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Continued... 2. Balipedia: concerted
documentation The engaging sketches by erstwhile fieldworkers were handicapped by being restricted to the northern areas of Bali. It was obvious that the broad southern plains contained a fuller elaboration of Hindu courtly ideals of power and law that stood in uncertain relationship with reputedly self-governing local communities. The northern rice-producing area is smaller, steeper, and poorer. To this day the region seems somehow less Balinese, with its conspicuous heterogeneous quarters of Chinese and Buginese traders and other Bali-Islam groups. One entered the kingdom of Buleleng through a gate of 'foreign' culture, never witnessing the full panoply of Bali-Hindu architecture, temple networks, and ritual processions until passing beyond the central mountains. Yet this relative impoverishment of Hindu state elaborations perhaps helped the irrigation technology in the north stand out more conspicuously. The southern areas were opened for continuous research only after the tragic collapse of their warring kingdoms during 1906-8, marked by the sensational suicides in the royal courts. Meanwhile, working out of Buleleng and the Balinese portion of neighboring Lombok, F.A. Liefrinck had established new scholarly standards for Balinese studies. Maximizing rice By recent calculations, the contented Balinese is one who consumes 500 grams of rice daily (Hanna 1972). Irrigation technology has been traced by epigraphers to 800-900 A.D., and it remains the most orderly and admirable feature of Bali occasionally quaking, very damp and hilly landscape, this constant challenge to native engineers. F.A. Liefrinck, Resident of Bali and Lombok from 1896 to 1901, spent part of his long career in the civil service describing irrigation works and the local custom and policies surrounding them. His detailed writing began in the 1880 they remained the solid foundation for later studies by C.C. Grader and other reports on irrigation (for example, Raka 1955) and interpretations of the Balinese rice cult (for example, Wirz, 1929),
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we must point out a very important distinction which the Balinese make between
two clearly separate groups of ancestors. The first of these groups consists
of the dead who are riot yet completely purified. This group is in turn subdivided
in pirata, those riot yet cremated, and pitara, those already cremated. The
former are still completely impure; the latter have been purified, but are still
considered as distinct, individual souls. The second group consists of the completely
purified ancestors who are considered as divine. Everything Bali Indonesia |
