But it's true, too, that Lydon rankles critics and punk die-hards alike because he's repudiated his past. By his own admission, the music he makes with PiL aims to devastate classicist rock & roll–including punk rock–by blackening its themes and confounding its forms. It's as if, after distancing himself from the merciless primitivism of the Sex Pistols, Lydon found a fatal flaw in rock & roll itself–namely, that it imparted the illusion of order and transcendence–and decided to remake the genre. Actually, Lydon and PiL merely rerouted the Pistols' much-vaunted anarchism, applying it to song structure, and in the process, authored the first major attempt to transmogrify rock parlance since Captain Beefheart's Trout Mask Replica. (PiL also managed to give momentum and focus to the English postpunk avant-garde: a burgeoning movement of art theorists and futurist musicians, several of whom–Cabaret Voltaire, a Certain Ratio, the The, In Camera, This Heat, Dome, et al.–are trying to codify PiL's inventiveness.)

Paris au Printemps (recorded live in France in January 1980) is the album on which PiL's formlessness finally became formulated–which is to say that if they could reproduce their apparently inchoate, unpremeditated music letter-perfect live (and they could), then it wasn't really orderless or even all that experimental. Yet it is visceral. Guitarist Keith Levene, bassist Jah Wobble and drummer Martin Atkins play momentously throughout, interweaving deliberate rhythms and backhanded melodies into a taut webwork of crosscurrent designs and motions. Lydon offers a stunning, protean vocal performance: by turns gleeful, derisive, virulent and, during "Chant" and "Careering," so terrifying – invoking images of mob rule one minute, murder the next–as to be almost unendurable.

But what we hear on Paris au Printemps is more than animated, frictional music: we hear the way that music can rub up against, even threaten, people who aren't ready for it. By the LP's second side, the crowd–a horde of recherché, loudmouthed, self-conscious gothics–have had about all the cacophony they can handle. They want pogo beats, block chords, primal thrums–in short, the familiar punk mannerisms they know how to react to. Not getting these, they start to taunt Lydon, spitting jeers, demands and audible gobs of phlegm at him. John Lydon returns the contempt, leaning lethally into his vocals, narrowing the distance between himself and the implied violence, turning the insensibility of the moment back into the faces of an audience he helped conceive but can no longer abide. "Shut up!" he barks at one point, his scorn echoing through the hall. "I'll walk off this fucking stage if you keep spitting ...Dog!" Minutes later, at the close of "Poptones," that's exactly what he does, dropping his microphone on the saliva-soaked floor and stomping into the wings. In that moment, you can hear Lydon further remove himself from any conceivable culture or subculture that might contain him. He kisses off the whole oppressive orthodoxy of punk mindlessness, just as he once decried the manifest hopelessness of British society.

Little wonder that Paris au Printemps also depicts an end of sorts for PiL. Following the group's 1980 American tour, Martin Atkins (the finest drummer PiL's ever had, he made the music pounce where others made it loiter) left to form a puerile and comedic postpunk band, Brian Brain. Then, a few weeks later, Lydon, Levene and hidden member Jeanette Lee (who handles much of PiL's business) parted company with Jah Wobble after he released two solo albums in quick succession, charging that the bassist had used PiL backing tracks without permission.

The Flowers of Romance sounds as if it were recorded to scorn a myriad of losses. Only Lydon, Levene, Lee and, on a strictly work-for-hire basis, Atkins make the music this time, and it's probably the most brutal, frightening music Lydon has lent his voice to since "Anarchy in the U.K." (A bit too frightening for PiL's British-based label, Virgin, which initially balked at issuing the new LP, claiming it was arrantly noncommercial. Meanwhile, Warner Bros., which declined to release either the first PiL album or Paris au Printemps in America, grudgingly agreed to a small pressing.)

In contrast to the group's earlier records – on which Levene and Lydon piled thick, splayed layers of guitars and synthesizers on top of thunderous, bass-heavy rhythm tracks until chance melodies and imperative tempos seemed to take perverse shape and then pull apart again – The Flowers of Romance pares PiL music down to a minimalist, primordial-sounding mix of mostly vocals and percussion. In the first cut, "Four Enclosed Walls," Atkins' drum shot cracks the air like rifle fire, and Lydon answers it with a quavering howl. From there, the track turns into an awesome drum-and-vocal dialogue, with Atkins pounding out an aberrant martial pattern and Lydon ululating through the clatter, chanting an obscure, dreamlike conjuration about Western dread and Islamic vengeance.

