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Technical Notes
Source: United Nations Population Division. Data
for larger countries from the United Nations Population Division.
2001. World Population
Prospects: The 2000 Revision (Data Disk 1, Standard set). New York:
United Nations. Data for smaller countries from the U.S. Census Bureau.
2002. International Data Base. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau.
These indicators present the total size of national population by
sex, based on a medium variant projection for 1 July 2001.
Source: United Nations Population Division.
2001. World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision (Data Disk
1, Standard set). New York:
United Nations. This indicator presents the period (1995-2000)
annual growth of national populations.
Source: United Nations Population Division. 2001. World Population
Prospects: The 2000 Revision (Data Disk 1, Standard set). New York:
United Nations. This indicator refers to the period (1995-2000) annual
number of births per 1,000 total population. Adjustment has not been
made for the age structure of the population.
Source: United Nations Population Division. 2001. World Population
Prospects: The 2000 Revision (Data Disk 1, Standard set). New York:
United Nations. This indicator refers to the period (1995-2000) annual
number of deaths per 1,000 total population. Adjustment has not been
made for the age structure of the population.
Source: United Nations Population Division.
1999. World Urbanization Prospects. New York: United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup1999/
wup99.htm. This indicator reflects the estimated proportion of the
national population living in areas termed ‘urban’by
that country in the year 2000. Typically, the population living in
towns of 2,000 or more or in national or provincial capitals is classified ‘urban’.
Source: United Nations Population Division. 2001. World Population
Prospects: The 2000 Revision (Data Disk 1, Standard set). New York:
United Nations. This indicator refers to the ratio of males to females
at birth in a given population, expressed as the number of males
for every female. Estimates for the period (1995-2000) are used.
Source: United Nations Population Division. 2001. World Population
Prospects: The 2000 Revision (BETA version). New York: United Nations.
This indicator presents the total national population of women of
reproductive age, most commonly defined as ages 15 through 49. Medium
variant projections for the year 2001 are used.
Source: United Nations Population Division. 2001. World Population
Prospects: The 2000 Revision (BETA version). New York: United Nations.
This indicator presents the proportion of the national population
comprised by women of reproductive age, most commonly defined as
ages 15 through 49. Medium variant projections for the year 2001
are used.
Source: United Nations Population Division. 2001. World Population
Prospects: The 2000 Revision (Data Disk 1, Standard set). New York:
United Nations. This indicator reflects the average number of children
a woman would bear assuming that age-specific fertility rates remain
constant throughout her childbearing years (most commonly defined
as ages 15 through 49). Estimates for the period (1995-2000) are
used. When available, these data have been presented at the intranational
level disaggregated by urban/rural, provincial high and low, high
and low economic quartile, and highest and lowest level of maternal
educational attainment. Data are from national health surveys, such
as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (UNICEF) and demographic
and health surveys (ORC Macro), and reflect the most recent year
available. Since the disaggregated data are from different sources
and may be from a different point in time, these data will not equal
the total figures.
Source: United Nations Population Division. 2002. Database on Contraceptive
Use. New York: United Nations. These data are derived from sample
survey reports and estimate the proportion of married women (including
women in consensual unions) currently using any method or modern
methods of contraception. Modern or clinic and supply methods include
male and female sterilization, IUDs, the pill, injectables, hormonal
implants, condoms and female barrier methods. These numbers are roughly
but not completely comparable across countries due to variation in
population surveyed by age (15- to 49- year-old women being most
common), in the timing of the surveys, and in the details of the
questions. All of the data are from the most recent year available.
When available, the modern contraceptive prevalence rate has been
presented at the intranational level disaggregated by urban/rural,
provincial high and low, high and low economic quartile, and highest
and lowest level of maternal educational attainment. Data are from
national health surveys, such as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
(UNICEF) and demographic and health surveys (ORC Macro), and reflect
the most recent year available. Since the disaggregated data are
from different sources and may be from a different point in time,
these data will not equal the total figures.
Source: United Nations Children’s Fund,
World Health Organization, and United Nations. 2002. Maternal Mortality
Database. http://www.childinfo.org/eddb/mat_mortal/database.htm.
