhism in a Nutshell.'']</ref> Multi eruditi Buddhismum habentur pluralitatem, non rem unicam.<ref>Gethin 1998:2; Robinson et al., ''Buddhist Religions,'' ed. 5a (Belmont Californiae: Wadsworth, 2004).</ref> Buddhism etiam appellatur [[Dharma (Buddhismus)|Buddha Dharma vel Dhamma]], quod [[Sanscritice]] et [[Pali]], in [[lingua|linguis]] [[liber sacer|textuum]] antiquorum, 'doctrina vigilantis' significat.


Buddhismus, ut ultima felicitas ab [[homo|homine]] adquiratur, quattuor veritates, uti aiunt, sublimes statuit:
Buddhismus, ut ultima felicitas ab [[homo|homine]] adquiratur, [[Quattuor Veritates Nobiles|quattuor veritates]], uti aiunt, sublimes statuit:
* Sublimem dolentis veritatem: "Existentiam dolorum in hoc mundo et miseriarum maxime in metempsychosi sese manifestantium, a quibus homo liberari debet"
*Sublimem dolentis veritatem: "Existentiam dolorum in hoc mundo et miseriarum maxime in metempsychosi sese manifestantium, a quibus homo liberari debet"
* Sublimem originis dolentis veritatem: "Causam horum dolorum, quae ad concupiscientiam et errorem reducuntur"
*Sublimem originis dolentis veritatem: "Causam horum dolorum, quae ad concupiscientiam et errorem reducuntur"
* Sublimem exstinctionis dolentis veritatem: "Annihilationem dolorum sive [[Nirvana]]m"
*Sublimem exstinctionis dolentis veritatem: "Annihilationem dolorum sive [[Nirvana]]m"
* Sublimem viae quae ad exstinctionem dolentis ducit veritatem: "Media conducentia ad illam annihilationem sive Nirvanam dolorum"
*Sublimem viae quae ad exstinctionem dolentis ducit veritatem: "Media conducentia ad illam annihilationem sive Nirvanam dolorum"
[[Fasciculus:Flag of Buddhism.svg|thumb|125px|[[Vexillum]] Buddhisticum internationale, anno [[1885]] promulgatum, ex anno [[1950]] internationale Buddhismi signum est.]]


Iam media, ope quorum [[Nirvana]] obtineri potest, octo enumerantur:
Iam media, ope quorum [[Nirvana]] obtineri potest, octo enumerantur:
* Comprehensio recta: "Via recta fidei et veritatis"
*Comprehensio recta: "Via recta fidei et veritatis"
* Iudicium rectum: "quod dubia omnia de medio tollit''
*[[Iudicium]] rectum: "quod dubia omnia de medio tollit''
* Lingua recta, sive veracitas loquelae
*[[Lingua]] recta, sive veracitas loquelae
* Actio recta: "Participatio communis in eo quod fini bono inservit
*[[Actio]] recta: "Participatio communis in eo quod fini bono inservit
* Vita recta
*[[Vita]] recta
* Conatus rectus: "Exercitium intellectus in actionibus a lege praescriptis"
*Conatus rectus: "Exercitium intellectus in actionibus a lege praescriptis"
* Cultus rectus: "Memoria actionum praeteritarum"
*Cultus rectus: "Memoria actionum praeteritarum"
* Meditatio recta: "quae ad Nirvanam conducit" {Fons?}
*[[Meditatio]] recta: "quae ad Nirvanam conducit"<!--Fons?-->


