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Thesis FGMG

Ceremonies as they exist today. Cremations, until then the privilege of the nobility. began to be practiced by to common people. The king also had nine great temples constructed throughout the land, with Pura Besakih .serving as the island "Mother Temple." Around the mid-17th century, the dynasty moved north to Klungkung, which remained the center of political power, if only in name, until its final defeat at the beginning of the 20th century.
The Balinese consider the Gelgel Dynasty their greatest classical period. Even after the Dutch conquests of 1906 and 1908, the local regents of these districts retained their autonomy into the 1950s, when finally the republican government stripped them of their lands and feudal authority. Seven of the secondary principalities of Batu Renggong's time survive as administrative districts today: Badung, Gianyar, Bangli, Tabanan, Karangasem, Buleleng, and Jembrana.

THE EUROPEAN ERA

Early Contacts
Bali remained obscure for so long because of is lack of spices, fragrant woods, ivory, absence of natural harbors, and because of the island's natural orientation toward the deep straits and treacherous tidal currents and reefs of the south instead of the tranquil Java Sea. These factors tended to isolate Bali from the elaborate international trade, which swirled around it. Throughout this early period Bali was allowed to evolve uninterrupted artistic and social traditions far more independently than other settlements of the room. But the island soon attracted notice if only because of its position at the start of the Lesser Sunda Islands. Navigators started labeling the small island east of ."Java Major' as 'Java Minor." Not long thereafter the name Bally began to appear, on the maps of the region.
The English buccaneer Sir Francis Drake paid call in 1580; in 1585 the Portuguese; attempted to establish a trading station in Bali but their ship was wrecked off Bukit with only five survivors. Finally, in 1597 a small fleet of Dutch war yachts, headed by Cornelis de Houtman, discovered Bali. He and his crew of 89 men survived a 14-month trading journey Holland which started out with249 men; most had died of disease, been murdered en route. Bali was the high point of their journey, an island and hospitable that the Dutchmen made great friends with the king, a good-natured fat man who had 200 wives, who drove a chariot drawn by two white buffalos, and who owned 50 dwarves whose bodies had been distorted to resemble kris handles. Upon their return to Holland the Dutchmen's reports of the new "paradise" created such a sensation that in 1601 the trader Heems-kerk was sent to Bali weighted down with gifts for the king.

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in Bali we must point out a very important distinction which the Balinese make between two clearly separate groups of ancestors. The first of these groups consists of the dead who are riot yet completely purified. This group is in turn subdivided in pirata, those riot yet cremated, and pitara, those already cremated. The former are still completely impure; the latter have been purified, but are still considered as distinct, individual souls. The second group consists of the completely purified ancestors who are considered as divine.
No contact is sought with the pirata, the dead who have not yet been cremated. Oil the contrary they are dangerous, Offerings must however be made for the redemption of their souls.

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