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Notes
1. UNICEF, UNAIDS, and WHO. 2002.
Young People and HIV/AIDS: Opportunities
in Crisis. New York: UNICEF.
2. Note: Figures are rounded. Source:
UNICEF, UNAIDS, and WHO 2002.
Cited in: Lopez, V. M. 2002. “HIV and
Young People. A Review of the State of
the Epidemic and Its Impact on World
Youth.” Report prepared as input for:
UNICEF. 2003. World Youth Report 2003.
New York: UNICEF.
3. USAID, UNICEF, and UNAIDS. 2002.
Children on the Brink 2002: A Joint Report
on Orphan Estimates and Programme
Strategies. Washington, D.C.: The
Synergy Project.
4. Ainsworth, M., and M. Over. 1997.
Confronting AIDS: Public Priorities in a
Global Epidemic. World Bank Policy
Research Report. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
5. UNAIDS and WHO. 2001. AIDS Epidemic
Update: December 2001 (UNAIDS/01.74E –
WHO/CDS/CSR/NCS/2001.2). Geneva:
UNAIDS/WHO.
6. Royce, R., et al. 1997. “Sexual
Transmission of HIV/AIDS.” The New
England Journal of Medicine 336(15):
1072-1078. Cited in: “Youth and
HIV/AIDS: Can We Avoid Catastrophe,”
by K. Kiragu. 2001. Population Reports.
Series L. No. 12. Baltimore, Maryland:
Population Information Program, the
Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg
School of Public Health.
7. Best, K. 2000. “ Many Youths Face Grim
STD Risks.” Network 20(3): 4-9.
8. Luke, N. 2001. “Cross-generational and
Transactional Sexual Relations in
Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of the
Evidence on Prevalence and Implications
for Negotiation of Safe Sex Practices for
Adolescent Girls.” Paper prepared for
the International Center for Research
on Women for the AIDSMark Project.
Washington, D.C.: International Center
for Research on Women.
9. Fuglesang, M. 1997. “Lessons for Life:
Past and Present Modes of Sexuality
Education in Tanzanian Society.” Social
Science and Medicine 44(8): 1245-1254.
Cited in: Luke 2001.
10. UNICEF, UNAIDS, and WHO 2002.
11. Ibid. Data are from the UNICEF Multiple
Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and
the Demographic and Health Surveys,
1999-2001.
12. Brown, A., et al. 2001. Sexual Relations
among Young People in Developing
Countries: Evidence from WHO Case
Studies (WHO/RHR/01.8). Occasional
Paper. Geneva: Family and Community
Health, Department of Reproductive
Health and Research, WHO.
13. Kiragu 2001.
14. WHO. 1998. The Second Decade:
Improving Adolescent Health and
Development (WHO/FRH/ADH/98.18),
p. 6. Geneva: Adolescent Health and
Development Programme, WHO.
15. MacPhail, C., B. G. Williams, and C.
Campbell. 2002. “Relative Risk of HIV
Infection among Young Men and
Women in a South African Township.”
International Journal of STD and AIDS
13(5): 331-342.
16. UNAIDS and WHO. 1997. Sexually
Transmitted Diseases: Policies and
Principles for Prevention and Care.
UNAIDS Best Practices Collection:
Key Material. Geneva: UNAIDS. Cited in:
The Tip of the Iceberg: The Global Impact
of HIV/AIDS on Youth, by T. Summers,
J. Kates, and G. Murphy. 2002. Menlo
Park, California: The Kaiser Family
Foundation.
17. Brown, et al. 2001.
18. Skhom, H., et al. 2002. “Survey on
Health Seeking Behaviour of Women
Working in the Entertainment Sector in
Phnom Penh.” Phnom Penh, Cambodia:
Center for Advanced Study,
Pharmaciens sans Frontieres and Family
Health International.
19. Brown, et al. 2001.
20. UNICEF, UNAIDS, and WHO 2002.
21. UNAIDS. 2000. Report on the Global
HIV/AIDS Epidemic: June 2000
(UNAIDS/00/13E). Geneva: UNAIDS.
Cited in: Kiragu 2001.
22. Babalola, S., D. Awasum, and B.
Quenum-Renaud. 2002. “The Correlates
of Safe Sex Practices among Rwandan
Youth: A Positive Deviance Approach.”