Ex diversis [[historia|historicorum]] sententiis, quid sit Nirvana, illa esse rectior videtur, quae eam annihilationem sive statum, in quo quaevis vita exhauriatir, esse dicit; nam quidquid de novitae huius doctrinae sit, quae tantum partem moralem systematis Buddhismi tangere videtur, principia sua ex philosophia [[Religio Pantheia|Pantheismi]] materialis et Atomismi Brahminorum sequuntur; iam enim [[Capila]] de comuni quadam vi [[natura]]e, silens de [[Deus|Deo]], loquitur, [[Canada (Buddhismus)|Canada]] quoque compositionem [[corpus|corporum]] sine causa prima explicat. Cum vero vis communis sive natura, ubique diffusa et tamen omnino indeterminata, similis nihilo sit, supremum principium omnium entium et finem esse nihilum absolutum, annihilationem essendi, existendi, cogitandi, sive Nirvanam, mortem completam sequitur; adeo ut omnes actiones morales a Sakyamuni praescriptae via sint ad nihilum, finem omnium philosophi aspirationum.
Ex diversis [[historia|historicorum]] sententiis, quid sit Nirvana, illa esse rectior videtur, quae eam annihilationem sive statum, in quo quaevis vita exhauriatir, esse dicit; nam quidquid de novitae huius doctrinae sit, quae tantum partem moralem systematis Buddhismi tangere videtur, principia sua ex philosophia [[Religio Pantheia|Pantheismi]] materialis et Atomismi Brahminorum sequuntur; iam enim [[Capila]] de comuni quadam vi [[natura]]e, silens de [[Deus|Deo]], loquitur, [[Canada]] quoque compositionem [[corpus|corporum]] sine causa prima explicat. Cum vero vis communis sive natura, ubique diffusa et tamen omnino indeterminata, similis nihilo sit, supremum principium omnium entium et finem esse nihilum absolutum, annihilationem essendi, existendi, cogitandi, sive Nirvanam, mortem completam sequitur; adeo ut omnes actiones morales a Sakyamuni praescriptae via sint ad nihilum, finem omnium philosophi aspirationum.


Per totam enim [[India]]m, tempore regni [[Augustus|Augusti]] et [[Tiberius|Tiberii]] apud [[Sina (regio)Sinas]], [[saeculum 7|saeculo septimo]] apud [[Thibetum|Thibetanos]], saeculis [[saeculum 13|tredecimo]] et [[saeculum 14|quarto decimo]] adhuc vividius ubique sub nova forma diffusa est.
Per totam enim [[India]]m, tempore regni [[Augustus (imperator)|Augusti]] et [[Tiberius (imperator)|Tiberii]] apud [[Sina (regio)|Sinas]], [[saeculum 7|saeculo septimo]] apud [[Thibetum|Thibetanos]], saeculis [[saeculum 13|tredecimo]] et [[saeculum 14|quarto decimo]] adhuc vividius ubique sub nova forma diffusa est.


== Signa Buddhismi ==
==Signa Buddhismi==
[[Fasciculus:Kinkaku-ji.jpg|thumb|[[Kinkaku-ji]], tentorium [[aurum|aureum]], [[templum]] Buddhisticum in [[Iaponia]] situm.]]
Octo felicia Mahayanae Vajrayanaeque signa sunt:
[[Octo]] felicia [[Mahayana]]e Vajrayanaeque signa sunt:
* Umbrella
{{div col|2}}
* Piscis aureus
*Umbrella
* Vas divitiarum
*Piscis aureus
* [[Lotus]]
*Vas divitiarum
* [[Concha]]
*[[Lotus]]
* Nodus sine termino
*[[Concha]]
* Vexillum victoriae
*Nodus sine termino
* Rota [[Dharma]]e
*Vexillum victoriae
*Rota [[Dharma]]e
{{div col end}}


== Disciplinae Buddhisticae ==
==Disciplinae Buddhisticae==
Sunt tres disciplinae fundamentales:
Sunt tres [[disciplina]]e fundamentales:
*''Hinayana'' ("Vehiculum parvum"), cuius ex traditione his diebus sola ''Theravada'' ("Disciplina seniorum") exstat.
*''Hinayana'' ("Vehiculum parvum"), cuius ex traditione his diebus sola ''[[Theravada]]'' ("Disciplina seniorum") exstat.
*''Mahayana'' ("Vehiculum magnum").
*''Mahayana'' ("Vehiculum magnum").
*''Vajrayana'' (in occidente saepe "Buddhismus Tibetanicus" aut "Lamaismus" dicta).
*''Vajrayana'' (in [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidente]] saepe "Buddhismus Tibetanicus" aut "Lamaismus" dicta).