This indicator presents the annual number of deaths of women from
pregnancy-related causes, when pregnant or within 42 days of termination
of pregnancy, per 100,000 live births. The maternal mortality ratio
is a measure of the risk of death once a woman has become pregnant.
Precision can be difficult due to problems associated with defining
and reporting maternal deaths, but relative magnitudes can be informative.
These estimates have a degree of uncertainty. Statistical techniques
provide the upper and lower boundary values consistent with the data,
with 95 per cent certainty.
Source: United Nations Population Division. 2001. World Population
Prospects: The 2000 Revision (Data Disk 1, Standard set). New York:
United Nations. This indicator refers to the death of a live-born
infant within the first year of life, which is the most sensitive
to development levels. Stillbirths (also referred to as foetal deaths)
are not included in infant mortality calculations. When available,
these data have been presented at the intranational level disaggregated
by urban/rural, provincial high and low, high and low economic quartile,
and highest and lowest level of maternal educational attainment.
Data are from national health surveys, such as the Multiple Indicator
Cluster Surveys (UNICEF) and demographic and health surveys (ORC
Macro), and reflect the most recent year available. Since the disaggregated
data are from different sources and may be from a different point
in time, these data will not equal the total figures.
Source: United Nations Population Fund. 2001. The State of World
Population 2001. New York: UNFPA. Data provided by the United Nations
Population Division. This indicator relates to the incidence of mortality
to infants and young children. It reflects, therefore, the impact
of diseases and other causes of death on infants, toddlers and young
children. More standard demographic measures are infant mortality
and mortality rates for 1 to 4 years of age, which reflect differing
causes of and frequency of mortality in these ages. The measure is
more sensitive than infant mortality to the burden of childhood diseases,
including those preventable by improved nutrition and by immunization
programmes. Under-5 mortality is here expressed as deaths to children
under 5 per 1,000 live births in a given year. The estimate refers
to the period 2000-2005.
Source: United Nations Population Division.
2001. World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision (Data Disk
1, Standard set). New York:
United Nations. Life expectancy at birth refers to the average number
of years a newborn infant would be expected to live if health and
living conditions at the time of birth remained the same throughout
its lifespan. This measure reflects the health of a country’s
people and the quality of care they receive when they are ill.
Source: United Nations Population Division.
2001. World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision (Data Disk
1, Standard set). New York:
United Nations. This indicator presents the proportion of the national
population age 60 and over, considered to be a ‘dependent age’.
Medium variant projections for the year 2005 are used.
Source: 2000 figures from: The World Bank. 2002. World Development
Indicators 2002. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. PPP GDP is gross
domestic product converted to international dollars using purchasing
power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing
power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the United States. GDP is
the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy
plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the
value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions
for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation
of natural resources. Data are in current international dollars.
Note, however, that several policy overviews approved by the field
offices report U.S. dollar values (converted at official exchange
rates) and not purchasing power corrected international dollars.
Source: 2000 figures from: The World Bank. 2002. World Development
Indicators 2002.Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. This indicator
reflects the annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices
based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant
1995 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident
producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies
not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without
making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion
and degradation of natural resources.
Source: The World Bank. 2002. Available at
http://www.worldbank.org/data/databytopic/CLASS.XLS. GNI (gross
national income; called gross national product until recently)
comprises GDP (see above) plus net receipts of primary income (compensation
of employees and property income) from nonresident sources. Based
on its GNI per capita, every economy is classified as low income,
middle income (subdivided into lower middle and upper middle), or
high income. These categories are based on the World Bank’s
operational lending categories. Economies are divided according to
2000 GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method.
The groups are low income, $755 or less; lower middle income, $756-$2,995;
upper middle income, $2,996-$9,265; and high income, $9,266 or more.
