Schlecht. & Cham., Scrophulariaceae |
Present on Pacific Islands? yes
Threat only at high elevations? no
Risk assessment results: Low risk, score: -2 (Go to the risk assessment)
Common name(s): [more details]
English: coral plant, coralplant, firecracker flower, fountainplant |
French: plante corail |
I-Kiribati: te kaibaun |
Maori (Cook Islands): menemene |
Marshallese: albokbororo |
Niuean: tamafine |
Spanish: coral |
Habit: shrub
Description:
Genus: "Strongly branched shrubs, erect or straggling, the stem angular-ribbed; leaves verticillate or opposite, small, the upper ones often minute or reduced to scales; inflorescences cymose-paniculate, 1-4-flowered; flowers showy, the pedicels ebracteolate; calyx small, deeply 5-partite nearly to base, the lobes lanceolate to ovate, subequal; corolla bright red, tubular to tubular-campanulate, the tube long, widened toward apex, not ventrally spurred or saccate, the throat open, the limb small, 5-lobed, the lobes erecto-patent to spreading, rounded, subequal, the 2 posterior ones external in bud, connate about halfway, not hooded nor enclosing anthers; stamens 4, included within corolla tube, didynamous, the anthers 2-locular, the locules divergent or not, the staminode absent (or very minute); style filiform, upcurved and slightly 2-lobed at apex, the stigma single, entire or slightly bilobed; capsule globose or broadly ellipsoid, septicidally 4-valved, the valves bifid, the seeds numerous, small, oblong." (Smith, 1991)
Species: "Shrub, spreading, to 1.5 m high with numerous green, drooping, angular stems. Leaves simple, arranged in whorls of five to eight, blade usually reduced to linear scales but sometimes ovate to elliptic, 1-2.5 cm long. Flowers continuously through the year; flowers borne in whorls of one to four in loose, stalked cymes at the leaf axils. Corolla with fused petals, tubular, 1.5-2.5 cm long, shallowly five-lobed at the tip, bright red. Fruit a subglobose capsule, infrequently formed in cultivation" (Whistler, 2000; pp. 402-403).
"Shrub to 1.5 m high; leaves up to 7 in a whorl, ovate, to 2 cm long, but mostly reduced to linear scales; corolla tubular, bright read, 15-25 mm long, the lobes about 3 mm long" (Smith, 1991; pp. 77-78).
"Distinguishable by the shrubby habit, drooping branches, tiny bract-like leaves in whorls at the axils, and red tubular flowers five-lobed at the tip. The flowers are very similar to those of Odontonema tubiforme, which is easily distinguished by its bread rather than scale-like leaves" (Whistler, 2000; p. 402).
Habitat/ecology: In Fiji, "cultivated and freely naturalized in sandy clearings and along streets and roadsides near sea level" (Smith, 1991; pp. 77-78). In Niue, "large clumps of it grow adventively in a number of places by the roadside" (Sykes, 1970; p. 192). In New Caledonia, "cultivée dans les jardins et parfois naturalisé" (MacKee, 1994; p. 129). Arid lowlands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 176).
Propagation: Seed, cuttings.
Native range: "Mexico, now widely cultivated throughout the tropics and readily naturalizing" (Smith, 1991; pp. 77-78).