{{NexInt}}
== Vide etiam ==
[[Fasciculus:IMG 0361 Kathmandu Bodnath.jpg|thumb|[[Stupa]] [[Bodhnath]] in urbe [[Kathmandu]] [[Nepalia]]e]]
[[Fasciculus:IMG 0361 Kathmandu Bodnath.jpg|thumb|[[Stupa]] [[Bodhnath]] [[Kathmandu]] in urbe [[Nepalia]]e.]]
{{div col|2}}
* [[Asvaghosa]]
* [[Buddhismus et doctrina orientalis]]
*[[Asvaghosa]]
*[[Buddhismus et doctrina orientalis]]
* [[Buddhism et Christianitas]]
*[[Buddhism et Christianitas]]
* [[Buddhismus et Hinduismus]]
*[[Buddhismus et Hinduismus]]
* [[Buddhismus et Iainismus]]
*[[Buddhismus et Iainismus]]
* [[Buddhismus et psychologia]]
*[[Buddhismus et psychologia]]
* [[Buddhismus et scientia]]
*[[Buddhismus et scientia]]
* [[Buddhismus et Thelema]]<ref name=IAO131>[[IAO131]]. [http://www.geocities.com/hdbq111/JoTS/JoTS1-1.pdf "Thelema & Buddhism"] in ''Journal of Thelemic Studies'' 1(1) 2007:18–32.</ref>
*[[Buddhismus et Thelema]]<ref>[[IAO131]]. [http://www.geocities.com/hdbq111/JoTS/JoTS1-1.pdf "Thelema & Buddhism"] in ''Journal of Thelemic Studies'' 1(1) 2007:18–32.</ref>
* [[Deus in Buddhismo]]
*[[Buddhismus Tibetanus]]
* [[Doctrina Buddhistica]]
*[[Deus in Buddhismo]]
* [[Ethice Buddhistica]]
*[[Doctrina Buddhistica]]
*[[Ethice Buddhistica]]
* [[Index rerum Buddhisticarum]]
* [[Index Buddhistarum]]
*[[Index rerum Buddhisticarum]]
*[[Index Buddhistarum]]
* [[Philosophia Buddhistica]]
* [[Shinbutsu shūgō]]
*[[Philosophia Buddhistica]]
*[[Prostratio (Buddhismus)]]
* [[Termini et notiones Buddhisticae]]<!--*[[Basic Points Unifying the Theravada and the Mahayana]]
*[[Shinbutsu shūgō]]
*[[Shitao]]<!--
*[[Termini et notiones Buddhisticae]]-->
*[[Upanishad]]
*[[Zen]]<!--*[[Basic Points Unifying the Theravada and the Mahayana]]
*[[Buddhist Ceremonies]]-->
*[[Buddhist Ceremonies]]-->
{{div col end}}