Later, in "Under the House"–in which John Lydon and Martin Atkins carry their colloquy to a harrowing peak–Lydon can't seem to separate the nightmares from wakeful terror. Something's after him: maybe a cadaver, maybe a mercenary, maybe even a bad memory–it's hard to say exactly what. Specters of fear, death and flight stack up so fast that words and meanings cease to matter much. All that counts is the way the singer gives in to the momentum of his tale, letting animistic horror possess and propel him, as if he might fend off doom with its own likeness.

Almost everything on The Flowers of Romance pulls back, shrinks into shielding self-interest. The title tune has already been described by certain critics as John Lydon's belated farewell to Sid Vicious (who, before joining the Sex Pistols, once belonged to a band called Flowers of Romance – named by none other than Johnny Rotten). And indeed, the song, with its disdainful references to failed friendships and its resigned air of parting, sounds like some sort of remembrance. But it could just as easily be about what the lyrics purport: a ruined romance that Lydon has no difficulty leaving. For that matter, the singer manages to denigrate or refuse so many possible alliances over the course of this LP–sexual commitment ("Track 8"), punk fandom ("Banging the Door") and notions of musical accord in general–that sometimes the only ground he seems left with is the narrow path of his own hubris.

Suddenly, in the album's final compositions, "Go Back" and "Francis Massacre," the world closes in. "Go Back," which features Keith Levene's only flaring guitar part on the record, is a methodical, mocking sketch of life in Tory Britain, where the future has been banked on recycled mottos ("Improvements on the domestic front," gibes Lydon. "Have a cup of tea–good days ahead/Don't look back–good days ahead").

"Francis Massacre," on the other hand, is about a future sealed off forever. It's a scanty, discordant account of Francis Moran, who's presently serving a life sentence in Ireland's Mountjoy Prison for murder. Nobody–including Irish penal officials and Lydon's own representatives–cares to disclose any specifics about either Moran or his crime, and it's hard to tell from the lyrics alone (a yowling litany of "Go down for life/Go down for life") how Lydon feels. But the sheer desolating force of the music he and Levene make–a blaring, claustrophobic, rapacious tumult of atonal piano, metallic drums and furious singing–seems to act out the passions of murder while simultaneously seeking to annihilate those passions, which is as jolting a deed of protest as music can perform.

It's something like those incandescent moments in "Bodies" or "Holidays in the Sun" when the singer sought to illuminate terror by embodying it. In "Francis Massacre," though, John Lydon means to turn the terror outward–to level it against a world that contains so much pain and so many nightmares that the most reaffirming recourse available is a brutal, racking cry of unwavering outrage.

The music of Joy Division–an art-minded English postpunk band that initially struck reviewers as a tuneful version of PiL–sets forth an even more indelible vision of gloom. In fact, it's a vision so steeped in deathly fixations that it proved fatal: on May 18th, 1980, the group's lead singer and lyricist, Ian Curtis – a shy, reticent man who'd written some of the most powerfully authentic accounts of dissolution and despair since Lou Reed–hung himself at his home in Macclesfield, England, at the age of twenty-three. According to journalistic accounts, he'd been depressed over failed love. According to his songs, he'd looked upon the horror of mortal futility and understood the gravity of what he saw: "Heart and soul–one will burn."

In the U.K., Curtis' suicide conferred Joy Division with mythical status. The band's second and last album, Closer (recorded just prior to Curtis' death and released shortly afterward by Factory), became one of the fastest-selling independent-label LPs in British New Wave history. By year's end, it had topped several critics' and readers' polls as best album. More significant, an entire legion of Joy Division emulators–most notably Section Twenty-Five, Crispy Ambulance, Mass, Sort Sol and the Names – has since cropped up around England, each professing the same icy passion for sepulchral rhythms, minor-mode melodies and mordant truths.

The danger in all of this grimfaced, wide-eyed hagiography, of course, is that it serves to idealize Curtis' death and ignore the fact that he contributed and submitted to the wretchedness he reviled by committing the act of self-murder. Why bother then with music so seemingly dead-end and depressing? Maybe because, in the midst of a movement overrun by studied nihilism and faddish despair, it's somehow affecting to hear someone whose conviction ranged beyond mere truisms. Maybe because Ian Curtis' descent into despair leaves us with a deeper feeling of our own frailty. Or maybe even because it's fascinating to hear a man's life and desire fading away, little by little, bit by bit. Yet none of that really says much about how obsessing Joy Division's music can be, how it can draw you into its desolate, chiaroscuro atmosphere and fearful, irretrievable circuits. Draw you in and threaten to leave you there.

