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About Beauty

Beauty is commonly defined as a characteristic present in a [person], [place], [object] or [idea] that provides a [perception] experience of [pleasure], [Value (personal and cultural)] or [satisfaction] to the mind or to the eyes, arising from [sensory] manifestations such as a shape, color, personality, sound, design or rhythm. [Random House Unabridged Dictionary], © Random House, Inc. 2006. Beauty is studied as part of [aesthetics], [sociology], [social psychology] and [culture]. Beauty, as a cultural creation, is also extremely [Commercialism].

The [subjective] experience of "beauty" often involves the interpretation of some entity as being in balance and [harmony] with [nature], which may lead to feelings of attraction and emotional well-being. "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder" is a common phrase attributed to this concept.http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/59100.html

In its most profound sense, beauty may engender a [salience (neuroscience)] experience of positive reflection about the meaning of one's own [being]. An "[object (philosophy)] of beauty" is anything that reveals or resonates with personal meaning. Hence [religion] and moral teachings often focus on the [divinity] and [virtue] of beauty, and to assert natural beauty as an aspect of a [spirituality] and [truth].

Aesthetics Understanding the nature and meaning of beauty is one of the key themes in the philosophical discipline known as [aesthetics]. The composer and critic [Robert Schumann] distinguished between two kinds of beauty, natural and poetic. The former is found in the contemplation of nature, whereas the latter lies in man's conscious, creative intervention into nature. Schumann indicated that in music, or other art, both kinds of beauty appear, but natural beauty is merely sensual delight. Poetic beauty begins where the natural beauty leaves off.

with [morning glory] flowers by [Jules Joseph Lefebvre]. The image of the young woman is a symbol of human beauty in the [West], and a dominant theme in western [art].

The philospher [Immanuel Kant], whose aesthetic theory has been influential, noted that beauty seems to possess both [Subjectivity] and [Objectivity (philosophy)] qualities.{{cite book | last =Neill | first =Alex | authorlink = | coauthors =Aaron Ridley | title =The Philosphy of Art: Readings Ancient and Modern | publisher =McGraw Hill | date =1995 | location = | pages =269 | url = | doi = | id = --> Arguing for the subjective nature of beauty, he wrote, "The judgement of taste, therefore, is not a cognitive judgment, and so not logical, but is aesthetic - which means that it is one whose determining ground ''cannot be other than subjective''."Kant, Immanuel. ''Analytic of the Beautiful'' Kant also noted, however, that when someone calls an object beautiful, "he judges not merely for himself, but for all men, and then speaks of beauty as if it were a property of things."Kant, Immanuel. ''Analytic of the Beautiful''

A common idea suggests that beauty exists in the [appearance] of things and people that are [goodness]. A good apple will be perceived as more beautiful than a bruised one. Also, most people judge [physical attractiveness] human beings to be good, both physically and on a deeper level. Specifically, they are believed to possess a variety of positive traits and personality characteristics.Dion, K. K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285-290.

Further, people's skills can develop and change their sense of beauty. Carpenters may view an out-of-true building as ugly, and many master carpenters can see out-of-true angles as small as half a degree. Many musicians can likewise hear as dissonant a tone that's high or low by as little as two percent of the distance to the next note. Most people have similar aesthetics about the work or hobbies they've mastered.

History of beauty The earliest theory of beauty can be found in the works of early Greek philosophers from the pre-Socratic period, such as [Pythagoras]. The Pythagorean school saw a strong connection between [mathematics] and beauty. In particular, they noted that objects proportioned according to the [golden ratio] seemed more attractive. Ancient [Ancient Greece] architecture is based on this view of symmetry and proportion. Modern research also suggests that people whose facial features are symmetric and proportioned according the golden ratio are more attractive than those whose faces are not.

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Beauty, throughout history, generally has been associated with that which is [good]. Likewise, the polar opposite of beauty is generally considered to be [ugly] and is often associated with [evil]. Evil [witches], for example, are often depicted with unpleasant physical features and personalities. This contrast is epitomized by classic stories such as [Sleeping Beauty]. Likewise, beauty according to [Goethe], from his 1809 [Elective Affinities], is “everywhere a welcome guest”. Goethe stated that human beauty “acts with far greater [force] on both inner and outer senses, so that he who beholds it is exempt from [evil] and feels in harmony with himself and with the world.”

