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Copyright

by Glyn Moody

Thu, Mar 27th 2014 10:03am




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Filed Under:
copyright, creative commons, germany, non-commercial, personal use


German Court Says Creative Commons 'Non-Commercial' Licenses Must Be Purely For Personal Use

from the YMMV dept

Creative Commons licenses have been hugely successful in allowing people to share their creations in ways otherwise impossible using traditional copyright monopolies. But one problem remains unresolved: what exactly does the "non-commercial" license allow you to do? This lack of clarity has led various people to advocate avoiding the use of CC-NC. Back in 2012, Techdirt reported on a call to drop completely both the non-commercial and the no-derivatives licenses. In the same year, a group of German copyright experts released in collaboration with Wikimedia a document entitled "Consequences, Risks, and side-effects of the license module Non-Commercial -- NC", which was made available in an English translation the following year (PDF).

Now a German court has weighed in on the subject, with interesting results (original in German.) The case concerned the use of a photo from Flickr, released under a CC-BY-NC license. The photo appeared on the Web site of Deutschlandradio, part of the German public broadcaster -- a non-commercial organization, that is. Alongside the photo, Deutschlandradio's Web site included the name of the artist, the license, and a link to its terms. Despite this, the photographer demanded 310 Euros plus costs on the grounds that Deutschlandradio had used the photo for commercial purposes.

The public broadcaster pointed out that there was no charge for its Web site, there was no advertising, and no sponsorship. Nonetheless, the judge agreed it should be treated as a commercial use. In coming to this view, the judge drew on German law, which defined "non-commercial" as purely for personal use, and excluded all commercial use in the "generally accepted sense", and that apparently included radio stations, irrespective of how they were funded.

As this underlines, quite what "non-commercial" means is likely to vary from country to country, and possibly even judge to judge. Yet another reason to avoid using CC-BY-NC altogether.

Follow me @glynmoody on Twitter or identi.ca, and +glynmoody on Google+


34 Comments | Leave a Comment

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  1.  
    identicon
    Anonymous Coward, Mar 27th, 2014 @ 10:09am

    Alternatively, it's a reason to avoid exposing yourself to German IP law.

     

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  2.  
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    ChurchHatesTucker (profile), Mar 27th, 2014 @ 10:22am

    Version?

    Does it mention which version of the license it was? I thought more recent ones were supposed to address these kinds of things. Or is it just an impossible concept to implement under German law?

     

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  3.  
    identicon
    TG, Mar 27th, 2014 @ 10:28am

    There's only one CC 'license' worth using and that's CC0.

     

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  4.  
    identicon
    Bengie, Mar 27th, 2014 @ 10:29am

    what?

    If they wanted "non-commercial" to mean "personal", they would have just used the word "personal"

     

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  5.  
    identicon
    Scote, Mar 27th, 2014 @ 10:38am

    So, is a "personal" blog on the WWW also "commercial"?

    Seems to me that thanks to the internet "personal" use isn't that specific anymore. Broadcasting world wide via the internet could make all sort of personal use "commercial", including on your blog, or on FB, which is ad supported. This is a terrible ruling, sought by, IMO, a terrible photographer who shouldn't have use the non-commercial CC license if he was just going to be an ass about it.

     

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  6.  
    identicon
    Anonymous Coward, Mar 27th, 2014 @ 10:45am

    Re:

    CC-NDE?

     

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  7.  
    identicon
    Anonymous Coward, Mar 27th, 2014 @ 11:07am

    Re: what?

    Changing the meaning of stuff is how people in power get their way. Stupid people like you and me do nothing about it. Soon, no one knows any better because it has been allowed to be redefined. I have a good job and a nice living. Not giving that up for the rest of the yahoos, therefore nothing with change.

    I am part of the problem, so are you, but the biggest problem is the electorate being low information to nothing more than partyline voters... to hell with any form of integrity so long as we get our way.

    To most... the end, does in fact, justify the means!

     

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  8.  
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    Chronno S. Trigger (profile), Mar 27th, 2014 @ 11:22am

    Re: So, is a "personal" blog on the WWW also "commercial"?

    The reason he probably went for Creative Commons instead of regular copyright is because getting a CC registered is free.