== Notae ==
==Notae==
<references/>
<references />


== Nexus externi ==
==Bibliographia==
[[Fasciculus:Mahayanabuddha.jpg|thumb|Buddhismus Sericus mores [[Mahayana|Mahayanos]] sequitur, cuius scholae populares hodie sunt [[Terra Pura]] et [[Zen]]. Simulacrum Buddhae sedentis circa [[650]] anno ex [[Domus Tang|Domu Tang]] [[Hebei|Hebei Provinciae]] [[Sinae (regio)|Sinarum]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Mahayanabuddha.jpg|thumb|Buddhismus Sericus [[mores]] [[Mahayana|Mahayanos]] sequitur, cuius [[schola]]e populo gratissimae hodie sunt [[Terra Pura]] et [[Zen]]. Simulacrum Buddhae sedentis circa [[650]] anno ex [[Domus Tang|Domu Tang]] [[Hebei|Hebei Provinciae]] [[Sinae (regio)|Sinarum]].]]
[[Fasciculus:MahayanaMap.gif|thumb|Tabula vias propagationis Buddhismi [[Mahayana|Mahayano]] a primo usque ad decimum saeculum ostendit]]
[[Fasciculus:MahayanaMap.gif|thumb|[[Tabula]] vias propagationis Buddhismi [[Mahayana|Mahayano]] a primo usque ad decimum saeculum ostendit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Central Asian Buddhist Monks.jpeg|thumb|upright|Buddhistici [[monachus]] [[oculus|oculis]] caeruleis [[Media Asia|Mediae Asiae]] (laeva) et monacus Sericus apud [[Bezeklik]], [[Tarim Basin]]{{dubsig}} orientalis, Sinarum, saeculis [[saeculum 9|nono]] et [[saeculum 10|decimo]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Central Asian Buddhist Monks.jpeg|thumb|upright|Buddhistici [[monachus]] [[oculus|oculis]] [[caeruleus|caeruleis]] [[Media Asia|Mediae Asiae]] (laeva) et monacus Sericus apud [[Bezeklik]], [[Tarim Basin]]{{dubsig}} orientalis, Sinarum, saeculis [[saeculum 9|nono]] et [[saeculum 10|decimo]].]]
*Armstrong, Karen. [[2001]]. ''Buddha.'' Penguin Books. ISBN 0143034367.
*Bechert, Heinz, et Richard Gombrich, eds. [[1984]]. ''The World of Buddhism.'' Londinii: Thames and Hudson.
*Berzin, Alexander. [[2001]]. [http://www.berzinarchives.com/islam/history_afghanistan_buddhism.html ''Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in Afghanistan.'']
*Buswell, Robert E., ed. [[2003]]. ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism.'' MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 9780028657189.
*Coogan, Michael D., ed. [[2003]]. ''The Illustrated Guide to World Religions.'' Oxford University Press. ISBN 1844831256.
*Cousins, L. S. [[1996]]. [http://indology.info/papers/cousins/ "The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article."] ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society,'' series 3, 6(1):57–63.
*Davidson, Ronald M. [[2003]]. ''Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231126190.
*de Give, Bernard. [[2006]]. ''Les rapports de l'Inde et de l'Occident des origines au règne d'Asoka.'' Les Indes savants. ISBN 2846540365.
*Donath, Dorothy C. [[1971]]. ''Buddhism for the West: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna: a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day.'' Julian Press. ISBN 0070175330.
*Embree, Ainslie T., Stephen N. Hay, William Theodore de Bary, A. L. Bashram, R. N. Dandekar, Peter Hardy, J. B. Harrison, V. Raghavan, Royal Weiler, et Andrew Yarrow, eds. ([[1958]]) [[1988]]. ''Sources of Indian Tradition: From the Beginning to 1800.'' Vol. 1. Ed. 2a. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231066511.
*Gethin, Rupert. [[1998]]. ''Foundations of Buddhism.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192892231.
*Gombrich, Richard F. [[1988]]. ''Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415075858.
*Harvey, Peter. [[1990]]. ''An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices.'' Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521313333.
*Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola. [[2002]]. ''Mindfulness in Plain English.'' Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0861713214.
*Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang. [[2001]]. ''Introduction to Buddhism: An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life.'' Ed. 2a. Tharpa Publications. ISBN 9780978906771.
*Juergensmeyer, Mark. [[2006]]. ''The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions.'' Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195137989.
*Keown, Damien, et Charles S. Prebish, eds. [[2004]]. ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 9780415314145.
*Kohn, Michael H., ed. [[1991]]. ''The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen.'' Shambhala. ISBN 0877735204.
*Lamotte, Étienne. [[1976]]. ''Teaching of Vimalakirti.'' Convertit ex Francica Sara Boin. Londinii: Pali Text Society, 93. ISBN 0710085400.
*Lowenstein, Tom. [[1996]]. ''The Vision of the Buddha.'' Duncan Baird Publishers. ISBN 1903296919.
*Morgan, Kenneth W., ed. [[1956]]. ''The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists.'' Novi Eboraci: Ronald Press.
*Nattier, Jan. [[2003]]. ''A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugrapariprccha).'' Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0824826078.
*Rahula, Walpola. [[1974]]. ''What the Buddha Taught.'' Grove Press. ISBN 9559219197. ISBN 0802130313.
*Ranjini. ''Jewels of the Doctrine.'' Sri Satguru Publications. ISBN 0791404900.
*Robinson, Richard H., et Willard L. Johnson. ([[1970]]) [[1982]]. ''The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction.'' Ed.3a. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 053401027X.
*Shinjo, Ito. [[2009]]. ''Shinjo:Reflections.'' Somerset Hall Press. ISBN 1935244000.
*Sinha, H. P. [[1993]]. ''Bhāratīya Darshan kī rūprekhā.'' (Proprietates Philosophiae Indicae.) Motilal Banarasidas Publ. ISBN 8120821440.
*Skilton, Andrew. [[1997]]. <!--[http://books.google.com/?id=GEKd4iqH3C0C&dq=history+of+buddhism--> ''A Concise History of Buddhism.'' Windhorse Publications. ISBN 0904766926.
*Smith, Huston, et Phillip Novak. [[2003]]. ''Buddhism: A Concise Introduction.'' HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 9780060730673.
*Thanissaro Bhikkhu. [[2001]]. ''Refuge: An Introduction to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha.'' Ed. 3a.
*Thich Nhat Hanh. [[1974]]. ''The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching.'' Broadway Books. ISBN 0767903692.
*Vimalakirti. [[1976]]. ''Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: Mahayana Scripture.'' Convertit Robert A. F. Thurman. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0271006013.
*White, Kenneth. [[2005]]. ''The Role of Bodhicitta in Buddhist Enlightenment Including a Translation into English of Bodhicitta-sastra, Benkemmitsu-nikyoron, and Sammaya-kaijo.'' The Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0773459855.
*Williams, Paul. [[1989]]. ''Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415025370.
*Williams, Paul, ed. [[2005]]. ''Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies.'' 8 volumina. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Routledge.
*Williams, Paul, cum Anthony Tribe. [[2000]]. ''Buddhist Thought.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415207010.
*Yamamoto, Kosho, interpres, a Tony Page editus et retractatus. [[1999]]–[[2000]]. ''The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra.'' Nirvana Publications.
*Yin Shun. [[1998]]. ''The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master.'' Convertit Yeung H. Wing. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0861711335.