Source: UNFPA Executive Board decision 2000/19;
system described in “Review of the System for the Allocation of UNFPA Resources
to Country Programmes”(DP/FPA/2000/14). UNFPA classifies countries
based on their progress in the achievement of ICPD Goals (using the
indicators of births with skilled attendants, contraceptive prevalence
rate, proportion of the population aged 15-24 living with HIV/AIDS,
adolescent fertility rate, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality
ratio, adult female literacy rate and secondary net enrolment ratio).
Threshold levels are defined for each indicator. Highest priority
in resource allocation (Category A) is given to countries with annual
per capita GNI (see above) below $900 and success on fewer than five
of the indicators. Next, Category B countries are comprised of those
with success on 5-6 of the indicators and/or higher per capita GNI.
Finally, Category C countries are successful on more goal indicators
and/or have above threshold annual per capita GNI. Additionally,
categories with lower allocation priority exist for countries with
economies in transition with specific needs for external assistance
on a temporary basis (Category T) and for small developing countries
with fewer than 150,000 people (Category O).
Source: The World Bank. 2002. World Development Indicators 2002.
Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. This indicator reports the percentage
of population living on less than $1.08 a day at 1993 international
prices (equivalent to $1 in 1985 prices, adjusted for purchasing
power parity). When estimating poverty world-wide, the same reference
poverty line has to be used, and expressed in a common unit across
countries. Therefore, for the purpose of global aggregation and comparison,
the World Bank uses reference lines set at $1 and $2 per day in 1993
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms (where PPPs measure the relative
purchasing power of currencies across countries). It should be emphasized
that for analysis of poverty in a particular country, the World Bank
always uses poverty line(s) based on norms for that society. Because
of the time involved in collecting and processing the household survey
data upon which these figures are based, and because of the complexities
of the estimation exercise, these figures appear with a lag, and
are updated only every three years.
Source: World Health Organization and UNICEF.
2000. Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report.
This indicator reflects
the proportion of the population with access to an adequate amount
of safe drinking water located within a convenient distance from
the user’s dwelling.
Source: World Health Organization. February 2002. Skilled Attendant
at Delivery 2001 Global Estimates. This indicator is based on national
reports of the proportion of births attended by a skilled health
worker, including doctors (specialists or non-specialists), nurses,
and/or other persons with midwifery skills who can diagnose and manage
obstetrical complications as well as normal deliveries. Traditional
birth attendants, trained or not, have been excluded from the category
of skilled health workers. When available, these data have been presented
at the intranational level disaggregated by urban/rural, provincial
high and low, high and low economic quartile, and highest and lowest
level of maternal educational attainment. Data are from national
health surveys, such as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and
demographic and health surveys, and reflect the most recent year
available. Since the disaggregated data are from different sources
and may be from a different point in time, these data will not equal
the total figures.
Source: John Ross and John Stover. “The Family Planning Program
Effort Index: 1999 Cycle.”International Family Planning Perspectives
27(3): 119-129. New York: Alan Guttmacher Institute. This indicator
reflects the Total Mean Score from questionnaires covering four areas
of family planning efforts: policy and stage-setting activities;
service and service-related activities; evaluation and recordkeeping;
and availability of fertility control methods. The scores used in
this indicator are intended to capture programme effort or strength,
independent of outputs such as contraceptive use or fertility change.
The maximum for the total effort index is a score of 120, with >80
indicating strong effort, 55-79 indicating moderate effort, 25-54
as weak effort, and <24 indicating very weak or no effort.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. July 2002. Estimates and
Projections of Adult Illiteracy for Population Aged 15 Years and
Above, by Country and by Gender, 1970-2015. Montreal: UNESCO. Illiteracy
definitions are subject to variation in different countries. Data
collection methods range from self-identification during an interview
to formally administered literacy tests. UNESCO compiles literacy
statistics collected during national population censuses and household
surveys. Insofar as possible, data refer to the proportion of the
population who cannot, with understanding, both read and write a
short simple statement on everyday life, usually assessed exclusively
in an official or de facto official language. Adult illiteracy (rates
for persons above 15 years of age) reflects recent levels of educational
enrolment and past education attainment, as well as skill maintenance.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2000. Montreal: UNESCO.