     

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  9.  
    icon
    Ninja (profile), Mar 27th, 2014 @ 12:09pm

    Now correct me if I'm wrong but shouldn't creators be free to choose whatever copyright system or license they want? What's a fucking court doing forcing them out of a choice?

     

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  10.  
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    TKnarr (profile), Mar 27th, 2014 @ 12:43pm

    Re: what?

    Thing is, in legal terms words don't mean just what you want them to mean. That's what the court noted here: the license used the term "non-commercial", and in German law that term is defined to mean "personal". If you want to use the term "non-commercial" in your license in Germany and want it to mean something other than what German law says it means, you need to provide a specific definition for it in your license and say that whenever you use this term it refers to your definition.

     

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  11.  
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    Ima Fish (profile), Mar 27th, 2014 @ 12:58pm

    Can someone explain why Creative Commons doesn't simply define the phrase itself? It seems idiotic to create a license without defining important terms in the license.

     

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  12.  
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    Ole Juul (profile), Mar 27th, 2014 @ 1:16pm

    I have a local radio station which is for personal use. It only covers about a block, and I doubt anybody else listens. The thing is that commercial vs. personal is a very wide area. I assume that the judge would think that the court was commercial since he's probably getting paid and making money at this. Sure, that sounds silly, but is there some confusion between "commercial" and "public" in this ruling?

     

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  13.  
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    Arthur (profile), Mar 27th, 2014 @ 1:56pm

    Public broadcaster

    I dunno about German public broadcasters, but if it's anything like the US, they do air commercials - i.e. "Sponsored by Acme Furniture, where to go to buy your best furniture" - because they are paid to do that.

    Sure, these commericals are, thankfully, much shorter and less obnoxious, but still, the basics are there. The radio station makes a lot of their money from these "mini commercials".

     

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  14.  
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    John Fenderson (profile), Mar 27th, 2014 @ 1:56pm

    Re:

    In the US, "noncommercial" is already well defined in law. This mistake seems to be a translation error or a misunderstanding. Perhaps the lawyer who vetted the German version of this didn't fully understand that the use on "noncommercial" was not intended to be synonymous with "personal".

     

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  15.  
    identicon
    Zonker, Mar 27th, 2014 @ 3:38pm

    So in German legal language "non-commercial" literally means "commercial" when it's not personal use, just like how in American English the word "literally" means "figuratively" when it's used as hyperbole.

     

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  16.  
    identicon
    Anonymous Coward, Mar 27th, 2014 @ 4:40pm

    Re:

    Isn't the court siding with the creator here?

     

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  17.  
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    toyotabedzrock (profile), Mar 27th, 2014 @ 8:09pm

    Obviously there needs to be more work done to explain what is non commercial in each jurisdiction. I prefer they keep the NC.

     

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  18.  
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    G Thompson (profile), Mar 27th, 2014 @ 8:22pm

    Re: Re: So, is a "personal" blog on the WWW also "commercial"?

    probably not since 'Registration' of a copyright is automatic and not needed most laces in thew world if you intend to take action under that copyright. Only America does it really require physical and separate registration of the work for statutory or otherwise damages to be obtained

     

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  19.  
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    G Thompson (profile), Mar 27th, 2014 @ 8:22pm

    Re: Re: Re: So, is a "personal" blog on the WWW also "commercial"?

    *laces= places

     

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  20.  
    identicon
    Techanon, Mar 27th, 2014 @ 11:09pm

    Re: Version?

    You're right, CC-BY-NC 4.0 includes a definition of "NonComercial".

    Quote from the CC legalcode:
    "NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange."

     

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  21.  
    icon
    techflaws (profile), Mar 27th, 2014 @ 11:19pm

    Re:

    This is also how they bust file shares cause since they get their media free and don't pay for it, they gain a commercial benefit for themselves. Rightsholder love German courts, especially the one in Cologne.

     

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  22.  
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    PaulT (profile), Mar 28th, 2014 @ 1:53am

    Re: Re:

    I'd also guess that there's some kind of order of precedent. That is, you probably can't define terms to mean whatever you want in a licence if there's already a legally established definition in current law. The established definition would take precedent over the licence, else what would there be to stop unscrupulous companies from redefining all sorts of basic rights?

    IANAL, etc., but that's the way I presume it would happen.