[symmetry (physical attractiveness)] may be important because it is evident that the person grew up in a healthy way, without visible genetic defects. Although style and fashion vary widely, cross-cultural research has found a variety of commonalities in people's perception of beauty. Large eyes and a clear complexion, for example, are considered beautiful in both men and women in all cultures. Some researchers have suggested that [neonatal] features are inherently attractive and thus likely to be found beautiful. [Youthfulness] in general is associated with beauty.

There is good evidence that a preference for beautiful faces emerges early in child development, and that the standards of attractiveness are similar across different cultures. Meta-analyses of the empirical research indicate that all three are attractive in both male and female faces and across a variety of cultures.Rhodes, G. (2006). The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 199-226. Facial attractiveness may be an adaptation for mate choice because symmetry and the absence of blemishes signal important aspects of mate quality, such as health. It is also possible that these preferences are simply by-products of the way our brains process information.

depiction of male beauty in Michelangelo's [David (Michelangelo)].

The foundations laid by Greek and Roman artists have also supplied the standard for male beauty in western civilization. The ideal Roman was defined as tall, muscular, long-legged, with a full head of thick hair, a high and wide forehead – a sign of intelligence – wide-set eyes, a strong browline, a strong perfect nose and profile, a smaller mouth, and a strong jaw line. This combination of factors would, as it does today, produce an impressive "grand" look of handsome masculinity. With the notable exceptions of body weight and fashion styles, standards of beauty are rather constant over time and place.

Human beauty The characterization of a person as “beautiful”, whether on an individual basis or by community consensus, is often based on some combination of inner beauty, which includes psychological factors such as [Wiktionary:personality], [intelligence], [grace], [charisma] and [elegance], and outer beauty, which includes physical factors, such as [health], [youthfulness], [symmetry], [averageness], and [complexion].

A common way to measure outer beauty, as based on community consensus, or general opinion, is to stage a [beauty pageant], such as [Miss Universe]. Inner beauty, however, is more difficult to quantify, though beauty pageants often claim to take this into consideration as well.

A strong indicator of physical beauty is "[averageness]". When images of human faces are averaged together to form a composite image, they become progressively closer to the "ideal" image and are perceived as more attractive. This was first noticed in 1883, when [Francis Galton], cousin of [Charles Darwin], overlayed photographic composite images of the faces of [vegetarian]s and [criminal]s to see if there was a typical facial appearance for each. When doing this, he noticed that the composite images were more attractive compared to any of the individual images. Researchers have replicated the result under more controlled conditions and found that the computer generated, mathematical average of a series of faces is rated more favorably than individual faces.Langlois, J. H., Roggman, L. A., & Musselman, L. (1994). What is average and what is not average about attractive faces? Psychological Science, 5, 214-220.

Another feature of beautiful women that has been explored by researchers is a waist-to-hip ratio of approximately 0.70 for women. The concept of [Waist-hip ratio] (WHR) was developed by psychologist Devendra Singh of the University of Texas at Austin. Physiologists have shown that this ratio accurately indicates most women's fertility. Traditionally, in premodern ages when food was more scarce, fat people were judged more attractive than slender.

Inner beauty Inner beauty is a concept used to describe the positive aspects of something that is not physically observable.

While most species use physical traits and pheromones to attract mates, humans claim to rely on the inner beauty of their choices. Qualities including kindness, sensitivity, tenderness or compassion, creativity and intelligence have been said to be desirable since antiquity. However new research comparing what humans claim to find attractive to their actual mating habits underlines the superficiality of "inner beauty," underlining the fact that the human animal relies on physical traits and pheromones just like every other animal to find a mate. That said, whether "inner beauty" does or does not measurably affect humans' mating habits, some traits classified as "inner beauty" do give an evolutionary survival advantage to either the individual or mating couple or group or all three.

