A
anthropology - antifungal
anthropology (an·thro·pol·o·gy)
(an”thrə-pol´ə-je)
[anthropo- + -ology]
the science that treats of humans, their origins, historical and cultural development, and races.
criminal a.
that branch of anthropology which treats of criminals and crimes.
cultural a.
that branch of anthropology which treats of humans in relation to their fellows and to their environment.
physical a.
that branch of anthropology which treats of the physical characteristics of humans.
anthropometer (an·thro·pom·e·ter)
(an”thrə-pom´ə-tər)
an instrument especially designed for measuring various dimensions of the body.
anthropometric (an·thro·po·met·ric)
(an”thrə-po-met´rik)
pertaining to or connected with anthropometry.
anthropometrist (an·thro·pom·e·trist)
(an”thrə-pom´ə-trist)
a person skilled in anthropometry.
anthropometry (an·thro·pom·e·try)
(an”thrə-pom´ə-tre)
[anthropo- + -metry]
the science which deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human body.
anthropomorphism (an·thro·po·mor·phism)
(an”thrə-po-mor´fiz-əm)
[anthropo- + morph- + -ism]
the attribution of human form or character to nonhuman objects.
anthroponomy (an·thro·pon·o·my)
(an”thrə-pon´ə-me)
[anthropo- + Gr. nomos law]
the science that deals with the laws of human development in relation to environment and to other organisms.
anthroponosis (an·thro·po·no·sis)
(an”thrə-pə-no´sis)
[anthropo- + Gr. nosos disease]
a disease that is spread from humans to humans; said of diseases with some varieties that spread from animals to humans (zoonoses) and others that spread from humans to humans, particularly in reference to parasitic disease such as dry cutaneous leishmaniasis
in which the disease can be spread from one human to another by an appropriate vector.
anthroponotic (an·thro·po·not·ic)
(an”thrə-pə-not´ik)
pertaining to or constituting an anthroponosis.
anthropopathy (an·thro·pop·a·thy)
(an”thrə-pop´ə-the)
[anthropo- + -pathy]
the ascription of human emotions to nonhuman subjects.
anthropophilic (an·thro·po·phil·ic)
(an”thrə-po-fil´ik)
[anthropo- + -philic]
preferring human beings to other animals, such as a mosquito or a dermatophyte. Cf. anthropozoophilic and zoophilic.
anthropophobia (an·thro·po·pho·bia)
(an”thrə-po-fo´be-ə)
[anthropo- + -phobia]
irrational dread of human society.
anthroposcopy (an·thro·pos·co·py)
(an”thrə-pos´kə-pe)
[anthropo- + -scopy]
the judging of the type of body build by inspection rather than by anthropometry.
anthropozoophilic (an·thro·po·zoo·phil·ic)
(an”thrə-po-zo”o-fil´ik)
[anthropo- + zoophilic]
attracted to both human beings and animals, such as certain mosquitoes and fungi. Cf. anthropophilic and zoophilic.
anthysteric (ant·hys·ter·ic)
(ant”his-ter´ik)
antihysteric.
anti- (anti-)
[Gr. anti against]
a prefix signifying counteracting, effective against, opposing, or opposite; sometimes shortened to ant-.
antiabortifacient (an·ti·abor·ti·fa·cient)
(an”te-ə-bor”tĭ-fa´shənt)
an agent that prevents abortion or promotes successful gestation.
antiadrenergic (an·ti·ad·re·ner·gic)
(an”te-ad”rə-nər´jik)
1. opposing the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system.
2. an agent that so acts. Called also sympatholytic. Cf. anticholinergic.
antiagglutinin (an·ti·ag·glu·ti·nin)
(an”te-ə-gloo´tĭ-nin)
a substance that opposes the action of an agglutinin.
antialbumin (an·ti·al·bu·min)
(an”te-al-bu´min)
a precipitin for albumin.
antiamebic (an·ti·ame·bic)
(an”te-ə-me´bik)
1. destroying or suppressing the growth of amebas.