     

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  23.  
    icon
    btrussell (profile), Mar 28th, 2014 @ 2:17am

    Re: Re:

    "In the US, "noncommercial" is already well defined in law. This mistake seems to be a translation error or a misunderstanding."

    Maybe the rest of the world doesn't agree with USA definitions?

    Maybe something can be non-commercial and non-personal at the same time?

    Personal use means just yourself doesn't it? If you have a medical marijuana license, I assume they are for personal use like other prescriptions, does that mean you can share with your friends and your license covers their use as well?

     

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  24.  
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    Ole Juul (profile), Mar 28th, 2014 @ 2:22am

    Could it be that the license just needs to be translated into German?

     

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  25.  
    identicon
    Techanon, Mar 28th, 2014 @ 2:47am

    Re: Version?

    The original article (in german) mentions cc-by-no 2.0 which doesn't have a definition of NonComercial.

     

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  26.  
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    Ninja (profile), Mar 28th, 2014 @ 2:50am

    Re: Re:

    It may seem so but they are undermining the NC clause by restricting it to purely personal use they are stripping it from its main benefit (allow wide use and thus exposure).

     

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  27.  
    identicon
    vka, Mar 28th, 2014 @ 3:39am

    Re: Public broadcaster

    Deutschlandradio is commercial free but you have to pay a kind of tax which goes to all german public broadcasters

     

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  28.  
    identicon
    Donglebert The Needlessly Unready, Mar 28th, 2014 @ 4:00am

    Re: Public broadcaster

    I don't believe they have any adverts outside publicising their own shows. They don't have sponsorship either.

    Much like the BBC.

     

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  29.  
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    R.H. (profile), Mar 28th, 2014 @ 6:49am

    Re:

    They have in more recent versions of the license. Techanon quotes it in reply to comment #2 above.

     

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  30.  
    icon
    ZachOfAllTrades (profile), Mar 28th, 2014 @ 8:35am

    WHO should avoid it ?

    It seems clear that the German court in this particular case has made a bad decision regarding the meaning of 'non-commercial'. But what seems to be missing from the conversation is clarity of perspective when considering the value of the CC-NC license.
    From the perspective of noncommercial website owners that use CC-NC content, the court decision is especially bad. They have basically been told that they must avoid (or remove) CC-NC content, or risk being sued for infringement.
    From the perspective of content creators that make their work available, the decision is not so bad -- on the one hand, they can be confident (in Germany anyway) that the license has some teeth to it if they want to pursue an infringement case; but on the other hand, they may find that the distribution of their work that they may have hoped for will now be reduced due to noncommercial site owners fear of using work with that license.

     

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  31.  
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    nasch (profile), Mar 28th, 2014 @ 12:32pm

    Re:

    Now correct me if I'm wrong but shouldn't creators be free to choose whatever copyright system or license they want? What's a fucking court doing forcing them out of a choice?

    The court is saying that this is what that license (that the artist chose) means in Germany.

     

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  32.  
    identicon
    Epicanis, Mar 29th, 2014 @ 9:29am

    Isn't NC usually redundant/unnecessary?

    I've only asked a couple of people so far, but it seems like people just reflexively click "non-commercial" purely to prevent someone from "selling the work as their own", without intending any of the other restrictions that come as a side-effect (e.g. a business like a restaurant otherwise complying with the license but playing a CC-BY-NC piece of music, which counts as a "public performance" by a profit-making enterprise, hence "commercial").

    Shouldn't the Attribution and Share-Alike clauses deter the abuses that people are assuming the NC clause is for (i.e. if you have to give credit and can't monopolize the work, it's less convenient to "sell" copies purely for profit to begin with, and I can't think of many cases where someone would be stopped by the NC clause who wouldn't already be put off by the BY and SA clauses to begin with)?

     

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  33.  
    identicon
    Anonymous Coward, Mar 29th, 2014 @ 11:20am

    It is no judge's business. Creative Commons is a private contract between two parties (one who gives and one who receives).

    But wait, it comes from country and judiciary which "leagalized" gas chambers.

     

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  34.  
    icon
    nasch (profile), Mar 29th, 2014 @ 11:54am

    Re:

    It is no judge's business. Creative Commons is a private contract between two parties (one who gives and one who receives).

    Until the two parties disagree about what the contract means, and then it can become a judge's business. That's what happened here.

     

    [ reply to this | link to this | view in thread ]


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