Gross enrolment ratios indicate the number of students enrolled in
the primary and secondary levels in the education system per 100
individuals in the appropriate age group. They do not correct for
individuals who are older than the level-appropriate age due to late
starts, interrupted schooling, or grade repetition. Denominator data
are from the United Nations Population Division 2000 estimates.
Source: UNICEF Global Database on Child Malnutrition.
2002. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund. http://www.childinfo.org/eddb/malnutrition/database1.htm.
This indicator presents the proportion of under-fives falling below
minus 2 standard deviations (moderate underweight) and minus 3 standard
deviations (severe underweight) from the median weight-for-age of
the reference population. Data are from national health surveys,
such as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and demographic and
health surveys, and reflect the most recent year available.
Source: UNICEF Global Database on Child Malnutrition.
2002. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund. http://www.childinfo.org/eddb/malnutrition/database2.htm.
This indicator presents the proportion of under-fives falling below
minus 2 standard deviations (moderate underweight) and minus 3 standard
deviations (severe underweight) from the median height-for-age of
the reference population. Data are from national health surveys,
such as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and demographic and
health surveys, and reflect the most recent year available.
Source: UNICEF Global Database on Child Malnutrition.
2002. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund. http://www.childinfo.org/eddb/malnutrition/database3.htm.
This indicator presents the proportion of under-fives falling below
minus 2 standard deviations (moderate underweight) and minus 3 standard
deviations (severe underweight) from the median weight-for-height
of the reference population. Data are from national health surveys,
such as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and demographic and
health surveys, and reflect the most recent year available.
Source: United Nations Population Division. 2001. World Population
Prospects: The 2000 Revision (BETA version). New York: United Nations.
This indicator presents the proportion of the national population
from age 15 through 24, the approximate years of adolescence, defined
as the period between childhood and full maturity, beginning with
puberty. Medium variant projections for the year 2001 are used.
Source: United Nations Population Division. 2001. World Population
Prospects: The 2000 Revision (BETA version). New York: United Nations.
This is an indicator of the burden of fertility on young (adolescent)
women using medium variant projections for 2000-2005. This measure
includes women up to the age of 20 (19 years, 11 months, and 29 days).
Since it is an annual level summed over all women in the age cohort,
it does not reflect fully the level of fertility for women during
their youth. Since it indicates the annual average number of births
per woman per year, one could multiply it by five to approximate
the number of births to 1,000 young women during their late teen
years. The measure does not indicate the full dimensions of teen
pregnancy, as only live births are included in the numerator. Stillbirths
and spontaneous or induced abortions are not reflected. When available,
these data have been presented at the intranational level disaggregated
by urban/rural, provincial high and low, high and low economic quartile,
and highest and lowest level of maternal educational attainment.
Data are from national health surveys, such as the Multiple Indicator
Cluster Surveys (UNICEF) and demographic and health surveys (ORC
Macro), and reflect the most recent year available. Since the disaggregated
data are from different sources and may be from a different point
in time, these data will not equal the total figures.
Source: United Nations/Department of Economic
and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. 1999. The Women’s Indicators and Statistics
Database, Version 4 (Wistat 4). This indicator reports the singulate
mean age at marriage for each sex. It is an indicator of the timing
of marriage, or the average age at first marriage calculated on the
basis of a single census or survey according to Hajnal’s procedure
(See J. Hajnal. 1953. “Age at Marriage and Proportions Marrying.”Population
Studies 7(2): 111-136. Essentially, it is the mean age at first marriage
among those who ever married in age group 15-49. It is computed from
the proportions never married in each five-year age group within
the broad age group 15-49, usually derived from census or survey
data of a specific year. It therefore measures the average age at
first marriage over the historical period covered by age group 15-49,
rather than the average age of those currently marrying for the first
time. Data was used for the most recent year available.
Source: UNAIDS. 2002. The Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic.
Geneva: UNAIDS. These data derive from surveillance system reports
and model estimates. Data provided for men and women aged 15-24 are
high and low estimates for each country. The reference year is 2001.
Male-female differences reflect physiological and social vulnerability
to the illness and are affected by age differences between sexual
partners. Where data was not available for 2001 but was available
in the prior assessment (reference year 1999), the earlier data point
is used.