2. an agent that destroys or suppresses the growth of amebas.
antianaphylaxis (an·ti·ana·phy·lax·is)
(an”te-an-ə-fə-lak´sis)
a condition in which the anaphylaxis reaction is not obtained because of the presence of free antibodies in the blood; the
state of desensitization to antigens.
antiandrogen (an·ti·an·dro·gen)
(an”te-an´drə-jən)
any substance capable of inhibiting the biological effects of androgens.
antianemic (an·ti·ane·mic)
(an”te-ə-ne´mik)
1. counteracting or preventing anemia.
2. an agent that counteracts or prevents anemia.
antianginal (an·ti·an·gi·nal)
(an”te-an-ji´nəl)
1. preventing or alleviating angina.
2. an agent that prevents or alleviates angina.
antianopheline (an·ti·anoph·e·line)
(an”te-ə-nof´ə-lēn)
directed against anopheline mosquitoes or their larvae.
antiantibody (an·ti·an·ti·body)
(an”te-an´tĭ-bod”e)
an antibody directed against antigenic determinants on other antibody (immunoglobulin) molecules.
antiantitoxin (an·ti·an·ti·tox·in)
(an”te-an´tĭ-tok”sin)
an antibody, formed in immunization with an antitoxin, which counteracts the effect of the latter.
antianxiety (an·ti·an·xi·e·ty)
(an”te-ang-zi´ə-te)
reducing anxiety. Called also anxiolytic. See also under agent.
antiapoplectic (an·ti·ap·o·plec·tic)
(an”te-ap”o-plek´tik)
antapoplectic.
antiapoptotic (an·ti·ap·op·tot·ic)
(an”te-ap”op-tot´ic)
inhibiting apoptosis.
antiarin (an·ti·a·rin)
(an-te´ə-rin)
a poisonous principle from the upas tree, Antiaris toxicaria; formerly used as a heart depressant.
Antiaris (An·ti·a·ris)
(an”te-ă´rĭs)
[Javanese antiar]
a genus of plants of the family Moraceae, having fleshy fruit and milky juice. A. toxica´ria is the Bohun upas or upas tree, an Indonesian species that yields a latex used as an arrow poison. The major toxic principle
is a digitalis-like cardioactive glycoside, α-antiarin.
antiarrhythmic (an·ti·ar·rhyth·mic)
(an”te-ə-rith´mik)
1. preventing or alleviating cardiac arrhythmia.
2. an agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia.
antiarthritic (an·ti·ar·thrit·ic)
(an”te-ahr-thrit´ik)
[anti- + arthritic]
1. alleviating arthritis.
2. an agent that alleviates arthritis.
antiasthmatic (an·ti·asth·mat·ic)
(an”te-az-mat´ik)
[anti- + asthmatic]
1. affording relief in asthma.
2. an agent that prevents or treats the symptoms of asthma.
antiatherogenic (an·ti·ath·ero·gen·ic)
(an”te-ath”ər-o-jen´ik)
combating the formation of atheromatous lesions in arterial walls.
antiautolysin (an·ti·au·tol·y·sin)
(an”te-aw-tol´ĭ-sin)
a substance which opposes the action of autolysin.
antibacterial (an·ti·bac·te·ri·al)
(an”te-, an”ti-bak-tēr´e-əl)
1. destroying or suppressing the growth or reproduction of bacteria.
2. a substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction.
antibechic (an·ti·bech·ic)
(an”te-, an”ti-bek´ik)
antitussive.
antibiosis (an·ti·bi·o·sis)
(an”te-, an”ti-bi-o´sis)
[anti- + biosis]
1. an association between two organisms that is detrimental to one of them.
2. a relationship between one organism and an antibiotic produced by another.
antibiotic (an·ti·bi·ot·ic)
(an”te-, an”ti-bi-ot´ik)
[anti- + biotic]
1. destructive of life.
2. a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity, in dilute solutions, to inhibit the growth of or
to kill other microorganisms. Antibiotics that are sufficiently nontoxic to the host are used as chemotherapeutic agents in
the treatment of infectious diseases of man, animals, and plants.
broad-spectrum a.
one that is effective against a wide range of bacteria, both gram-positive and gram-negative.
β-lactam a.
any of a group of antibiotics, including the cephalosporins and the penicillins, whose chemical structure contains a β-lactam ring; their mechanism of action is inhibition of the synthesis of the bacterial peptidoglycan wall.
antibody (an·ti·body)
(an´tĭ-bod”e)
an immunoglobulin molecule that has a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which it interacts only with the antigen that induced its synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with antigen closely related to it. Antibodies are classified in groups named according to their mode of action, such
as agglutinins, bacteriolysins, hemolysins, opsonins, precipitins, and others. See immunoglobulin.