==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.accesstoinsight.org Aditus ad "Insight"]
{{CommuniaCat|Buddhism|Buddhismum}}
* [http://www.buddhanet.net BuddhaNet]
*[http://www.accesstoinsight.org Aditus ad "Insight"]
* [http://www.dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Buddhism/ Buddhism] apud Open Directory Project
* [http://www.aboutbuddhism.org De Buddhismo]
*[http://www.buddhanet.net BuddhaNet]
*[http://www.dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Buddhism/ Buddhism] (Open Directory Project)
* [http://www.webspawner.com/users/bodhisattva/index.html Orsae scholae Tathagatagarbhae Mahayanae]
*[http://www.aboutbuddhism.org De Buddhismo]
* [http://www.vwsp.eu/relig/budh/nut_gr1.htm Praecipuus Buddhismus Theravadus graphice pictus]
*[http://www.webspawner.com/users/bodhisattva/index.html Orsae scholae Tathagatagarbhae Mahayanae]
* [http://www.what-Buddha-taught.net Quod Buddha docuit.] (Multis linguis)
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/index.htm Texta Buddhismi] (Anglice conversa)
*[http://www.vwsp.eu/relig/budh/nut_gr1.htm Praecipuus Buddhismus Theravadus graphice pictus]
*[http://www.what-Buddha-taught.net Quod Buddha docuit.]
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/index.htm Texta Buddhismi] (Anglice conversa)