Actually, Joy Division didn't make all that much music. The group's earliest work–demo tapes recorded under the name Warsaw and a debut EP, Ideal for Living (some of which will appear in a forthcoming import album)–was a worthy but hardly exceptional example of a band attempting to forge art-rock influences (mostly David Bowie, Brian Eno and Roxy Music) and primitivist archetypes (some Sex Pistols, a little Who) into a frenetic counterpoise. By the time of their first LP, Unknown Pleasures, Joy Division had tempered their style, planishing it down to a doleful, deep-toned sound that often suggested an elaborate version of the Velvet Underground or an orderly Public Image Ltd. In its most pervading moments–in numbers like "Day of the Lords," "Insight" and "New Dawn Fades," with their disoriented melodies and punishing rhythms–it was music that could purvey Curtis' alienated and fatalistic sensibility. But it was also music that could rush and jump and push, and a composition like "Disorder" – or better still, the later single "Transmission," with its driving tempo and roiling guitars – seemed almost spirited enough to dispel the gloom it so doggedly invoked.

Yet Joy Division never really aspired toward transcendence. In fact, their most obsessive, most melodic piece of music, "Love Will Tear Us Apart," raises the possibility and then sadly shuts the door on it. A flurry of thrashing guitars and drums–crashing out the same insistent backbeat that impels the Clash's "Safe European Home"–launches the song, then surrenders to the plaint of a solitary synthesizer and Ian Curtis' frayed singing. "When routine bites hard," he murmurs, "And ambitions are low/And resentment rides high/But emotions won't grow .../Then love–love will tear us apart–again." By tune's end, Curtis has run out of will, but the music hasn't. Thick, surging synthesizer lines–mimicking the hook from Phil Spector's "Then He Kissed Me" – surround and batter the singer as he half talks, half croons the most critical verse of his career: "And there's a taste in my mouth/As desperation takes hold/Yeah, that something so good/Just can't function no more."

Closer seems resigned to fatality from the start. It descends, with a gravity and logic all its own, from the petrifying scenario of "Atrocity Exhibition" (a story about a world that proffers degradation of the flesh as sport) to the raw, raging "Twenty Four Hours," in which Curtis allows himself a last, longing glance at the fading vista of existence: "Just for one moment/Thought I found my way/Destiny unfolded/I watched it slip away."

But Closer doesn't stop there. Instead, it takes us through the numbing ritual of a funeral procession ("The Eternal") and then, in the mellifluent "Decades," into the very heart of paradise lost:

We knocked on the doors of hell's darker chambers
Pushed to the limits, we dragged ourselves in
Watched from the wings as the scenes were replaying
We saw ourselves now as we never have seen
Portrayal of the trauma and degeneration
The sorrows we suffered and never were free.

The unknown now appears known, maybe even comforting. "We're inside now, our hearts lost forever," sings Curtis in a voice as rueful as Frank Sinatra's. Somehow, it's the album's most beguiling moment.

In the end, Closer accedes to horror, settles into frozen straits of inviolable damnation. The music turns leaden, gray and steady because it means to fulfill a vision of a world where suffering is unremitting and nothingness is quiescent. Joy Division's art is remarkably eloquent and effective, yet it lacks the jolting tone of revolt that PiL's work, even at its most indulgent, boasts: that desire to attack and disarm the world, to make it eat its own hopelessness. Ian Curtis died for reasons that are probably none of our business, but it would seem, at least in part, that he killed himself to slay that portion of the world that so hurt and appalled him. John Lydon lives because he's figured out a way (more than once) to knock off the world and live beyond it.

Guitarist Bernie Albrecht, bassist Peter Hooke and drummer Stephen Morris (the three surviving members of Joy Division) have, with a guitarist named Gillian, formed a group called New Order. This band faces not only the task of living up to its own mythic past, but of getting by the pain of that past and the shadow of Ian Curtis. New Order's initial single, "Ceremony" (reportedly written while Curtis was still alive), says that they probably can. It's a transfixing, vehement, big-sounding piece of music, brimming with the taut cross lines of blaring guitars and an indomitable, bottom-heavy rhythm section. Behind it all, mixed somewhere along with the hi-hat so that his singing sibilates in pulsing waves, Bernie Albrecht makes a chancy vocal debut, telling an impassioned tale about bitter memories, ineradicable losses and unbeaten determination.

Ironically, these images of resolve and recovery seem to suggest the same conviction that Joy Division – who, after all, took their name from the euphemism used to describe the prostitute section of German concentration camps–intended to convey in the first place: that no horror, no matter how terrible, is unendurable. Maybe that sounds as joyless and morose as everything else about Joy Division's music, but it shouldn't. In this case, it's nothing less than a surpassing testament to the life force itself.

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MIKAL GILMORE

(Posted: May 28, 1981)