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Antibody
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acetylcholine receptor antibodies
anti–acetylcholine receptor a's.
anaphylactic a.
IgE antibody causing anaphylaxis.
anti–acetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) antibodies
circulating autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptors of the myoneural junction. High titers are demonstrable in
about 85 per cent of myasthenia gravis patients; false positives are rare. Called also acetylcholine receptor a's.
anticardiolipin a.
an antibody directed against cardiolipin, seen with increased frequency in systemic lupus erythematosus; its presence correlates with increased risk for thrombotic events.
anti-D a.
antibody directed against the “Rh0” or “D” antigen of the Rh blood group.
anti-DNA a.
see antinuclear a's.
anti-GBM antibodies
anti–glomerular basement membrane a's.
antigliadin antibodies
circulating IgA and IgG antibodies to gliadin occurring in the serum of patients with celiac disease; measurement of antigliadin
antibodies is used in the diagnosis of celiac disease.
anti–glomerular basement membrane antibodies
an antibody against the glomerular capillary basement membrane; see anti-GBM antibody nephritis, under nephritis.
anti-Hu a.
any of the polyclonal IgG autoantibodies directed against the proteins of the Hu antigen family; they are associated with paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy and encephalomyelitis in small cell lung carcinoma and, more rarely, sarcoma and neuroblastoma. Called also type 1 antineuronal antibody (ANNA-1).
anti-idiotype a.
antibody that binds selectively to a specific idiotope.
anti-La a.
anti–SS-B a.
antimicrosomal antibodies
organ-specific autoantibodies directed against a thyroid microsomal antigen, demonstrable in almost all patients with Hashimoto's
thyroiditis.
antimitochondrial antibodies
circulating antibodies directed against inner mitochondrial membrane antigens seen in almost all patients with primary biliary
cirrhosis and rarely in other liver diseases. Called also mitochondrial a's.
antineuronal a., type 1 (ANNA-1)
anti-Hu a.
antineuronal a., type 2 (ANNA-2)
anti-Ri a.
antineutrophil cytoplasmic a.
see under autoantibody.
antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
antibodies directed against nuclear antigens; ones against a variety of different antigens are almost invariably found in
systemic lupus erythematosus and are frequently found in rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma (systemic sclerosis), Sjögren's
syndrome, and mixed connective tissue disease. Antinuclear antibodies may be detected by immunofluorescent staining. Serologic
tests are also used to determine antibody titers against specific antigens.
antiphospholipid antibodies
a group of antibodies against phosphorylated polysaccharide esters of fatty acids, thought to be markers of a hypercoagulable state of the blood; included are anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant.
anti–Purkinje cell a. (APCA)
anti-Yo a.
antireceptor antibodies
autoantibodies against cell-surface receptors, e.g., those directed against acetylcholine receptors in myasthenia gravis,
against TSH receptors in Graves' disease, against insulin receptors in type B insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans,
and against β2-adrenergic receptors in some patients with allergic disorders.
anti-Ri a.
an autoantibody having neuronal binding characteristics similar to those of anti-Hu antibody but directed against a different RNA-binding site; it is associated with paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus in small cell lung carcinoma cancer of the breast and fallopian tube. Called also type 2 antineuronal antibody (ANNA-2).
anti-Ro a.
anti–SS-A a.
antisperm a. (ASA)
any of various surface-bound antibodies found on sperm after infection, trauma to the testes, or vasectomy; they interfere with the fertilization process or result in nonviable zygotes.
anti–SS-A a.
an antinuclear antibody that occurs in Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Called also anti-Ro a.
anti–SS-B a.
an antinuclear antibody that occurs in Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Called also anti-La a.
antithyroglobulin antibodies
autoantibodies directed against thyroglobulin, demonstrable in about 50 to 75 per cent of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis
and in about one-third of patients with other types of thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and thyroid carcinoma.
antithyroid antibodies
see antimicrosomal a's and antithyroglobulin a's.
anti-Yo a.