[[Categoria:Religio Buddhistica|!]]
== Bibliographia ==
* Armstrong, Karen. [[2001]]. ''Buddha.'' Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-303436-7.
* Bechert, Heinz, et Richard Gombrich, eds. [[1984]]. ''The World of Buddhism.'' Londinii: Thames & Hudson.
* Berzin, Alexander. [[2001]]. [http://www.berzinarchives.com/islam/history_afghanistan_buddhism.html ''Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in Afghanistan.'']
* Buswell, Robert E., ed. [[2003]]. ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism.'' MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-865718-9.
* Coogan, Michael D., ed. [[2003]]. ''The Illustrated Guide to World Religions.'' Oxford University Press. ISBN 1-84483-125-6.
* Cousins, L. S. [[1996]]. [http://indology.info/papers/cousins/ "The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article."] ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society,'' series 3, 6(1):57–63. Davidson, Ronald M. (2003). Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12619-0.<!--Many more available in en &c.-->
* de Give, Bernard. [[2006]]. ''Les rapports de l'Inde et de l'Occident des origines au règne d'Asoka.'' Les Indes savants. ISBN 2-84654-036-5.
* Donath, Dorothy C. [[1971]]. ''Buddhism for the West: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna: a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day.'' Julian Press. ISBN 0-07-017533-0.
* Embree, Ainslie T., Stephen N. Hay, William Theodore de Bary, A. L. Bashram, R. N. Dandekar, Peter Hardy, J. B. Harrison, V. Raghavan, Royal Weiler, et Andrew Yarrow, eds. ([[1958]]) [[1988]]. ''Sources of Indian Tradition: From the Beginning to 1800.'' Vol. 1. Ed. 2a. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-06651-1.
* Gethin, Rupert. [[1998]]. ''Foundations of Buddhism.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-289223-1.
* Gombrich, Richard F. [[1988]]. ''Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-07585-8.
* Harvey, Peter. [[1990]]. ''An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices.'' Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31333-3.
* Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola. [[2002]]. ''Mindfulness in Plain English.'' Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-321-4.
* Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang. [[2001]]. ''Introduction to Buddhism: An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life.'' Ed. 2a. Tharpa Publications. ISBN 978-0-9789067-7-1.
* Juergensmeyer, Mark. [[2006]]. ''The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions.'' Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513798-9.
* Keown, Damien, et Charles S. Prebish, eds. [[2004]]. ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-31414-5.
* Kohn, Michael H., ed. [[1991]]. ''The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen.'' Shambhala. ISBN 0-87773-520-4.
* Lamotte, Étienne. [[1976]]. ''Teaching of Vimalakirti.'' Convertit ex Francica Sara Boin. Londinii: Pali Text Society, 93. ISBN 0-7100-8540-0.
* Lowenstein, Tom. [[1996]]. ''The Vision of the Buddha.'' Duncan Baird Publishers. ISBN 1-903296-91-9.
* Morgan, Kenneth W., ed. [[1956]]. ''The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists.'' Novi Eboraci: Ronald Press.
* Nattier, Jan. [[2003]]. ''A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugrapariprccha).'' Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-2607-8.
* Rahula, Walpola. [[1974]]. ''What the Buddha Taught.'' Grove Press. ISBN 955-9219-19-7. ISBN 0-8021-3031-3.
* Ranjini. ''Jewels of the Doctrine.'' Sri Satguru Publications. ISBN 0-7914-0490-0.
* Robinson, Richard H., et Willard L. Johnson. ([[1970]]) [[1982]]. ''The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction.'' Ed.3a. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-534-01027-X.
* Shinjo, Ito. [[2009]]. ''Shinjo:Reflections.'' Somerset Hall Press. ISBN 1-935244-00-0.
* Sinha, H. P. [[1993]]. ''Bhāratīya Darshan kī rūprekhā.'' (Proprietates Philosophiae Indicae.) Motilal Banarasidas Publ. ISBN 81-208-2144-0.
* Skilton, Andrew. [[1997]]. [http://books.google.com/?id=GEKd4iqH3C0C&dq=history+of+buddhism ''A Concise History of Buddhism.''] Windhorse Publications. ISBN 0-904766-92-6.
* Smith, Huston, et Phillip Novak. [[2003]]. ''Buddhism: A Concise Introduction.'' HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 978-0-06-073067-3.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu. [[2001]]. ''Refuge: An Introduction to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha.'' Ed. 3a.
* Thich Nhat Hanh. [[1974]]. ''The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching.'' Broadway Books. ISBN 0-7679-0369-2.
* Vimalakirti. [[1976]]. ''Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: Mahayana Scripture.'' Convertit Robert A. F. Thurman. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-00601-3.
* White, Kenneth. [[2005]]. ''The Role of Bodhicitta in Buddhist Enlightenment Including a Translation into English of Bodhicitta-sastra, Benkemmitsu-nikyoron, and Sammaya-kaijo.'' The Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-5985-5.
* Williams, Paul. [[1989]]. ''Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02537-0.
* Williams, Paul, ed. [[2005]]. ''Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies.'' 8 volumina. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Routledge.
* Williams, Paul, cum Anthony Tribe. [[2000]]. ''Buddhist Thought.'' Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-20701-0.
* Yamamoto, Kosho, interpres, a Tony Page editus et retractatus. [[1999]]–[[2000]]. ''The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra.'' Nirvana Publications.
* Yin Shun. [[1998]]. ''The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master.'' Convertit Yeung H. Wing. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-133-5.


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Emendatio ex 13:39, 30 Maii 2019

Imago Gautamae Buddhae in Bodhgaya Indiae. Bodhgaya secundum memorias antiquas habetur locus ubi ipse vigilabat.[1]

Buddhismus[2] (e verbo buddha 'sapiens, vigilatus'), sive Buddhae religio,[2] est corpus praeceptorum saepe religio habitum,[3] vel tantum modus vivendi, qui circa saeculum sextum a.C.n. in India ortus est. Hoc cogitationis fideique systema potius et practicum quam philosophicum a quodam sapiente solitario sive monacho dicto idcirco Sakyamuni, cuius nomen quotidianum Siddharta Gautama fuisse videtur. Ex regali stirpe Gotamidarum progenitus, sapientiam quaerens, ad Brahmanes se contulit ut ab eis edoceretur; sed eorum dogmate haud contentus, eos mox reliquit et in solitudinem, ubi vitam austeram ducebat, sese recepit; unde non multo post ad novam doctrinam suam divulgandam prodiit.[4] Alius schola docet Buddhismum esse doctrinam qua adsectatores ad sensum realitatem ducerentur.[5] Multi eruditi Buddhismum habentur pluralitatem, non rem unicam.[6] Buddhism etiam appellatur Buddha Dharma vel Dhamma, quod Sanscritice et Pali, in linguis textuum antiquorum, 'doctrina vigilantis' significat.