Presence:
Pacific | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Aitutaki Atoll |
cultivated
|
Tschan, Bill (year unknown) |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Atiu Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mangaia Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mauke Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Mitiaro Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
Cook Islands
Southern Cook Islands |
Rarotonga Island | McCormack, Gerald (2007) | |
Federated States of Micronesia
Chuuk Islands |
Weno (Moen) Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 250) |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Kambara Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 78)
Voucher cited: Smith 1289 |
Fiji
Fiji Islands |
Viti Levu Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Smith, Albert C. (1991) (p. 78)
Voucher cited: DA 16737 |
French Polynesia
Marquesas Islands |
Marquesas Islands |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 268) |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Bora Bora Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 268)
Voucher cited: Grant 5086 |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Raiatea (Havai) Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 268)
Vouchers cited: Moore 210, BRY 25393a Escaping and persisting. |
French Polynesia
Society Islands |
Tahiti Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 268) |
French Polynesia
Tuamotu Archipelago |
Takapoto Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Sachet, M-H. (1983) (p. 36)
Voucher cited: Sachet 2080 (US) |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Stone, Benjamin C. (1970) (p. 526)
Voucher cited: Stone 4731 (GUAM) |
Guam
Guam Island |
Guam Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 250) |
Japan (offshore islands)
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands |
Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands |
introduced
|
Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
As Russelia juncea Zucc. |
Kiribati
Line Islands |
Tabuaeran (Fanning) Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 31)
Persists in abandoned gardens. |
Kiribati
Line Islands |
Teraina (Washington) Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Wester, Lyndon (1985) (p. 31)
Persists in abandoned gardens. |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Abemama Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10)
Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-170 (BISH 697781) |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Butaritari Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 250) |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Butaritari Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10)
Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-52 (BISH 697667) |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Maiana Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10)
Voucher specimen collected: Imada 2003-99 (BISH 697714) |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Onotoa Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 250) |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Onotoa Atoll |
cultivated
|
Moul, Edwin T. (1957) (p. 21)
Vouchers cited: Moul 8167 (US), Moul 8307 (US), Moul 8387 (US) |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Tabiteuea Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 250) |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Tarawa Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 250) |
Kiribati
Tungaru (Gilbert) Islands |
Tarawa Atoll |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. (2004) (p. 10) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Ailinglaplap (Ailinglapalap) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 250) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Ebon (Epoon) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 250) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 250) |
Marshall Islands
Ralik Chain |
Kwajalein (Kuwajleen) Atoll |
introduced
|
Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. (1999) (p. 103)
Not seen on this survey and may no longer be present. |
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Likiep Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 250) |
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Likiep Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Fosberg, F. R. (1955) (p. 20)
Vouchers cited: Fosberg 33858 (US), Fosberg 27046 (US) |
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Majuro (Mãjro) Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Vander Velde, Nancy (2003) (p. 125) |
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 250) |
Marshall Islands
Ratak Chain |
Utirik (Utrõk) Atoll |
introduced
cultivated |
Fosberg, F. R. (1959) (p. 6)
Voucher cited: Fosberg 36711 (US) |
Nauru
Nauru Island |
Nauru Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. (1994) (p. 195)
Vouchers cited: Fosberg 58678 (US), Scully 157N (US), Hassall 213 (SUVA) |
New Caledonia
Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) |
Île Lifou |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 129)
Voucher cited: Hoff 1232 (NOU) |
New Caledonia
Îles Loyauté (Loyalte Islands) |
Îles Ouvéa (Ouvea Atoll) |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 129)
Voucher cited: Sarasin 888 |
New Caledonia
New Caledonia Archipelago |
Île Grande Terre |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 129)
Vouchers cited: Grunow s.n. (W), Däniker 156, Buchholz 1611, Guillaumin 8566, MacKee 8146, MacKee 27314 |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
|
Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 192)
Vouchers cited: CRH 168692, 168694 |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive cultivated |
Yuncker, T. G. (1943) (p. 107)
Voucher cited: Yuncker 9680 (BISH) "Occasional about dwellings and also along roadsides as an escape". |
Niue
Niue |
Niue Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate (2004) (p. 15)
Specimen collected: BMW 7075 (BISH, CHR, BRI) |
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Babeldaob Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 102) |
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
introduced
|
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 250) |
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Koror Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98) |
Palau
Palau (main island group) |
Malakal Island |
introduced
invasive |
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 98) |
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Islands |
Pitcairn Island |
introduced
|
St. John, H. (1987) (p. 50)
Voucher cited: Fosberg & B. Christian 11180 |
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands |
Solomon Islands |
introduced
cultivated |
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. (1988) (p. 106) |
Tonga
Tonga Islands |
Tonga Islands |
introduced
cultivated |
Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 241)
"Occasional in villages". |
Pacific Rim | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Mexico
Mexico |
Mexico (United Mexican States) |
probably native
|
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2007) |
Indian Ocean | |||
Country/Terr./St. & Island group |
Location |
Cited status &
Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction? |
Reference &
Comments |
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands)
Christmas Island Group |
Christmas Island |
introduced
cultivated |
Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 126) |
Additional information: Additional online information about Russelia equisetiformis is available from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR).
