Advantages
Music of Kebyar
Commoners
Temporal Perspectives
Village Fields
Knowledge
Magnificent
Betutu
Evidences
Tropical
Mahendradatta
Music of Kebyar
Administrative

Continued...

duced rich results. Four types of village temples are listed: (1) pura desa - for various general and localized gods; (2) pura dalem - the death temples consecrated to goddess Durga at cemetaries and cremation sites; (3) pura segara - on beaches for ocean gods; and (4) pura bukit - on hills and mountains for mountain gods. Moreover, in each irrigation society there is a pura subak dedicated to Sri, goddess of irrigated fields. The article cites one version of the list of six, or seven, holy temples that relate imperfectly to the division of the island into kingdom-districts. But who worships where remains unclear, as does the interrelation of congregations. In Dutch scholarship the archaeology and theology of the temple system progressed far faster than the sociology.

Finally, brief mention is made of the commoner custodial-priests (pemangkus) in charge of temples, these walled-in sacred courtyards reserved for entertaining the gods during their periodic visitations from, according to Hindu conceptions, mountainward abodes. The article discusses religious aspects of the calendar, cycles of holidays and lontar manuscripts. It describes the pleasing rectilinear motifs of household and temple architecture, the pavilionlike chambers and shrines, and the organization of space according to its sacred/profane function and the purity/ pollution entailed.

Everything else and law

Under the catch-all tag of 'customs and usages' (zeden en gebruiken) we find assembled any cross-cultu rally striking aspect of Bali that does not relate explicitly to 'caste,' 'religion,' 'agriculture and industry,' or the formal 'administration of justice' (rechtspraak). Zeden en gebruiken covers what ethnographers would later catalogue as social organization, family and mariage, ritual and magic, the arts, and, since this is Bali, a long entry on cremation. Included here are several ethnological themes important throughout the colonial period.

First, two types of village organization (desa vereenigingen) are distinguished. Membership in the old-style villages is limited to the families whose ancestors originally established the desa. they are governed by a council of elders with exclusive rights to houseland. Membership in the newer type desa includes outsiders (vreemdelingen). Thus the 'bond is no longer so heartfelt' (innig), and all heads of families are on the council and have property rights. This theme of old kingroup desas versus newer composite desas was elaborated and historicized in future work. Its companion theme was the democratic operation of local councils for both village-area affairs and irrigation-society control.

The equality in rights and duties in both categories of councils was extended so far that there was no question of any privileges for one or another caste or even for one or another quality of man.

As members of a desa or subak council, a Brahmana stands as equal to a Sudra, a district leader (punggawa) stands as equal to the most lowly villager.