Buddhismus, ut ultima felicitas ab homine adquiratur, quattuor veritates, uti aiunt, sublimes statuit:

  • Sublimem dolentis veritatem: "Existentiam dolorum in hoc mundo et miseriarum maxime in metempsychosi sese manifestantium, a quibus homo liberari debet"
  • Sublimem originis dolentis veritatem: "Causam horum dolorum, quae ad concupiscientiam et errorem reducuntur"
  • Sublimem exstinctionis dolentis veritatem: "Annihilationem dolorum sive Nirvanam"
  • Sublimem viae quae ad exstinctionem dolentis ducit veritatem: "Media conducentia ad illam annihilationem sive Nirvanam dolorum"
Vexillum Buddhisticum internationale, anno 1885 promulgatum, ex anno 1950 internationale Buddhismi signum est.

Iam media, ope quorum Nirvana obtineri potest, octo enumerantur:

  • Comprehensio recta: "Via recta fidei et veritatis"
  • Iudicium rectum: "quod dubia omnia de medio tollit
  • Lingua recta, sive veracitas loquelae
  • Actio recta: "Participatio communis in eo quod fini bono inservit
  • Vita recta
  • Conatus rectus: "Exercitium intellectus in actionibus a lege praescriptis"
  • Cultus rectus: "Memoria actionum praeteritarum"
  • Meditatio recta: "quae ad Nirvanam conducit"

Ex diversis historicorum sententiis, quid sit Nirvana, illa esse rectior videtur, quae eam annihilationem sive statum, in quo quaevis vita exhauriatir, esse dicit; nam quidquid de novitae huius doctrinae sit, quae tantum partem moralem systematis Buddhismi tangere videtur, principia sua ex philosophia Pantheismi materialis et Atomismi Brahminorum sequuntur; iam enim Capila de comuni quadam vi naturae, silens de Deo, loquitur, Canada quoque compositionem corporum sine causa prima explicat. Cum vero vis communis sive natura, ubique diffusa et tamen omnino indeterminata, similis nihilo sit, supremum principium omnium entium et finem esse nihilum absolutum, annihilationem essendi, existendi, cogitandi, sive Nirvanam, mortem completam sequitur; adeo ut omnes actiones morales a Sakyamuni praescriptae via sint ad nihilum, finem omnium philosophi aspirationum.

Per totam enim Indiam, tempore regni Augusti et Tiberii apud Sinas, saeculo septimo apud Thibetanos, saeculis tredecimo et quarto decimo adhuc vividius ubique sub nova forma diffusa est.

Signa Buddhismi

Kinkaku-ji, tentorium aureum, templum Buddhisticum in Iaponia situm.

Octo felicia Mahayanae Vajrayanaeque signa sunt:

  • Umbrella
  • Piscis aureus
  • Vas divitiarum
  • Lotus
  • Concha
  • Nodus sine termino
  • Vexillum victoriae
  • Rota Dharmae

Disciplinae Buddhisticae

Sunt tres disciplinae fundamentales:

  • Hinayana ("Vehiculum parvum"), cuius ex traditione his diebus sola Theravada ("Disciplina seniorum") exstat.
  • Mahayana ("Vehiculum magnum").
  • Vajrayana (in Occidente saepe "Buddhismus Tibetanicus" aut "Lamaismus" dicta).

Nexus interni

Stupa Bodhnath Kathmandu in urbe Nepaliae.

Notae

  1. ↑ De Bodhgaya (Buddhanet.net).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ebbe Vilborg, Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok, editio secunda, 2009.
  3. ↑ Chambers Dictionary, 2006; Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2003; New Penguin Handbook of Living Religions, 1998; Dewey Decimal System of Book Classification; [1].
  4. ↑ Vide, exempli gratia, Termini et notiones Buddhisticae.
  5. ↑ Exemplorum gratia: Thich Nhat Hanh, Old Path White Clouds ; Dorothy Figen, Is Buddhism a Religion?; Narada Thera, Buddhism in a Nutshell.
  6. ↑ Gethin 1998:2; Robinson et al., Buddhist Religions, ed. 5a (Belmont Californiae: Wadsworth, 2004).
  7. ↑ IAO131. "Thelema & Buddhism" in Journal of Thelemic Studies 1(1) 2007:18–32.

