In September 1791, the French Assembly decided to send
an expedition in search of
La Pérouse, who had
not been heard of since leaving Botany Bay in 1788. D'Entrecasteaux was
selected to command this expedition. He was given a frigate, La Recherche
(500 tons), with d'Hesmity-d'Auribeau as his second in command and de Rossel
among the other officers. A similar ship, L'Esperance, was placed under Huon
de Kermadec, with de Trobriand as his second in command. A distinguished
hydrographical engineer, C.F. Beautemps-Beaupre, was the hydrographer to the
expedition.
When the expedition left Brest on 28 September
1791, d'Entrecasteaux was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral. The plan of
the voyage was to proceed to New Holland (Australia), to sight Cape Leeuwin,
then hug the shore closely all the way to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania),
inspect every possible harbour in a rowing boat, and then sail for the
Friendly
Islands (Tonga) via the northern cape of
New Zealand. He was next to follow in La Pérouse's planned tracks in the
Pacific. It was thought that La Pérouse had intended to explore
New
Caledonia and the Louisiades, to pass
through
Torres Strait, and to
explore the Gulf of Carpentaria and the northern coast of New Holland.
However, when d'Entrecasteaux reached Table Bay,
Cape Town on 17 January 1792, he heard a report that Captain John Hunter
(later to be Governor of New South Wales) had recently seen off the
Admiralty Islands canoes manned by natives wearing French uniforms and
belts. Although Hunter denied this report, and although the Frenchmen heard
of the denial, d'Entrecasteaux determined to make directly to the Admiralty
Islands. In so doing, he decided to water and refresh his crew at Van
Diemen's Land. On 20 April 1792, that land was in sight, and three days
later the ships anchored in a harbour, which he names Recherche Bay. For the
next five weeks, until 28 May 1792, the Frenchmen carried out careful boat
explorations that revealed in detail the beautiful waterways and estuaries
in the area.
D'Entrecasteaux was fortunate in having good
officers and scientists, the most important from the exploration point of
view being the expedition's first hydrographical engineer, C.F Beautemps-Beaupre,
who is now regarded as the father of modern French hydrography. The work
this officer did in the field was excellent, and his charts, when published
in France as an 'Atlas du Voyage de Bruny-Dentrecasteaux' (1807) were very
detailed. The atlas contains 39 charts, of which those of Van Diemen's Land
were the most detailed, and which remained the source of the English charts
for many years.
Beautemps-Beaupre, with Lieutenant Cretin, while
surveying the coasts, discovered that Adventure Bay, which had been
discovered by Tobias Furneaux in 1773, was on an island which was separated
from the mainland by a fine navigable channel. On 16 May, d'Entrecasteaux
commenced to sail the ships through the channel and this accomplished by the
28th. Port Esperance, the Huon River, and other features were discovered,
named and charted, the admiral's names being given to the channel and the
large island separated by it from the mainland.
On 28 May 1792, the ships sailed into the Pacific
to search for La Pérouse. On 17 June, they arrived off the Isle of Pines,
south of New Caledonia. From there, d'Entrecasteaux sailed northward along
the western coast of New Caledonia, passed the Solomon Islands along their
southern or western coasts, sailed through St.George's Channel between New
Ireland and New Britain, and on 28 July 1792 sighted the south-east coast of
the Admiralty Islands. After three days spent in scrutinizing the eastern
and northern coastline, d'Entrecasteaux decided that the rumours he had
heard in Table Bay must be false, and he therefore set sail for Amboina,
where his ships replenished their stores.
Leaving Amboina on 14 October 1792, d'Entrecasteaux
made for Cape Leeuwin to carry out his original instructions of searching
southern New Holland for La Pérouse. On 6 December, the land was sighted
near Cape Leeuwin, and named D'Entrecasteaux Point. This event was
celebrated by feastings and parties, one result of which was that the smith
on board La Recherche, Jean-Marie Marhadour, over-indulged and died next day
from an apoplectic fit. The weather was boisterous, and the ships failed to
find King George III Sound, previously discovered by Vancouver. As they
sailed further east, they penetrated numerous islands and dangerous shoals,
to which they gave the name D'Entrecasteaux Islands - later changed to the
Recherche Archipelago.
While the Frenchmen were still in that dangerous
area, on 12 December 1792, a violent storm descended upon them, and both
ships were nearly wrecked. Fortunately, however, they found an anchorage
where they were able to ride out the worst of the gale. Landings were made
here on the mainland, and the locality was named in honour of Legrand, who
had spotted the anchorage, and the ship he was on L'Esperance. Beautemps-Beaupre
made a hasty survey of the off-lying islands of the archipelago. No water
was found, and on 18 December the ships continued eastward to the head of
the Great Australian Bight, but here the coast was found to be even more
arid, and the water position more serious.
On 4 January 1793, d'Entrecasteaux was forced to
leave the coast at a position near D'Entrecasteaux Reef and sail direct to
Van Diemen's Land. In this decision the French explorer was unfortunate, for
if he had continued his examination of the southern coast of New Holland, he
would have made all the geographical discoveries that fell to the lot of
Bass
and Flinders
a few years later. Then, indeed, a French 'Terre Napoleon' might well have
become a fact.
The ships anchored in Recherche Bay on 22 January,
and a period of five weeks was spent in that area, watering the ships,
refreshing the crews and carrying out explorations into both natural history
and geography. Beautemps-Beaupre, in company with other officers, surveyed
the northern extensions to Storm Bay - the western extension was found to be
a mouth of a river and received the name Riviere du Nord - it was renamed
the Derwent River a few months later by the next visitor to this area,
Captain John Hayes in the Duke of Clarence and the Duchess.
On 28 February d'Entrecasteaux sailed from Van
Diemen's Land towards the Friendly Islands, sighting New Zealand and the
Kermadecs en route. At the Friendly Islands, he found that the natives
remembered Cook and Bligh well enough, but knew nothing of La Pérouse. He
then sailed back to New Caledonia, where they anchored at Balade. The vain
search for La Pérouse was then resumed to Santa Cruz, then along the
southern coasts of the Solomon Islands, the northern parts of the Louisades,
through Dampier's Passage, along the northern coast of New Britain and the
southern coast of the Admiralty Islands, and thence north of New Guinea to
the Moluccas.
By this time, the affairs of the expedition had
become almost desperate, largely because the expedition's officers were
ardent royalists and the crews equally ardent revolutionaries. Kermadec had
died of phthisis in Balade harbour, and on 21 July 1793, d'Entrecasteaux
himself died of scurvy, off the Hermits. Commands
were re-arranged, with d'Auribeau taking charge of the expedition, with de
Rossel in Kermadec's place. The new chief took the ships to Surabaya. Here
it was learned that a republic had been proclaimed in France, and on 18
February 1794 d'Auribeau handed his vessels to the Dutch authorities so that
the new French Government could not profit by them. D'Auribeau died a month
later and de Rossel sailed from Java in January 1795 on board a Dutch ship,
arriving at Table Bay in April 1795. There his ship sailed unexpectedly with
the expedition's papers, leaving him behind, but this vessel was captured by
the British. Rossel then took passage on a brig-of-war, but this too was
captured by the British. After the Peace of Amiens in 1802, all the papers
of the expedition were returned to Rossel, who was thus enabled to publish a
narrative of the whole enterprise. |