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Music of Kebyar
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Betutu
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Mahendradatta
Music of Kebyar
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Thesis FGMG

Although Kuta at the times was the gateway to the island's rich inland economy of coffee, tobacco, and other cash crops which Lange brokered, his major business derived from a monopoly on the sale of Chinese kepeng; Wild became the Island's dominant monetary unit. Lange would buy the round wins cheap and sell them on Bali 100% profit or else trade them for rice. Large quantities of these wins were sent from China to Singapore, from where Lange would import them to Bali along with opium, iron, arms, and textiles. Working through Chinese agents, Lange maintained a system of storehouses on neighboring islands where his fleet of 12 ships would gather raw produce to re-supply stocks on Bali. Numerous European ships called at Kuta to buy rice, coconut oil. animals, hides, cotton, tobacco. coffee. and other goods. He maintained two slaughterhouses, killing oxen to supply dried beef for the Dutch garrisons on Java. His close relationship with the local ruling elite allowed him to expand his trade and commercial contacts without competition or political risks. Lange became an immensely rich and powerful man. But with the launching of several large-scale military expeditions by the Dutch against Bali in 1846, 1848. and 1849, Lange's world was about to come tumbling down, leaving him brokenhearted.
At one point during a Dutch attack against Klungkung in 1849, Lange's trading station at Kuta was threatened filled with plunder, it was much coveted by the rajas of Mengwi and Gianyar With opposing armies poised to attack near Klungkung, Lange averted a bloody disaster by dramatically riding out to meet the Dutch troops marching inland from Padangbai. He mediated a temporary peace by arranging an extravagant ceremonial meeting at his factory between the Dutch commander and the southern rajas. attended by 30,000 followers of the rajas in case something went wrong. For his reward, Lange received from the old raja one of Bali's highest tides, punggawa besar. Through this meeting. Lange's local patron and descendant were able to dominate southern Balinese politics until the final puputan of 1906-08 by which time nearly the whole of the Indonesian archipelago had come under Dutch colonial rule.
Because of now technology and commercial pressure ft fortunes of Lange's factory soon, began to decline. The Dutch naval blockade of "Bell (1848-49) and the continual warfare of the 1840s had seriously disrupted trade. The rice growing hinterlands had suffered the ravages of war and plagues of raft, while accompanying smallpox: epidemics and water shortages contributed to the chaos. In addition. Kuta harbor was inadequate for the steamships which were used increasingly after 1850 in the inter-Asiatic trade. Finally, new commercial rivals entered the picture when the northern harbor of Buleleng and Ampenan on Lombok began to attract this bulk of Balinese export All these factors conspired to cause Lange losses from which he never recovered. It was said of him that there was more of the bold Viking than the prudent trader in his nature. He was soon put out of business.