African Journal of AIDS Research 1(1):
11-21.
23. Jackson, J., et al. 1998. The Jamaica
Adolescent Study. Kingston, Jamaica, and
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina:
Fertility Management Unit, University of
the West Indies, and Family Health
International.
24. Reichman, L., and J. Tanne. 2002.
Timebomb: The Global Epidemic of Multi-
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. New York:
McGraw-Hill. Cited in: What Works:
A Policy and Program Guide to Effective
STI/HIV/AIDS Interventions, by J. Gay,
et al. (Forthcoming.) Washington, D.C.:
The POLICY Project.
25. Thompson, D. 2002. Coordinates 2002:
Charting Progress against AIDS, TB and
Malaria. Geneva: WHO.
26. Ibid.
27. UNICEF, UNAIDS, and WHO 2002.
28. USAID, UNICEF, and UNAIDS 2002,
p., 9.
29. Ibid.
30. The World Bank. 2002. Education and
HIV/AIDS: A Window of Hope.
Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Cited in: The Tip of the Iceberg: The
Global Impact of HIV/AIDS on Youth, by
T. Summers, J. Kates, and G. Murphy.
2002. Menlo Park, California: The Kaiser
Family Foundation.
31. USAID, UNICEF, and UNAIDS 2002.
32. Ramlow, R. 2001. “Social Marketing
for HIV/AIDS Prevention in Indonesia.”
Presentation at the Dialogue on Social
Marketing and Other Commercial
Approaches to Improving Adolescent
Reproductive Health, Washington, D.
15 February 2001. Washington, D.C.:
Pathfinder International/FOCUS on
Young Adults.
33. Population Services International and
Population Reference Bureau. 2000.
Social Marketing for Adolescent Sexual
Health: Results of Operations Research
Projects in Botswana, Cameroon, Guinea,
and South Africa. Washington, D.C.:
Population Services International and
Population Reference Bureau; Agha,
2000. “An Evaluation of Adolescent
Sexual Health Programs in Cameroon,
Botswana, South Africa, and Guinea.”
Population Services International
Research Division Working Paper.
No. 29. Washington, D.C.: Population
Services International; and Van Rossen,
R., and D. Meekers. 1999. “The
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of
Targeted Social Marketing to Promote
Adolescent Reproductive Health in
Guinea.” Population Services
International Research Division Working
Paper. No. 23. Washington, D.C.:
Population Services International.
34. Meekers, D., and M. Klein. 2003.
“Determinants of Condom Use Among
Young People in Urban Cameroon.”
Studies in Family Planning 33(4):
335-346.
35. Nyamongo, I. 1995. “Investigation into
Condom Acceptability, Sexual Behaviour
and Attitudes about HIV Infection and
AIDS Among Adolescent Students in
Kenya.” Unpublished report. Nairobi,
Kenya: Institute of African Studies,
University of Nairobi. Cited in: Brown,
et al. 2001.
36. Kgosidintsi, N. 1997. “Sexual Behaviour
and Risk of HIV Infection Among
Adolescent Females in Botswana.”
Unpublished report. Gabarone,
Botswana: National Institute of
Development, Research and
Documentation. Cited in: Brown,
et al. 2001.
37. Heald, S. 2002. “It’s Never As Easy
as ABC: Understandings of AIDS in
Botswana.” African Journal of AIDS
Research 1(1): 1-10.
38. Sarafian, I. 2001. “Final Report on
Findings: HIV/AIDS and Youth in
Suriname.” Paramaribo, Suriname:
PAHO/WHO.
39. Best 2000.
40. FOCUS on Young Adults. 2001.
Advancing Young Adult Reproductive
Health: Actions for the Next Decade.
End of Programme Report: 2001.
Washington, D.C.: Pathfinder
International and the Futures Group.
41. Horizons Program, Kenya Project
Partners, and Uganda Project Partners.
2001. HIV Voluntary Counseling and
Testing Among Youth: Results from an
Exploratory Study in Nairobi, Kenya,
and Kampala and Masaka, Uganda.
Washington, D.C.: Horizons Program,
the Population Council.
42. Thompson 2002.
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