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Emendatio ex 18:58, 26 Augusti 2012

Signum Gautamae Buddhae in Bodhgaya Indiae. Bodhgaya secundum memorias antiquas habetur locus ubi ipse vigilabat.[1]

Buddhismus (e verbo buddha 'sapiens') est praeceptorum congeries saepe religio habita,[2] vel tantum modus vivendi, qui circa saeculum 6 a.C.n. in India orsus est. Hoc cogitationis fideique systema potius et practicum quam philosophicum a quodam sapiente solitario sive monacho dicto idcirco Sakyamuni, cuius nomen quotidianum Siddharta Gautama fuisse videtur. Ex regali stirpe Gotamidarum progenitus, sapientiam quaerens, ad Brahminos se contulit ut ab eis edoceretur; sed eorum doctrina haud contentus, eos mox reliquit et in solitudinem, ubi vitam austeram ducebat, sese recepit; unde non multo post ad novam doctrinam suam divulgandam prodiit.[3] Alius schola docet Buddhismum esse doctrinam qua adsectatores ad sensum realitatem ducerentur.[4] Multi eruditi Buddhsmum habentur pluralitatem, non rem unicam.[5] Buddhism etiam appellatur Buddha Dharma vel Dhamma, quod Sanscritice et Pali, in linguis textorum antiquorum, 'doctrina vigilantis' significat.

Buddhismus, ut ultima felicitas ab homine adquiratur, quattuor veritates, uti aiunt, sublimes statuit:

  • Sublimem dolentis veritatem: "Existentiam dolorum in hoc mundo et miseriarum maxime in metempsychosi sese manifestantium, a quibus homo liberari debet"
  • Sublimem originis dolentis veritatem: "Causam horum dolorum, quae ad concupiscientiam et errorem reducuntur"
  • Sublimem exstinctionis dolentis veritatem: "Annihilationem dolorum sive Nirvanam"
  • Sublimem viae quae ad exstinctionem dolentis ducit veritatem: "Media conducentia ad illam annihilationem sive Nirvanam dolorum"

Iam media, ope quorum Nirvana obtineri potest, octo enumerantur:

  • Comprehensio recta: "Via recta fidei et veritatis"
  • Iudicium rectum: "quod dubia omnia de medio tollit
  • Lingua recta, sive veracitas loquelae
  • Actio recta: "Participatio communis in eo quod fini bono inservit
  • Vita recta
  • Conatus rectus: "Exercitium intellectus in actionibus a lege praescriptis"
  • Cultus rectus: "Memoria actionum praeteritarum"
  • Meditatio recta: "quae ad Nirvanam conducit" {Fons?}

Ex diversis historicorum sententiis, quid sit Nirvana, illa esse rectior videtur, quae eam annihilationem sive statum, in quo quaevis vita exhauriatir, esse dicit; nam quidquid de novitae huius doctrinae sit, quae tantum partem moralem systematis Buddhismi tangere videtur, principia sua ex philosophia Pantheismi materialis et Atomismi Brahminorum sequuntur; iam enim Capila de comuni quadam vi naturae, silens de Deo, loquitur, Canada quoque compositionem corporum sine causa prima explicat. Cum vero vis communis sive natura, ubique diffusa et tamen omnino indeterminata, similis nihilo sit, supremum principium omnium entium et finem esse nihilum absolutum, annihilationem essendi, existendi, cogitandi, sive Nirvanam, mortem completam sequitur; adeo ut omnes actiones morales a Sakyamuni praescriptae via sint ad nihilum, finem omnium philosophi aspirationum.

Per totam enim Indiam, tempore regni Augusti et Tiberii apud Sina (regio)Sinas, saeculo septimo apud Thibetanos, saeculis tredecimo et quarto decimo adhuc vividius ubique sub nova forma diffusa est.

Signa Buddhismi

Octo felicia Mahayanae Vajrayanaeque signa sunt:

  • Umbrella
  • Piscis aureus
  • Vas divitiarum
  • Lotus
  • Concha
  • Nodus sine termino
  • Vexillum victoriae
  • Rota Dharmae

Disciplinae Buddhisticae

Sunt tres disciplinae fundamentales:

  • Hinayana ("Vehiculum parvum"), cuius ex traditione his diebus sola Theravada ("Disciplina seniorum") exstat.
  • Mahayana ("Vehiculum magnum").
  • Vajrayana (in occidente saepe "Buddhismus Tibetanicus" aut "Lamaismus" dicta).

Vide etiam

Stupa Bodhnath in urbe Kathmandu Nepaliae

Notae

  1. ↑ De Bodhgaya (Buddhanet.net).
  2. ↑ Chambers Dictionary, 2006; Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2003; New Penguin Handbook of Living Religions, 1998; Dewey Decimal System of Book Classification; [1].
  3. ↑ Vide, exempli gratia, Termini et notiones Buddhisticae.
  4. ↑ Exemplorum gratia: Thich Nhat Hanh, Old Path White Clouds ; Dorothy Figen, Is Buddhism a Religion?; Narada Thera, Buddhism in a Nutshell.
  5. ↑ Gethin, Foundations of Buddhism, p. 2; Robinson et al., Buddhist Religions (5th ed., Wadsworth, Belmont, California, 2004).
  6. ↑ IAO131. "Thelema & Buddhism" in Journal of Thelemic Studies 1(1) 2007:18–32.

Nexus externi

Buddhismus Sericus mores Mahayanos sequitur, cuius scholae populares hodie sunt Terra Pura et Zen. Simulacrum Buddhae sedentis circa 650 anno ex Domu Tang Hebei Provinciae Sinarum.
Tabula vias propagationis Buddhismi Mahayano a primo usque ad decimum saeculum ostendit
Buddhistici monachus oculis caeruleis Mediae Asiae (laeva) et monacus Sericus apud Bezeklik, Tarim Basin? orientalis, Sinarum, saeculis nono et decimo.

Bibliographia

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  • Bechert, Heinz, et Richard Gombrich, eds. 1984. The World of Buddhism. Londinii: Thames & Hudson.
  • Berzin, Alexander. 2001. Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in Afghanistan.
  • Buswell, Robert E., ed. 2003. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-865718-9.
  • Coogan, Michael D., ed. 2003. The Illustrated Guide to World Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 1-84483-125-6.
  • Cousins, L. S. 1996. "The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, series 3, 6(1):57–63. Davidson, Ronald M. (2003). Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12619-0.
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