PRESERVATION TYPES AND PALEOBOTANICAL TECHNIQUES

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Dilcher, D.L. 1967. Chlorophyll in der Braunkohle des Geiseltales. Natur und Museum 97: 4:123-130.

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Hahn, J. 1982. Geochemical fossils of a possibly archaebacterial origin in ancient sediments. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. I. Abt. Orig. C3: 40-52.

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Holmes, J. and J. Lopez. 1986. The disappearing peel technique: an improved method for studying permineralized plant tissues. Palaeontology 29: 66-70.

Joy, K.W., A.J. Willis and W.S. Lacey. 1956. A rapid cellulose peel technique in paleobotany. Ann. Bot. N.S. 20: 635-637.

Kerp, H. 1990. The study of fossil gymnosperms by means of cuticular analysis. Palaeios 5: 548-569.

Kummel, B. and D. Raup. 1965. Handbook of Paleontological Techniques. Freeman, San Franscisco.

Langenheim, J.H. 1964. Present status of botanical studies of ambers. Bot. Mus. Leaflets, Harvard Univ. 20: 225-287.

Langenheim, J.H. 1969. Amber: a botanical inquiry. Science 163: 1157-1169.

Langenheim, J.H. 1990. Plant resins. Amer. Sci. 78: 16-24.

Maliva, R.G. and R. Siever. 1988. Mechanism and controls of silicification of fossils in limestones. J. Geol. 96: 387-398.

Melchior, R.C. and J.W. Hall. 1961. A calamitalean shoot apex from the Pennsylvanian of Iowa. Amer. J. Bot. 48: 811-815.

Millay, M.A. and D.A. Eggert. 1974. Microgametophyte development in the Paleozoic seed gern family Callistophytaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 61: 1067-1075.

Millay, M.A., D.A. Eggert, and R.L. Dennis. 1978. Morphology and ultrastructure of four Pennsylvanian prepollen types. Micropaleontology 24: 305-315.

Millay, M.A. and T.N. Taylor. 1976. Evolutionary trends in fossil gymnosperm pollen. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 21: 65-91.

Neavel, R.C. and G.K. Guennel. 1960. Indiana paper coal: composition and deposition. J. Sed. Pet. 30: 241-248.

Niklas, K.J. 1981. The chemistry of fossil plants. BioScience 31: 820-825.

Niklas, K.J. 1982a. Differential preservation of protoplasm in fossil angiosperm leaf tissues. Amer. J. Bot. 69: 325-334.

Niklas, K.J. 1982b. Chemical diversification and evolution of plants as inferred from paleobiochemical studies. In Biochemical aspects of evolutionary biology. Nitecki, M.H. ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Niklas, K.J. 1986. Computer-simulated plant evolution. Nature 254: 78-86.

Niklas, K.J. and R.M. Brown. 1981. Ultrastructural and paleobiochemical correlations among fossil leaf tissues from the St. Maries River (Clarkia) area, northern Idaho, USA. Amer. J. Bot. 68: 332-341.

Niklas, K.J. and D.E. Giannasi. 1977. Flavonoids and other chemical constituents of fossil Miocene Zelkova (Ulmaceae). Science. 196: 877-878.

Niklas, K.J. and D.E. Giannasi. 1978. Angiosperm paleobiochemistry of the Succor Creek Flora (Miocene) Oregon, USA. Amer. J. Bot. 65: 943-952.

Niklas, K.J. , D.E. Giannasi, and N. L. Baghai. 1985. Paleobiochemistry of a North American fossil Liriodendron sp. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 13: 1-4.

Oehler, J.H. and J.W. Schopf. 1971. Artificial microfossils: experimental studies of permineralization of blue-green algae in silica. Science 174:1229-1231.

Phillips, T.L. 1980. Stratigraphic and geographic occurrences of permineralized coal swamp plants - Upper Carboniferous of North America and Europe. pp. 25-92. In Dilcher, D.L. and T.N. Taylor eds. Biostratigraphy of Fossil Plants. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross. Stroudsburg, PA.

Pryor, J.S. 1988. Sampling methods for quantitative analysis of coal-ball plants. Palaeogeog. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol. 63: 313-326.

Rex, G.M. 1986. Further experimental investigations on the formation of plant compression fossils. Lethaia 19: 143-159.

Rex, G.M. and W.G. Chaloner. 1983. The experimental formation of plant compression fossils. Palaeontology 26: 231-252.

Roth, J.L. and D.L. Dilcher. 1979. Investigations of angiosperms from the Eocene of North America: stipulate leaves of the Rubiaceae including a probable polyploid population. Amer. J. Bot. 66: 1194-1207.

Rothwell, G.W. 1972. Evidence of pollen tubes in Paleozoic pteridosperms. Science. 175: 722-724.

Rothwell, G.W. 1977. Evidence for a pollination-drop mechanism in Paleozoic pteridosperms. Science 198: 1251-1252.

Sander, P.M. and C.T. Gee. 1990. Fossil charcoal: techniques and applications. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 63: 269-279.

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Scott, A.C. and G. Rex. 1985. The formation and significance of Carboniferous coal balls. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London. B 311: 123-137.

Scott, A.C. and A.R. Hemsley. 1991. A comparison of new microscopical techniques for the study of fossil spore wall ultrastructure. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 67:133-139.

Stewart, W.N. 1951. A new Pachytesta from the Berryville locality of southeastern Illinois. Amer. Midland Naturalist 46: 717-742.

Stewart, W.N. and T.N. Taylor. 1965. The peel technique. pp. 224-232. In Kummel, B. and D. Raup. eds. Handbook of Paleonotological Techniques. Freeman, San Francisco.

Stockey, R.A. 1975. Seeds and embryos of Araucaria mirabilis. Amer. J. Bot. 62:856-868.

Stockey, R.A. 1978. Reproductive biology of Cerro Cuadrado fossil conifers: ontogeny and reproductive strategies in Araucaria mirabilis (Spegazzini) Windhausen. Palaeontographica B. 166: 1-16.

Taylor, T.N. 1978. The ultrastructure and reproductive significance of Monoletes (Pteridospermales) pollen. Can. J. Bot. 56: 3105-3118.

Taylor, T.N. and M.A. Millay. 1977. Structurally preserved fossil cell contents. Trans. Amer. Microscop. Soc. 93: 390-393.

Tegelaar, E.W., H. Kerp, H. Visscher, P.A. Schenck and J.W. deLeeuw. 1991. Bias of paleobotanical record as a consequence of variations in the chemical composition of higher vascular plant cuticles. Palaeobiology 17: 133-144.

Winston, R.B. 1986. Characteristic features and compaction of plant tissues traced from permineralized peat to coal in Pennsylvanian coals (Desmoinesian) from the Illinois basin. Int. J. Coal Geol. 6: 21-41.