Advantages
Music of Kebyar
Commoners
Temporal Perspectives
Village Fields
Knowledge
Magnificent
Betutu
Evidences
Tropical
Mahendradatta
Music of Kebyar
Administrative

Story of Bali, Indonesia

Continued...

the authoritarian control of the priyayi-elite by turning the Regents into a hereditary class with an economic stake in the governmental produce monopoly, at the same time it started a progressive alienation between priyayi and the exploited peasantry, which came to regard the Regent as the tool of foreign rulers.

In 1870, the Liberal Era replaced the Culture System, opening Indonesia to the penetration of private capitalism. The new policy makers tended to relegate these representatives of a 'backward' and 'feudal' system the Regents to political impotence. The resulting decline in priyayi prestige was furthered by the fact that Dutch private enterprise, in search of land leases and labor, tended to establish direct contacts with village heads, by-passing the Regents.
Bali had escaped this radical alienation between court and commoner. Although several royal overlords committed suicide or were banished during Dutch take-over during 1906, and, although the nature of the complex bonds between subject and lord was soon reduced to simpler forms of taxation, the pervasive influence of the Balinese cultural elite continued unabated. Consequently, colonial administrators sought to preserve both the rich courtly traditions and the local adat spheres.

Finally, scholars in Bah tended to favor German kulturkreise or Culture waves frameworks over the protostructuralist approaches to society and cosmology that were being tested in Java, most notably by W.H. Rasser 1960.
The early view of, Bali as a stagnant pool left over from a Hindu wave out of pre-Mohammedan Java insured persistent historicization of any new findings.
Adat classification and variation
About when the Encyclopedia appeared,the systematic foundation for future studies of customary law (adat) was published by C.van Vollenhoven. The major classification of Indonesian populations in the1860, J.J. Hollander's racial scheme, was composed almost entirely of residual classes. Apart from the Negroid races of New Guinea, the Arab and Chinese foreigners, and the so-called mixed races, there was only one main division, the Batta race versus the Malay face. Balinese were consigned to the former, Javanese to the latter.
Van Vollenhoven's classification of 1918 drew on the ethnographic sketches briefly sampled above to posit nineteen law-areas (rechtskringen). As J.B. Ave observes, 'this classification proved to be the basis for the study of customary law in Indonesia until the Second World War' 1970. Indeed, Van Vollenhoven was credited as the creator of a new and typically Dutch form of science, whose sound and lasting. foundation he laid for all time. Other nations have as of hardly started the systematic investigation of the traditional legal forms among the populations of their overseas territories 1948. The classification subdivides into four major types of communities: (1) genealogical

.