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All the members draw water from the conduit. But in principle within the subak one man's water does not flow directly from another man's paddy. Rather direct antagonism can only arise between subak. And this is precisely where the incorporated councils arbitrate any disputes. Moreover, cases could be appealed to the raja's council. This procedure was adopted to minimize interference with actual production. Nevertheless, wet-rice agriculture was hardly a tranquil enterprise; witness the hostilities of the 1880s: Where the rivers in Bali traverse the territories of different principalities, disputes often arise over the use of the water. Moreover, it is customary in the frequent wars between the various principalities for the rulers of the higher inland regions to divert the rivers supplying the rice fields nearer the coast or to block the streams at the given point and then release a flow of water that destroys all the darns on the river below that point. Incalculable damage has been caused by these strategems (Liefrinck 1969). We can surmise that as population increased, and as cross-cutting civic, religious, economic, political, and status affiliations grew more intertwined - especially after the Dutch undercut the rajas' influence first in the Northn,then the South there was little chance of restricting the effects of interfering with the water supply to a specific enemy. As it became more difficult to find several individuals with subak interests just alike, it must have been impossible to find a subak unit, all of whose members one wanted to harm. Yet hostilities recur. A great backlog of antag
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we must point out a very important distinction which the Balinese make between
two clearly separate groups of ancestors. The first of these groups consists
of the dead who are riot yet completely purified. This group is in turn subdivided
in pirata, those riot yet cremated, and pitara, those already cremated. The
former are still completely impure; the latter have been purified, but are still
considered as distinct, individual souls. The second group consists of the completely
purified ancestors who are considered as divine. Everything Bali Indonesia |