polyclonal IgG autoantibody directed against Purkinje cells and associated with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration in small cell lung carcinoma and cancer of the breast or ovary. Called also anti–Purkinje cell antibody (APCA).
auto–anti-idiotypic antibodies
autologous anti-idiotype antibodies that suppress the immune response in many experimental situations; auto–anti-idiotypic
antibodies occur in certain autoimmune disorders.
autologous a.
self-derived antibody; autoantibody.
bispecific a.
antibody in which each of two antigen-binding sites is specific for separate antigenic determinants. It is an artificial antibody
produced in the laboratory, formed by reassociating half molecules of two different antibody specificities to form a hybrid
or bispecific antibody with antigen-binding sites of separate specificities. Called also hybrid a.
blocking a.
any antibody that by combining with an antigen blocks another immunologic reaction with the antigen. In most patients, immunotherapy
(hyposensitization or desensitization) for allergic disorders induces IgG blocking antibodies that can bind the allergen and
prevent it from binding to cell-fixed IgE, triggering immediate hypersensitivity; it can thus induce partial immunologic tolerance.
Blocking antibodies directed against tumor-specific antigens have been suggested as one mechanism allowing tumors to escape
immune surveillance. Blocking antibodies can prevent agglutination in serologic tests (see incomplete a.).
cell-bound a.
, cell-fixed a.
any antibody bound to a cell surface either by its antigen combining sites to cell-surface antigenic determinants or by other
sites to specific cell-surface receptors (Fc receptors, IgE receptors).
cold a.
, cold-reactive a.
antibody, usually IgM but occasionally IgG, that reacts less efficiently with antigen at 37°C than at lower temperatures.
complement-fixing a.
antibody that activates complement when reacted with antigen; IgM and IgG (the usual complement-fixing antibodies) fix complement
by the classic pathway, whereas IgA fixes complement by the alternative pathway.
complete a.
antibody capable of agglutinating cells in physiologic saline solution. Called also saline agglutinin. Cf. incomplete a.
cross-reacting a.
one that combines with an antigen other than the one that induced its production.
cytophilic a.
cytotropic a.
cytotoxic a.
any specific antibody directed against cellular antigens, which when bound to the antigen, activates the complement pathway
or activates killer cells, resulting in cell lysis.
cytotropic a.
antibody that binds to mast cells and basophils at specific receptors; subsequent binding of antigen to the cell-fixed antibody
triggers release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity. Such antibodies produced by the animal itself in response to
antigenic challenge or transferred from another animal of the same species (homocytotropic or reaginic antibodies or reagin) are always of the IgE class. In some cases IgG, IgA, or IgM from one species (heterocytotropic antibodies) can sensitize tissues of another species; e.g., rabbit IgG can sensitize guinea pig skin for passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.
Donath-Landsteiner a.
an IgG antibody directed against the P blood group antigen; it binds to red cells at low temperatures and induces complement-mediated
lysis on warming, and is responsible for hemolysis in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria.
duck virus hepatitis yolk a.
yolk antibody derived from chicken eggs, used for treatment of duck virus hepatitis.
Forssman a.
heterophile antibody directed against the Forssman antigen.
heteroclitic a.
antibody produced in response to immunization with one antigen but having a higher affinity for a second antigen that was
not present during immunization.
heterocytotropic a.
see cytotropic a.
heterogenetic a.
, heterophil a.
, heterophile a.
antibody directed against heterophile antigens. Heterophile sheep erythrocyte agglutinins appear in the serum of patients
with infectious mononucleosis (see Paul-Bunnell test under tests).
homocytotropic a.
see cytotropic a.
hybrid a.
bispecific a.
immune a.
antibody induced by immunization or by transfusion incompatibility, in contrast to the natural antibodies.
incomplete a.
1. antibody that binds to erythrocytes or bacteria but does not produce agglutination; the nonagglutinating antibody is detectable
with the antiglobulin (Coombs) test. For example, IgG anti-Rh antibodies do not agglutinate erythrocytes in physiologic saline
whereas IgM antibodies do (the large IgM molecule can cross-link the erythrocytes at a wider separation so that there is less
electrostatic repulsion due to the zeta potential).