Taxonomic information about Russelia equisetiformis may be available from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
References:
Charles Darwin Research Station. 2005. CDRS Herbarium records.
Falanruw, Marjorie C./Maka, Jean E./Cole, Thomas G./Whitesell, Craig D. 1990. Common and scientific names of trees and shrubs of Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Pac. SW Forest and Range Expt. Stn. Resource Bulletin PSW-67. 91 pp.
Fosberg, F. R. 1955. Northern Marshall Islands Expedition, 1951-1952. Land biota: vascular plants. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 39. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 22 pp.
Fosberg, F. R. 1959. Additional records of phanerogams from the northern Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 68. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 9 pp.
Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce. 1979. A geographical checklist of the Micronesian dicotyledonae. Micronesica 15:1-295.
Hancock, I. R./Henderson, C. P. 1988. Flora of the Solomon Islands. Research Bulletin No. 7. Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, Honiara. 203 pp.
Kato, Hidetoshi. 2007. Herbarium records of Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University. Personal communication.
MacKee, H. S. 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 164 p.
McCormack, Gerald. 2007. Cook Islands biodiversity and natural heritage. On-line database.
McMullen, C. K. 1999. Flowering plants of the Galápagos. Comstock Pub. Assoc., Ithaca, N.Y. 370 p.
Moul, Edwin T. 1957. Preliminary report on the flora of Onotoa Atoll, Gilbert Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 57. Pacific Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington. 48 pp.
Sachet, M-H. 1983. Takapoto Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago: terrestrial vegetation and flora. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 277. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 41 pp. + photos.
Smith, Albert C. 1991. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii. Volume 5. 626 pp.
Space, James C./Imada, Clyde T. 2004. Report to the Republic of Kiribati on invasive plant species on the islands of Tarawa, Abemama, Butaritari and Maiana. Cont. no. 2003-006 to the Pac. Biol. Surv. USDA Forest Service and Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 103 pp.
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara M./Newfield, Melanie/Bull, Cate. 2004. Report to the Government of Niue and the United Nations Development Programme: Invasive plant species on Niue following Cyclone Heta. UNDP NIU/98/G31 - Niue Enabling Activity. 80 pp.
Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar. 2003. Report to the Republic of Palau on invasive plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 174 pp.
St. John, H. 1987. An account of the flora of Pitcairn Island with new Pandanus species. Honolulu, 65 pp.
Stone, Benjamin C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.
Swarbrick, J. T. 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: a report to Parks Australia. 101 pp. plus appendix.
Sykes, W. R. 1970. Contributions to the flora of Niue. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 200, Wellington. 321 pp.
Thaman, R. R. 1987. Plants of Kiribati: a listing and analysis of vernacular names. Atoll Res. Bull. 296:1-42.
Thaman, R. R./Fosberg, F. R./Manner, H. I./Hassall, D. C. 1994. The flora of Nauru. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Research Bulletin 392:1-223.
Tschan, Bill. 0. Bill Tschan, pers. com.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. 2007. National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online searchable database.
Vander Velde, Nancy. 2003. The vascular plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503:1-141.
Welsh, S. L. 1998. Flora Societensis: A summary revision of the flowering plants of the Society Islands. E.P.S. Inc., Orem, Utah. 420 pp.
Wester, Lyndon. 1985. Checklist of the vascular plants of the northern Line Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Atoll Reseach Bulletin 287:1-38.
Whistler, W. A./Steele, O. 1999. Botanical survey of the United States of America Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Islands. Prepared for Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education and the U. S. Army Environmental Center. 111 pp.
Yuncker, T. G. 1943. The flora of Niue Island. Bishop Mus. Bull. 178. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 126 pp.
Yuncker, T. G. 1959. Plants of Tonga. Bishop Museum Bull. 220. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 343 pp.