Bibliographia

Buddhismus Sericus mores Mahayanos sequitur, cuius scholae populo gratissimae hodie sunt Terra Pura et Zen. Simulacrum Buddhae sedentis circa 650 anno ex Domu Tang Hebei Provinciae Sinarum.
Tabula vias propagationis Buddhismi Mahayano a primo usque ad decimum saeculum ostendit.
Buddhistici monachus oculis caeruleis Mediae Asiae (laeva) et monacus Sericus apud Bezeklik, Tarim Basin? orientalis, Sinarum, saeculis nono et decimo.
  • Armstrong, Karen. 2001. Buddha. Penguin Books. ISBN 0143034367.
  • Bechert, Heinz, et Richard Gombrich, eds. 1984. The World of Buddhism. Londinii: Thames and Hudson.
  • Berzin, Alexander. 2001. Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in Afghanistan.
  • Buswell, Robert E., ed. 2003. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 9780028657189.
  • Coogan, Michael D., ed. 2003. The Illustrated Guide to World Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 1844831256.
  • Cousins, L. S. 1996. "The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, series 3, 6(1):57–63.
  • Davidson, Ronald M. 2003. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231126190.
  • de Give, Bernard. 2006. Les rapports de l'Inde et de l'Occident des origines au règne d'Asoka. Les Indes savants. ISBN 2846540365.
  • Donath, Dorothy C. 1971. Buddhism for the West: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna: a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day. Julian Press. ISBN 0070175330.
  • Embree, Ainslie T., Stephen N. Hay, William Theodore de Bary, A. L. Bashram, R. N. Dandekar, Peter Hardy, J. B. Harrison, V. Raghavan, Royal Weiler, et Andrew Yarrow, eds. (1958) 1988. Sources of Indian Tradition: From the Beginning to 1800. Vol. 1. Ed. 2a. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231066511.
  • Gethin, Rupert. 1998. Foundations of Buddhism. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192892231.
  • Gombrich, Richard F. 1988. Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415075858.
  • Harvey, Peter. 1990. An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521313333.
  • Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola. 2002. Mindfulness in Plain English. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0861713214.
  • Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang. 2001. Introduction to Buddhism: An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life. Ed. 2a. Tharpa Publications. ISBN 9780978906771.
  • Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2006. The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions. Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195137989.
  • Keown, Damien, et Charles S. Prebish, eds. 2004. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 9780415314145.
  • Kohn, Michael H., ed. 1991. The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen. Shambhala. ISBN 0877735204.
  • Lamotte, Étienne. 1976. Teaching of Vimalakirti. Convertit ex Francica Sara Boin. Londinii: Pali Text Society, 93. ISBN 0710085400.
  • Lowenstein, Tom. 1996. The Vision of the Buddha. Duncan Baird Publishers. ISBN 1903296919.
  • Morgan, Kenneth W., ed. 1956. The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists. Novi Eboraci: Ronald Press.
  • Nattier, Jan. 2003. A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugrapariprccha). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0824826078.
  • Rahula, Walpola. 1974. What the Buddha Taught. Grove Press. ISBN 9559219197. ISBN 0802130313.
  • Ranjini. Jewels of the Doctrine. Sri Satguru Publications. ISBN 0791404900.
  • Robinson, Richard H., et Willard L. Johnson. (1970) 1982. The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction. Ed.3a. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 053401027X.
  • Shinjo, Ito. 2009. Shinjo:Reflections. Somerset Hall Press. ISBN 1935244000.
  • Sinha, H. P. 1993. Bhāratīya Darshan kī rūprekhā. (Proprietates Philosophiae Indicae.) Motilal Banarasidas Publ. ISBN 8120821440.
  • Skilton, Andrew. 1997. A Concise History of Buddhism. Windhorse Publications. ISBN 0904766926.
  • Smith, Huston, et Phillip Novak. 2003. Buddhism: A Concise Introduction. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 9780060730673.
  • Thanissaro Bhikkhu. 2001. Refuge: An Introduction to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha. Ed. 3a.
  • Thich Nhat Hanh. 1974. The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching. Broadway Books. ISBN 0767903692.
  • Vimalakirti. 1976. Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: Mahayana Scripture. Convertit Robert A. F. Thurman. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0271006013.
  • White, Kenneth. 2005. The Role of Bodhicitta in Buddhist Enlightenment Including a Translation into English of Bodhicitta-sastra, Benkemmitsu-nikyoron, and Sammaya-kaijo. The Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0773459855.
  • Williams, Paul. 1989. Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415025370.
  • Williams, Paul, ed. 2005. Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies. 8 volumina. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Routledge.
  • Williams, Paul, cum Anthony Tribe. 2000. Buddhist Thought. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0415207010.
  • Yamamoto, Kosho, interpres, a Tony Page editus et retractatus. 1999–2000. The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra. Nirvana Publications.
  • Yin Shun. 1998. The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master. Convertit Yeung H. Wing. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0861711335.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Buddhismum spectant.


Receptum de "https://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhismus&oldid=3417420"