Effects on society ornament with flower design, [Jin Dynasty, 1115–1234] ([1115]-[1234] AD), [Shanghai Museum].Beauty presents a standard of [social comparison theory], and it can cause resentment and dissatisfaction when not achieved. People who do not fit the "beauty ideal" may be ostracized within their communities. The television sitcom [Ugly Betty] documents the life of a girl faced with hardships due to society's unwelcoming attitudes toward those they deem unattractive. However, a person may also be targeted for harassment because of their beauty. In [Malèna], a strikingly beautiful Italian woman is forced into poverty by the women of the community who refuse to give her work in fear that she may "woo" their husbands.

Nevertheless, beauty has inspired humans throughout history, but the quest for beauty via thinness has also led to [eating disorder]s such as [bulimia nervosa] or [anorexia nervosa]. Too much emphasis on superficial beauty can undermine the importance of the inner person. It can become an arbitrary value that leads to social inequity.

Researchers have found that good looking students get higher grades from their teachers than students with an ordinary appearance. Furthermore, attractive patients receive more personalized care from their doctors. Studies have even shown that handsome criminals receive lighter sentences than less attractive convicts. How much money a person earns may also be influenced by physical beauty. One study found that people low in physical attractiveness earn 5 to 10 percent less than ordinary looking people, who in turn earn 3 to 8 percent less than those who are considered good looking.Lorenz, K. (2005). " Do pretty people earn more?" CNN News, Time Warner. Discrimination against others based on their appearance is known as [lookism].

In a different context, the term "beautiful people" is used to refer to those who closely follow trends in [fashion design], physical appearance, food, wine, automobiles, and real estate, often at a considerable financial cost. Such people often mirror in appearance and consumer choices the characteristics and purchases of wealthy actors and actresses, [model (person)], or other celebrities. The term "beautiful people" originally referred to the [musicians], actors and celebrities of the [California] "[hippie]" generation of the 1960s. [The Beatles] reference the original "beautiful people" in their 1967 song "Baby You're a Rich Man" on the [Magical Mystery Tour] album. With the close of the 1960s, the concept of beautiful people gradually came to encompass [fashionista]s and the "[hip (slang)]" people of [New York City], expanding to its modern definition. Beautiful people usually enjoy an image-based and/or financially-based prestige which enhances their aura of success, power, and beauty.

See also

[Aesthetics]
[Beauty contest]
[Body dysmorphic disorder]
[Cuteness]
[Human physical appearance]
[Nature (philosophy)]

[Mathematical beauty]
[Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime]
[Physical attractiveness]
[Plastic surgery]
[Sexual attraction]
[Wabi-sabi]

References

External links

BBC Radio 4's In Our Time programme on Beauty (requires [RealAudio])
Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Theories of Beauty to the Mid-Nineteenth Century

Information Reference: Wikipedia.org

Beauty

Questions and Answers

Beauty....?

Q) What defines beauty to the english? What kind of girls do you find pretty, what do they look like etc.

A) No matter how much we want people to like us for who we are and not for the way we look in a world like today we judge people for how they look.

Should I open a Beauty Salon Business? How often do you go to the beauty salon?

Q) Im thinking about opening a beauty salon business that offers the following services. Individual eyelash extensions (they look so real and last for 6 weeks £45) Eyebrow shaping/ colouring Waxing UV Free Spray Tanning Nail Extensions Manicures and Pedicures Body Wraps Spray Tatoo *Body Piercing The question is though, I don't know if ladies would be interested in coming to my salon. If there was a beauty salon that offered services like these, close by, would you go? And what treatments would you like to see/or have done? And finally!!! Should I open my beauty Salon?

A) First of all lets address the eyelash extensions,have you ever had these? 45 Dollars is too cheap i charge 350.00 for 120 lashes 60 per eye. These services are great but need to be broader. People wil come to your salon,but there is alot to opening and maintaining a good business. My mom has a salon in beverly hills.She has had her business 23 years,she is extremely succesful.She has 6 people that rent booths from her that do different tasks ,colorin,perming,washing ,blowdrying,nails, esthetician,manicurist,just some examples of services they provide. After 23 years my mom has a great reputation which helps alot. You can make fabulous money,my mom makes close to 2 million a year. Of course all of that is not to take home but she has to reinvest in her business.I can give you alot of tips.Feel freee to email me. caria_inniss@yahoo.com

Why do we perceive beauty that is not beneficial?