2. a univalent antibody fragment, e.g., Fab fragment.
indium-111 antimyosin a.
a monoclonal antibody against myosin, labeled with indium 111; it binds selectively to irreversibly damaged myocytes and is
used in infarct avid scintigraphy.
isophil a.
antibody against red blood cell antigens produced in members of the species from which the red cells originated.
mitochondrial antibodies
antimitochondrial a's.
monoclonal antibodies
chemically and immunologically homogeneous antibodies produced by hybridomas, used as laboratory reagents in radioimmunoassays,
ELISA, and immunofluorescence assays; also used experimentally in cancer immunotherapy.
natural antibodies
antibodies present in the serum of normal individuals in the apparent absence of any contact with the specific antigen, probably
induced by exposure to cross-reacting antigens. They may result from unknown exposure to naturally occurring antigens, e.g.,
food or bacterial flora.
neutralizing a.
see viral neutralization, under neutralization.
OKT3 monoclonal a.
a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against T3 lymphocytes and used to prevent or treat rejection after organ transplantation.
opsonizing a.
see opsonin.
panel-reactive a. (PRA)
1. the pre-existing anti-HLA antibody in the serum of a potential allograft recipient that reacts with specific antigen in a
panel of leukocytes (see antibody screening, under screening). A higher percentage of PRA indicates a higher risk of a positive crossmatch.
2. the percentage of such antibody in the recipient's serum.
P-K antibodies
Prausnitz-Küstner a's.
polyclonal a.
antibody produced by more than one clone of antibody-synthesizing plasma cells (B lymphocytes); antibody that is not monoclonal,
e.g., that produced by immunizing an animal.
Prausnitz-Küstner antibodies
cytotropic IgE antibodies responsible for cutaneous anaphylaxis; see Prausnitz-Küstner reaction, under reaction.
protective a.
antibody responsible for immunity to an infectious agent observed in passive immunity.
reaginic a.
reagin.
Rh antibodies
those directed against Rh antigen(s) of human erythrocytes. Not normally present, but may be produced when Rh-negative persons
receive Rh-positive blood by transfusion or when an Rh-negative person is pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus.
saline a.
complete a.
sensitizing a.
a loosely used term, applied to antibodies that are attached to body cells and that “sensitize” the cells or render them susceptible
to destruction by body defenses.
thyroid colloidal antibodies
antibodies to antigens in the thyroid colloid such as thyroglobulin or CA2, seen in Hashimoto's disease.
TSH-displacing a. (TDA)
TSH-binding inhibitory immunoglobulins.
warm a.
, warm-reactive a.
antibody, usually IgG but occasionally IgM or IgA, that reacts more efficiently with antigen at 37°C than at lower temperatures.
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antibrachium (an·ti·bra·chi·um)
(an”te-bra´ke-əm)
incorrect spelling of antebrachium.
antibromic (an·ti·bro·mic)
(an”te-bro´mik)
[anti- + Gr. brōmos smell]
deodorant.
anticachectic (an·ti·ca·chec·tic)
(an”te-, an”ti--kə-kek´tik)
1. preventing or relieving cachexia.
2. an agent that prevents or relieves cachexia.
anticalculous (an·ti·cal·cu·lous)
(an”te-, an”ti-kal´ku-ləs)
preventing or alleviating calculus or the formation of calculi.
anticarcinogen (an·ti·car·cin·o·gen)
(an”te-, an”ti-kahr-sin´ə-jen)
an agent that counteracts the effect of a carcinogen.
anticarcinogenic (an·ti·car·ci·no·gen·ic)
(an”te-, an”ti-kahr-sin”o-jen´ik)
inhibiting or preventing the development of carcinoma.
anticardium (an·ti·car·di·um)
(an”te-kahr´de-um)
[anti- + Gr. kardia heart]
epigastrium.
anticariogenic (an·ti·car·io·gen·ic)
(an”te-kar”e-o-jen´ik)
suppressing the development of caries; anticarious.
anticarious (an·ti·car·i·ous)
(an”te-kar´e-əs)
anticariogenic.
anticatalyst (an·ti·cat·a·lyst)
(an”te-, an”ti-kat´ə-list)
a substance that retards the action of a catalyzer by acting on the catalyzer itself.
anticatalyzer (an·ti·cat·a·lyz·er)
(an”te-, an”ti-kat´ə-līz”ər)
anticatalyst.
anticathexis (an·ti·ca·thex·is)
(an”tĭ-kə-thek´sis)
[anti- + cathexis]
in psychoanalytic theory, the energy required for the ego to maintain repression of unacceptable ideas and impulses.
anticephalalgic (an·ti·ceph·a·lal·gic)
(an”te-sef-ə-lal´jik)
curing or preventing headache.
anticholelithogenic (an·ti·cho·le·litho·gen·ic)
(an”te-ko”lə-lith”o-jen´ik)
1. serving to prevent the formation of gallstones.
