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Notes
1 UNICEF. 1998. The Progress of Nations
1998. New York: UNICEF; and UNICEF.
2001. Early Marriage: Child Spouses.
Innocenti Digest. No. 7. Florence, Italy:
UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. Web
site: www.unicef-icdc.org/publications/
pdf/digest7e.pdf.
2 United Nations. 2001. We the Children:
End-decade Review of the Follow-up to the
World Summit for Children: Report of the
Secretary General (A/S-27/3). New York:
United Nations.
3 Gaym, A. 2000. “A Review of
Maternal Mortality at Jimma Hospital,
Southwestern Ethiopia.” Ethiopian Journal
of Health Development 14(2): 215-223.
4 UNICEF 2001.
5 WHO. 1989. The Reproductive Health of
Adolescents: A Strategy for Action. A Joint
WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Statement.
Geneva: WHO.
6 ORC Macro. 2001. Final Report:
Bangladesh. Calverton, Maryland:
ORC Macro. Web site:
www.measuredhs.com, accessed
7 July 2003.
7 Alan Guttmacher Institute. 1998. Into a
New World: Young Women’s Sexual and
Reproductive Lives. New York:
Alan Guttmacher Institute.
8 United Nations. 2002. World Population
Monitoring 2002: Reproductive Rights and
Reproductive Health: Selected Aspects
(ESA/P/WP.717). New York:
Commission on Population and
Development, United Nations.
9 Ibid.
10 WHO. 1997. Abortion: A Tabulation of
Available Data on the Frequency and
Mortality of Unsafe Abortion, Third
Edition. Geneva: WHO.
11 UNESCO. 2002. “Unwanted Pregnancy
and Unsafe Abortion.” Package of Laws
and Legislations Series 3: Legislation
Review 2. Bangkok: Regional Clearing
House on Population, Education and
Communication (RECHPEC), UNESCO.
12 Harrison, K. A. 1985. “Childbearing,
Health and Social Priorities: A Survey of
22,744 Consecutive Deliveries in Zaria,
Northern Nigeria.” British Journal of
Obstetrics and Gynaecology 92(Supp. 5):
1-119.
13 The definitions also use various technical
rules for assigning the status of currently
pregnant or amenorrheic women (e.g.,
using their statements about whether
and when they wanted their pregnancy)
and for women who do not believe they
are fecund. The details of the various
definitions and a discussion of their
reliability and validity can be reviewed
in: Casterline, J. B., and S. W. Sinding.
2000. “Unmet Need for Family Planning
in Developing Countries and Policy
Implications.” Population and
Development Review 26(4): 691–723;
and Westoff, C. F., and A. Bankole. 1995.
Unmet Need: 1990–1994. Demographic
and Health Surveys Comparative
Studies. No. 16. Calverton, Maryland:
Macro International, Inc.
14 Data are from the STATcompiler
on the main survey web site
(www.measuredhs.com), accessed
6 May 2003. Additional surveys are
being processed or are in the field and
will be available prior to publication of
this report.
15 Data were available for seven countries
in Latin America and 23 in sub-Saharan
Africa.
16 However, data were available for only
three Central Asian countries.
17 Gabon, South Africa, Togo and
Zimbabwe show such high levels.
18 Yemen, with four times higher unmet
than met spacing needs, was the only
country with less than half—only 22
per cent—of demand met.
19 Senderowitz, J. 1999. Making
Reproductive Health Services Youth
Friendly. Research, Program and Policy
Series. Washington, D.C.: FOCUS on
Young Adults, Pathfinder International.
20 Boland, R. 2003. Population and Law
database (Harvard University). Special
compendium provided on request, p. 1.
21 Ibid., pp. 1-2.
22 Family Care International. 1999. Meeting
the Cairo Challenge: A Summary Report:
Implementing the ICPD Programme of
Action, p. 9. New York: Family Care
International.
23 Boland 2003, p. 2.
24 Ibid., p. 3.
25 Ibid., pp. 1-2.
26 Senderowitz, J. 1997. Reproductive Health
Outreach Programs for Young Adults.
Pathfinder International/FOCUS on
Young Adults Research Series.
Washington, D.C.: FOCUS on Young
Adults, Pathfinder International.
27 Erulkar, A., and B. Mensch. 1997. Youth
Centres in Kenya: Evaluation of the Family
Planning Association of Kenya Programme.
Nairobi: The Population Council; The
Population Council. 2000. Overview of
Youth Centre Assessments In Kenya,
Zimbabwe and Ghana. New York: The
Population Council; Glover, E. K., et al.
1998. Youth Centres in Ghana: Assessment
of the Planned Parenthood Association of
Ghana Programme. Nairobi: The
Population Council; and Phiri, A., and
A. Erulkar. 1997. A Situation Analysis of
the Zimbabwe National Family Planning
Council’s Youth Centres: Baseline
Assessment. Naibori: Zimbabwe National
Family Planning Council and the
Population Council.
28 Action Health Incorporated. 1998.
“The Youth Clinic.” Growing Up 6(2).
29 Boucard, G. 1998. “Mid-Term Evaluation:
FOSREF Reproductive Health for
Adolescents Project.” Prepared for
UNFPA. New York: UNFPA.
30 Family Care International 1999, p. 101.
31 Ibid., p. 102.
32 Ibid., p. 99.
33 International Planned Parenthood
Federation. n.d. “Burkina Faso
Programme Review.” Unpublished
report. London: International Planned
Parenthood Federation.
34 International Planned Parenthood
Federation. 2001. “Integrating Sexual
and Reproductive Health Services for
Youth in Colombia.” IPPF/WHR Spotlight
on Youth. No. 1. New York: International
Planned Parenthood Federation.
35 Russian Federation. 2002. “Information
Letter on improving the activities of
youth centers for protection of reproductive
health of adolescents, based
on the results of the UNFPA project
‘Reproductive Health and Rights of
People in the Russian Federation’
implemented in Moscow, Tver, Saint-
Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Tomsk
in 2000-2002.” Moscow: Ministry of
Health, Russian Federation.
36 Jamaica Adolescent Reproductive Health
Activity. November 2002. “Background
Report, Mid-Term External Evaluation.”
Washington, D.C.: The Futures Group
International in collaboration with the
Ministry of Health, Margaret Sanger
Center International, and Dunlop Corbin
Communication.
37 Senderowitz, J., and C. Stevens. 2001.
Leveraging the For-Profit Sector in Support
of Adolescent and Young Adult
Reproductive Health Programming.
Washington, D.C.: Futures Institute for
Sustainable Development.
38 Hughes, J. November 2000. Personal
communication; and Erulkar, A. 2000.
Unpublished memo.
39 Family Planning Service Expansion
and Technical Support Project. 1999.
“Evaluating the Impact of ZNA/MAPS
Interventions on Reproductive Health
Services for Youth.” Lusaka, Zambia:
Family Planning Service Expansion and
Technical Support Project, John Snow
International; and Williams, T. 14 March
2001. Personal correspondence.
40 Murray, N., et al. 2001. Will Youth Be
Negatively Affected by User Fees for
Reproductive Health Products or Services?
Washington, D.C.: FOCUS on Young
Adults, Pathfinder International.
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