Advantages
Music of Kebyar
Commoners
Temporal Perspectives
Village Fields
Knowledge
Magnificent
Betutu
Evidences
Tropical
Mahendradatta
Music of Kebyar
Administrative

Continued...

Van den Broek is clearest on the differentiation by status of high crimes and punishments (delictenrecht) always the easiest information to obtain on Bali, since it was the speciality of Brahmana literati. But his most enlightening insight concerns the compartmentalized impact of the raja's state system on the island's subsistence economy, on the collection of taxes, and on the waging of war.

The revenues of the rajas consist of a kind of land-tax, which every farmer who has rice fields must bring in, amounting to ten dubbeltjes for each landed proprietor, whether farming many or few fields. The vorst was paid a specific tribute for marriages. In Badung this amounts to four Spanish piastres for each marriage. In case of indigence this tax is fulfilled in installments. [We shall see later that such provisions varied among different overlords and kingdoms.] There is also a toll levied on bazaars or markets, which are tolerably extensive; moreover on cockfights, besides other gambling games, and on holding opium dens (afioenkitten). In kingdoms with harbors the raja leases the import and export duties to Chinese or even to Balinese, although this seldom yields much profit
The rajas have their own rice fields, and it is figured they produce sufficiently for their consumption; these are worked by their subjects in regular turns, for which they receive a portion of the crop, 1 think a quarter share (this also varies greatly) which is distributed on equal terms to all who perform this work. In the event of crop failure, it is calculated how much the raja would thereby be short, and this amount is made up by a proportionate contribution over all the farmers. In this way, the rajas assure that they and those who belong to their courts are never exposed to shortage (aan gebrek zijn bloot gesteld).

The exclusive right to hold puppet theatre (wayangs) and Ronggings are the rajas', and this provides them considerable revenue. They also have all extensive manufacture of silk and other fabrics also many fruiting and flowering trees, the produce of which they have sold in the markets and along the road. All this was cared for by their wives whose major occupation consisted of weaving
Opium, iron, and all necessary foreign articles are purchased by the rajas and on their behalf are resold on a small scale to their subjects with great usury. If the folk perform a service for them, to pay for it, however, on the following day they hold shadow puppet plays or cockfights in their palace, and are thus sure that tile farthing expended would within twenty-four hours be back in their coffers. I have already mentioned that the slave trade made up one of the most important sources of the raja,s income

The rajas always had ample opportunity to procure the desired number of slaves as when pardoning to that end criminals condemned to death
All orphans who have no father or mother belong to the raja, as do all wives who, owing to discord, were repudiated. Forbidding this trade is naturally a thorn in the side, and the rajas' income is thereby notably reduced.
Their method of war is most ridiculous and can be considered more as a childhood game than as a serious affair. Every Balinese (this is certainly exaggerated) from fourteen to fifty years old is a soldier and must at his raja's command immediately repair to arms, consisting of a pike furnished him by the raja and of a Kris, his own. The Gustis and chiefs (Hoofden) are the commanders, for there exists no separation between the civil (burgerlijke) and military function (vak); the rank which a chief bears in the former is likewise awarded him in the latter ... Every neighborhood leader (kampongshoofd) commands his men and brings them to the chief of the division . . . A division usually consists of four or five neighborhoods