2. an agent that so acts.
anticholesteremic (an·ti·cho·les·ter·emic)
(an”te-kə-les”tər-e´mik)
1. promoting a reduction of cholesterol levels in the blood.
2. any agent that promotes a reduction of blood cholesterol levels, e.g., the sitosterols and clofibrate. Called also anticholesterolemic.
anticholesterolemic (an·ti·cho·les·te·rol·emic)
(an”te-kə-les”tər-ol-e´mik)
anticholesteremic.
anticholinergic (an·ti·cho·lin·er·gic)
(an”te-, an”ti-ko”lin-ər´jik)
[anti- + cholinergic]
1. blocking the passage of impulses through the parasympathetic nerves.
2. an agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. Cf. antiadrenergic.
anticholinesterase (an·ti·cho·lin·es·ter·ase)
(an”te-, an”ti-ko”lin-es´tər-ās)
cholinesterase inhibitor.
antichymosin (an·ti·chy·mo·sin)
(an”te-ki´mo-sin)
an antibody that prevents the action of rennin on milk.
anticipate (an·ti·ci·pate)
(an-tis´ĭ-pāt)
[ante- + L. capere to take]
to occur or recur before the regular time; said of a disease or of symptoms. See anticipation.
anticipation (an·ti·ci·pa·tion)
(an-tis”ĭ-pa´shən)
1. the apparent occurrence of a hereditary disease at a progressively earlier age in successive generations; now considered by
most authorities to be an artifact arising from the ease of identification of succeeding cases or because cases of later onset
are more likely to be fertile.
2. looking forward to future events, experiences, or emotions, preexperiencing them; it can be used as a defense mechanism.
anticlinal (an·ti·clin·al)
(an”te-, an”ti-kli´nəl)
[anti- + Gr. klinein to slope]
sloping in opposite directions, as opposite sides of triangular structures.
anticnemion (an·tic·ne·mi·on)
(an”tik-ne´me-on)
[anti- + Gr. knēmē leg]
the shin.
anticoagulant (an·ti·co·ag·u·lant)
(an”te-, an”ti-ko-ag´u-lənt)
1. preventing blood clotting.
2. any substance that prevents blood clotting. Heparin, administered parenterally, and the oral anticoagulants warfarin, dicumarol, and their congeners are used in anticoagulant therapy (q.v.). The anticoagulant solutions acid citrate dextrose, citrate phosphate dextrose, citrate phosphate dextrose adenine, and heparin are used for the preservation of stored whole blood and blood fractions. To prevent clotting of blood specimens for laboratory
analysis, heparin ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citrate, oxalate, and fluoride are used.
circulating a.
a substance present in the blood that inhibits normal clotting and thus may cause a hemorrhagic syndrome; it may be directed
against a specific coagulation factor and may accompany various hematologic and nonhematologic diseases.
lupus a.
a circulating anticoagulant that inhibits the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, found in 5–10 per cent of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, but also seen in other disorders. Although associated with a prolonged partial thromboplastin time, it rarely causes abnormal bleeding and, paradoxically, increases the risk of thromboembolism. Called also lupus inhibitor.
anticoagulation (an·ti·co·ag·u·la·tion)
(an”te-, an”ti-ko-ag”u-la´shən)
1. the prevention of coagulation.
2. anticoagulant therapy.
anticoagulative (an·ti·co·ag·u·la·tive)
(an”te-ko-ag´u-lə-tiv)
anticoagulant (def. 1).
anticoccidial (an·ti·coc·cid·i·al)
(an”te-kok-sid´e-əl)
coccidiostatic.
anticodon (an·ti·co·don)
(an”te-, an”ti-ko´don)
a triplet of nucleotides in transfer RNA that is complementary to the codon in messenger RNA which specifies the amino acid.