Q) For example when you see a raibow, it is beauty yet does it benefit you? Or a Waterfall, a beautiful bird, the Aurora Borealis Why do we find such appreciation for things that do not help us at all? What part of us is it that craves nourishment through witnessing beauty, even when it is seemingly useless?

A) just one of those things that's part of being human i suppose. hmmm...well, birds like shiny things, too.

How do i sterilise my equipment as a beauty therapist?

Q) Manicure kit tools mainly. I'm looking to find out about sterilisation, sanitisation and hygiene with-in a beauty salon. I need to know the correct procedure for the use of all types.

A) you should have learned these in school.

Where can I find the full band/orchestral sheet music for Beauty and the Beast?

Q) I'm interested in holding an amateur performance of Beauty and the Beast, and have applied for the performing rights on a none-profit basis. Any ideas where I could purchase/lease the sheet music for a full band plus strings and brass?

A) Samuel french maybe... just type it in on google(samuel french tht is not Any ideas where I could purchase/lease the sheet music for a full band plus strings and brass?)

How do you get wax (the kind of wax used in a beauty salon) out of a silk top?

Q) At the beauty salon, as the beautician was waxing my legs some wax flew up onto my silk top. I took it to the dry cleaners who said that it was unlikely they would be able to get the stain out. They suggested soaking the top in cold water for one hour. I tried it but it didn't work. Will get it dry cleaned to see if that works.

A) If you use hot water it will break down the wax and be set in the material. Take a brown paper sack, and place it over the waxed area. Use a clothes iron and set it nearly on the hottest selection and iron the area. it may take a few tries, if it does not get it out the first time cover with plastic and ice the area and repeat(must harden it back to prevent spreading. If the wax has any color(I know ours is a very deep yellow) and the material is white or light in color, you may need a dry cleaner to remove color, but highly unlikely. hope this helps!

What's the difference between a beauty spot and a freckle?

Q) I have freckles on my arm but my boyfriend says they are beauty spots. What's the difference? They are dark brown/black and about half cm wide. What causes freckles too, why do we have them? See I told him they were freckles, lol. I don't mind them, I only have a few. I don't look like dot to dot lol.

A) A mole or birthmark. Also called beauty mark. Or a small black mark pencilled or glued on a woman's face or shoulders to accentuate the fairness of her skin or to conceal a blemish. Also called beauty mark, patch. The noun Beauty Spot has one meaning: a spot that is worn on a lady's face for adornment. Freckles are flat, circular spots that typically range in the size of the head of a nail. The spots develop randomly on the skin, especially after repeated exposure to sunlight and particularly in persons of fair complexion. Freckles vary in colour -- they may be red, yellow, tan, light-brown, brown, or black -- but they are always darker than the skin around them since they are due to deposits of the dark pigment called melanin.The word "freckle" comes from the Middle English "freken," which, in turn, came from the Old Norse "freknur," meaning "freckled." Hope this helps Matador 89

What is the difference between an NVQ Level 2 in Beauty Therapy + a VTCT Level 2 Diploma in Beauty Specialist?

Q) I want to go to college to do a beauty course (ENGLAND) and these are the two I can choose from. They are both over the same period of time and seem to cover the same topics, so what is the difference? Is an NVQ better than a diploma? Well they both appear to be level 2 so I am really stuck here! I have now spoken to someone at my college and they explained that it was to do with the business side which is covered less in the Beuty Specialtist course. She disagreed that it was not worth the paper it was written on as she has this qualification and has done very well with it.

A) The nvq is a better option. I used to work in a college that did these courses and the vtct one isn't really worth the paper it's written on.

What are beauty spots and what are their purposes?

Q) Why do we have beauty spots really and truley? And I mean not just because we are good looking...

A) beauty spot is just a name to make having a mole in the middle of your face sound prettier.....

How many beauticians and beauty salons are in the UK?

Q) I need to find out quite urgently, how many fully trained beauticians are in the UK? In addition, I also need to know how many beauty salons are operating in the UK?

A) lots of them sorry don't know how many

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