Source: International Labour Organization. 2001. Yearbook of Labour
Statistics. Geneva: International Labour Organization. Data were
provided by the International Labour Organization, and also found
in the Yearbook of Labour Statistics, 2001. This indicator reflects
the economically active population and its relation to the total
population, by sex and age (15-64).
Source: International Labour Organization.
2001. Yearbook of Labour Statistics. Geneva: International Labour
Organization. Data were
provided by the International Labour Organization, and also found
in the Yearbook of Labour Statistics, 2001. This indicator reflects
the number of women in managerial or technical positions as calculated
from the table “Total employment, by occupation”. This
table presents absolute figures on the distribution of the employed
by occupation, according to either ISCO-68 or ISCO-88 (International
Standard Classification of Occupations).
Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2002. Women in National Parliaments.
http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm. This indicator was compiled
by the Inter-Parliamentary Union on the basis of information provided
by National Parliaments in 2002. Countries were classified by the
percentage of women in the lower or single House.
Source: United Nations Population Division. 2001. World Population
Prospects: The 2000 Revision (Data Disk 1, Standard set). New York:
United Nations. This indicator presents the projected increase or
decrease in the total national population of women of reproductive
age (most commonly defined as ages 15 through 49) using medium projections
for the period 2000-2015.
Source: United Nations Population Division. 2001. World Population
Prospects: The 2000 Revision (Data Disk 1, Standard set). New York:
United Nations. This indicator presents the projected increase or
decrease in the proportion of the national population comprised by
women of reproductive age (most commonly defined as ages 15 through
49) using medium projections for the period 2000-2015.
Source: demographic health surveys and family
health surveys. ORC Macro and Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
Calverton, MD: ORC Macro
and Atlanta, GA: CDC. These indicators reflect married or in union
women who are sexually active who would prefer to avoid becoming
pregnant, but are not using any method of contraception. These women
are considered to have an “unmet need”for family planning.
The concept of unmet need points to the gap between some women’s
reproductive intentions and their contraceptive behaviour. Unmet
need for spacing includes pregnant women whose pregnancy was mistimed,
amenorrheic women whose last birth was mistimed, and women who are
neither pregnant nor amenorrheic and who are not using any method
of family planning and say they want to wait two or more years for
their next birth. Also included in unmet need for spacing are women
who are unsure whether they want another child or who want another
child but are unsure when to have the birth. Unmet need for limiting
refers to pregnant women whose pregnancy was unwanted, amenorrheic
women whose last child was unwanted, and women who are neither pregnant
nor amenorrheic and who are not using any method of family planning
and who want no more children. Data are from surveys of the most
recent year available.
Source: Demographic and health surveys. ORC Macro. Calverton, MD:
ORC Macro. This indicator presents the proportion of women age 15-19
who have begun childbearing. Adolescent fertility is a major social
and health concern. Teenage mothers are more likely to suffer from
severe complications during pregnancy and childbirth, which can be
detrimental to the health and survival of both mother and child.
When available, these data have been presented at the intranational
level disaggregated by urban/rural, provincial high and low, high
and low economic quartile, and highest and lowest level of maternal
educational attainment. Data are from national health surveys, such
as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (UNICEF) and demographic
and health surveys (ORC Macro), and reflect the most recent year
available. Since the disaggregated data are from different sources
and may be from a different point in time, these data will not equal
the total figures.
Source: Demographic and health surveys. ORC Macro. Calverton, MD:
ORC Macro. This indicator presents the proportion of under-fives
falling below minus 2 standard deviations (moderate underweight)
and minus 3 standard deviations (severe underweight) from the median
weightfor- age of the reference population. Data are from national
health surveys, such as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and
demographic and health surveys, and reflect the most recent year
available. When available, these data have been presented at the
intranational level disaggregated by urban/rural, provincial high
and low, high and low economic quartile, and highest and lowest level
of maternal educational attainment. Since the disaggregated data
are from different sources and may be from a different point in time,
these data will not equal the total figures.
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