■Anticodon. The three nucleotides (pink) on a transfer RNA bind to a complementary messenger RNA codon.
anticomplement (an·ti·com·ple·ment)
(an”te-, an”ti-kom´plə-mənt)
a substance that opposes or counteracts the action of a complement.
anticomplementary (an·ti·com·ple·men·ta·ry)
(an”te-, an”ti-kom”plə-men´tə-re)
capable of reducing or destroying the power of a complement.
anticonceptive (an·ti·con·cep·tive)
(an”te-, an”ti-kən-sep´tiv)
contraceptive.
anticonvulsant (an·ti·con·vul·sant)
(an”te-, an”ti-kən-vul´sənt)
1. preventing or relieving convulsions.
2. an agent that prevents or relieves convulsions.
anticonvulsive (an·ti·con·vul·sive)
(an”te-, an”ti-kən-vul´siv)
anticonvulsant.
anticrotin (an·ti·cro·tin)
(an”te-kro´tin)
the antitoxin of crotin.
anticurare (an·ti·cu·ra·re)
(an”te-, an”ti-koo-rah´re)
an agent that counteracts the action of curare on skeletal muscle.
anticus (an·ti·cus)
(an-ti´kəs)
[L.]
anterior.
anticytolysin (an·ti·cy·tol·y·sin)
(an”te-, an”ti-si-tol´ĭ-sin)
a substance opposing the action of cytolysin.
anticytotoxin (an·ti·cy·to·tox·in)
(an”te-, an”ti-si´to-tok”sin)
a substance that opposes the action of a cytotoxin.
anti-D (an·ti-D)
antibody against the “D” or “Rh0” Rh blood group antigen; see Rh0(D) immune globulin under globulin.
antidepressant (an·ti·de·pres·sant)
(an”te-, an”ti-de-pres´ənt)
1. preventing or relieving depression.
2. an agent that stimulates the mood of a depressed patient, including tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
tetracyclic a.
an antidepressant drug that includes four fused rings in its chemical structure.
tricyclic a.
any of a group of antidepressant drugs that contain three fused rings in their chemical structure and that potentiate the
action of catecholamines; the tricyclic antidepressants include a number of compounds, which may be grouped into four classes on the basis of chemical
structure: dibenzazepines, dibenzocycloheptadienes, dibenzoxazepines, and dibenzoxepines.
antidiabetic (an·ti·di·a·bet·ic)
(an”te-, an”ti-di”ə-bet´ik)
1. preventing or alleviating diabetes.
2. an agent that so acts.
antidiabetogenic (an·ti·di·a·be·to·gen·ic)
(an”te-, an”ti-di”ə-bet”o-jen´ik)
1. preventing the development of diabetes.
2. an agent that so acts.
antidiarrheal (an·ti·di·ar·rhe·al)
(an”te-, an”ti-di”ə-re´əl)
1. counteracting diarrhea.
2. an agent that is effective in combating diarrhea.
antidiarrheic (an·ti·di·ar·rhe·ic)
(an”te-, an”ti-di”ə-re´ik)
antidiarrheal.
antidiuresis (an·ti·di·u·re·sis)
(an”te-, an”ti-di”u-re´sis)
suppression of urinary excretion.
antidiuretic (an·ti·di·uret·ic)
(an”te-, an”ti-di”u-ret´ik)
1. suppressing the rate of urine formation.
2. an agent that suppresses urine formation.
antidotal (an·ti·do·tal)
(an”tĭ-do´təl)
serving as an antidote.
antidote (an·ti·dote)
(an´tĭ-dōt)
[L. antidotum, from Gr. anti against + didonai to give]
a remedy for counteracting a poison.
chemical a.
an antidote that reacts chemically with a poison to form a harmless compound.
mechanical a.
an antidote that prevents the absorption of a poison.
physiologic a.
an antidote that counteracts the effects of a poison by producing opposing physiologic effects.
“universal” a.
a mixture of 2 parts activated charcoal, 1 part magnesium oxide, and 1 part tannic acid; given when the exact poison is not
known. There is no true “universal” antidote and this mixture is no longer recommended by most authorities; activated charcoal
alone is preferred.
antidotic (an·ti·dot·ic)
(an”tĭ-dot´ik)
antidotal.
antidromic (an·ti·drom·ic)
(an”te-drom´ik)
[Gr. antidromein to run in a contrary direction]
conducting impulses in a direction opposite to the normal; see under conduction. Cf. orthodromic.
antidysenteric (an·ti·dys·en·ter·ic)
(an”te-, an”ti-dis”ən-ter´ik)
1. preventing, alleviating, or curing dysentery.
2. an agent that prevents, alleviates, or cures dysentery.
antidyskinetic (an·ti·dys·ki·net·ic)
(an”te-, an”ti-dis”kĭ-net´ik)
1. relieving or preventing dyskinesia.
2. an agent that relieves or prevents dyskinesia.
antieczematic (an·ti·ec·ze·mat·ic)
(an”te-ek”zə-mat´ik)
1. alleviating eczema.
2. an agent that alleviates eczema.
antiedematous (an·ti·edem·a·tous)
(an”te-e-dem´ə-təs)
antiedemic.
antiedemic (an·ti·edem·ic)
(an”te-ə-dem´ik)
1. preventing or alleviating edema.
2. an agent that prevents or alleviates edema.
antiemetic (an·ti·emet·ic)
(an”te-ə-met´ik)
1. preventing or alleviating nausea and vomiting.
2. an agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. See also antinauseant.
antienzyme (an·ti·en·zyme)
(an”te-en´zīm)
[anti- + enzyme]
an agent that prevents or retards the action of an enzyme, such as a protease inhibitor or an antibody.
antiepileptic (an·ti·ep·i·lep·tic)
(an”te-ep”ĭ-lep´tik)
1. combating epilepsy.
2. an agent that combats epilepsy.
antiepithelial (an·ti·ep·i·the·li·al)
(an”te-ep”ĭ-the´le-əl)
destructive to epithelial cells.
antiestrogen (an·ti·es·tro·gen)
(an”te-es´trə-jen)
a substance capable of inhibiting the biological effects of estrogens.
antiestrogenic (an·ti·es·tro·gen·ic)
(an”te-es-trə-jen´ik)
counteracting or suppressing estrogenic activity.
antifebrile (an·ti·fe·brile)
(an”te-, an”ti-feb´ril)
antipyretic (def. 1).
antifibrillatory (an·ti·fib·ril·la·tory)
(an”te-, an”ti-fib´rĭ-lə-tor”e)
1. preventing or stopping fibrillation of the heart.
2. an agent that prevents or stops fibrillation of the heart.
antifibrinolysin (an·ti·fi·bri·nol·y·sin)
(an”te-, an”ti-fi”brĭ-nol´ĭ-sin)
antiplasmin.
antifibrinolytic (an·ti·fi·bri·no·lyt·ic)
(an”te-, an”ti-fi”brĭ-no-lit´ik)
1. inhibiting fibrinolysis.
2. a substance that prevents fibrinolysis.
antifibrotic (an·ti·fi·brot·ic)
(an”te-, an”ti-fi-brot´ik)
1. causing regression of fibrosis.
2. an agent that causes the regression of fibrosis.
antifilarial (an·ti·fi·lar·i·al)
(an”te-, an”ti-fĭ-lar´e-əl)
1. effective against filaria.
2. an agent that is effective against filaria.
antiflatulent (an·ti·flat·u·lent)
(an”te-, an”ti-flat´u-lənt)
1. relieving or preventing flatulence.
2. an agent that relieves or prevents flatulence.
antiflux (an·ti·flux)
(an´tĭ-fluks)
a substance that prevents the attachment of solder.
antifol (an·ti·fol)
(an´tĭ-fōl)
folic acid antagonist.
antifolate (an·ti·fo·late)
(an”tĭ-fo´lāt)
folic acid antagonist.
antifungal (an·ti·fun·gal)
(an”te-, an”ti-fung´gəl)
1. destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections.
2. an agent that is destructive to fungi, suppresses the growth or reproduction of fungi, or is effective against fungal infections. Called also antimycotic.
azole a.
any of a group of antifungals characterized by the presence of an azole ring structure, which includes the triazoles and the imidazoles (qq.v.). They are usually fungistatic but can be fungicidal at higher concentrations, and act by interfering with the enzyme
activity of cytochrome P-450, decreasing the production of ergosterol and so damaging the cell membrane by altering its permeability and functions.
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