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tehranbureau An independent source of news on Iran and the Iranian diaspora

A Coronation in Qom

by MEA CYRUS in London

13 Oct 2010 16:0821 Comments
DWF151107047-vi.jpg[ analysis ] The Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran is on the eve of making a trip to the holy city of Qom. This is Ayatollah Ali Khamenei's first trip there in quite a while, significantly since the controversial presidential election that has divided the country into warring camps -- a conflict that persists at least in a war of words, now that demonstration fever has abated with the regime's far-reaching crackdown on dissent.

This division is reflected not least among Iranian religious figureds, including the most prominent Marjas (sources of Shia emulation). Some senior figures, such as Grand Ayatollahs Yusuf Sanei and the late Hossein Ali Montazeri, found themselves at the helm of the spiritual leadership of the Green Movement. Many others, such as Grand Ayatollahs Ali Mohammad Dastgheib and Asadollah Bayat-Zanjani, took public positions against the government and publicly called the Supreme Leader's management abilities into question. One must not forget that Mehdi Karroubi is a cleric himself and a well-decorated one who held many senior positions under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Karroubi was one of two presidential candidates who created a major dilemma for the Supreme Leader: how to deal with them without risking a popular uprising when Iran is fighting a cold war with the West over many issues, one that seems to inch ever closer to turning hot.

Khamenei is going to Qom for several important reasons, among them to show his authority and intimidate those clerics, both grand and junior, who dare to oppose him and his puppet president publicly or privately.

An analyst in Iran who spent many years in Qom told me the Supreme Leader is trying to announce his marjaeiyat -- the ability to issue instructions for handling modern issues based on traditional Islamic rulings. When the classic texts fail to offer a clear way to deal with a contemporary problem, the Marja guides his followers with a ruling. It is generally considered essential to establishing his status that a Marja publish his resal-e amaliye (book of instruction), something that Khamenei has not done so far. This is a significant sign of weakness in a country run by clerics in a manner similar to the dictatorship depicted in George Orwell's Animal Farm.

So acquiring the credentials of a Marja and intimidating opponents are Khamenei's primary goals. But how does he intend to go about achieving them? What are the techniques being used to make this trip worthy of what state media have already been proclaiming it: historic.

The circumstances around the trip are, in fact, historically significant in several regards.

A few weeks before the trip, a new wave of crackdowns on dissident clerics began. The websites belonging to Dastgheib, Sanei, Bayat-Zanjani, and other senior clerics have been shut down by the government without public explanation. The regime used to offer explanations, however implausible, for why the Internet had gone down yet again -- mostly before big events when authorities feared it could play a big part in organizing people. On such occasions, it was not surprising to hear that once again a ship's anchor had managed to sever cables on the seabed. But in this case, there was no explanation. Bear in mind that ayatollahs like Dastgheib have religious followers who might use his official website to get in touch with his office and seek guidance -- fatwas -- concerning their day-to-day lives.

The closure of the ayatollahs' websites coincided with President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's trip to the United Nations, where he reveled in extensive media coverage. His big line of argument was that in Iran all are free and everyone says what is on his or her mind. Some observers were quick to question his claim when the ayatollahs' websites went down and called Ahmadinejad a "liar."

The government also applies pressure more generally on ayatollahs and other clerics to toe the dictated line, especially when it comes to showing respect and submission to Khamenei. The Supreme Leader has pursued a policy of making religious schools in Qom and elsewhere dependent on the government. Clerics live on donations from their followers. The more elevated a clergy's ranking, the more money he receives, a portion of which he distributes to his students. A central objective of this longstanding tradition is to keep clerics independent from the government pocketbook. But as with other forms of government in Iranian history, this clerical establishment has also tried and mostly succeeded in using political influence and money to buy obedience. The government thus has a very effective means of keeping people, especially the traditionally religious strata of society, in line as clerics use their positions to legitimize the regime's policies, with Islam as the main tool of persuasion. It seems that growing opposition among reformists and conservatives to Ahmadinejad's policies has made Khamenei impatient, which in turn has prompted him to to go to Qom to rally clerics behind the Tehran establishment. Qom has rarely been so divided and shaken since the 1979 Revolution.

On the other side of the coin lie tougher forms of pressure to keep clerics in line with Khamenei. The Intelligence Ministry and Revolutionary Guards have departments dedicated to monitoring the clerics, in particular potentially dissident ones. When big events like Khamenei's trip to Qom are imminent, they get in touch with senior ayatollahs' offices to garner their support. Compared to ten years ago, prominent ayatollahs have more and more frequently expressed their disapproval of the regime and its policies. Some like Dastgheib have publicly declared the Assembly of Experts, the body constitutionally empowered to appoint and remove the Supreme Leader, unable to do its job -- that is, to hold Khamenei accountable. So far, Khamanei has treated these opposition figures with relative leniency, as he knows a violent crackdown against such ayatollahs would only spread opposition among the clerics. But that could change.

This trip is unprecedented in another important way: the cost, which is said to be more than a billion tomans, or $1 million. This is many times more than previous trips. In addition to heightened security, there is surely a lot of behind-the-scene spending to buy the support of individual clerics and their camps.

Current circumstances make this upcoming trip a crucial one. Some in Qom say the government is planning a grand ceremony to greet Khamenei at the gates of Qom, as if they are courtiers and he is their king. (On previous visits, he was welcomed inside the city.) Khamenei is showing more blatant signs of acting like a sultan, as Akbar Ganji called him on several occasions. In a recent fatwa, he defined what it means to abide by Velaayat-e Faghigh (guardianship of the Islamic jurist, as represented by the Supreme Leader), in which he said, "It is mandatory for everyone to obey instructions."

His intervention into the battle of wills over Azad University between the camps of Ahmadinejad and former President Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani -- who founded the university as a private institution -- was the latest sign that Khamenei intends to exercise greater power. Rafsanjani, an ayatollah himself, had publicly said that Azad's new status as a religious charity, which he helped engineer, meant it was God's property and "nobody could change that status" and "if someone could change it then it meant he was more powerful than God." Well, Khamenei rejected Rafsanjani's assertion, rendering his clever move moot. Making this announcement right before his trip to Qom is a calculated step: a warning to other clerics and a move to isolate Rafsanjani and his followers, clerical and nonclerical alike. The balance of power in Iran may well have changed by the time Khamenei returns to Tehran from his "historic" trip.

Copyright © 2010 Tehran Bureau

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21 Comments

Please don't use the word "crackdown" for what the IRI has done to Iran over the last year; "crackdown" is neutral, and can even be good--eg, an international "crackdown" on commodities speculation, especially in oil and grains, would be nice:

What the IRI has committed and is committing is a "REPRESSION".

John Kennard / October 13, 2010 8:14 PM

Dear Mr. Kennard,

I firmly disagree with your criticism of the author's use of the word "crackdown". You are missing the greater point of journalistic integrity in a functioning internal discourse of the Iranian community. I challenge your assertion that "crackdown" is ever a neutral or in your words "...good" instrument. Even in "commodities speculation, especially in oil and grains" when there is a crackdown on speculation someone loses out. Banking needs to be cleaned up, but with the tidal wave like debt in social and legal load that the US carries, we have lost the moral high ground.
However, I agree with your comments about the use of the word C-down in its application in intranational/international financial markets.
I'd also like to thank Mea Cyrus for illuminating the intricacies of the complex and ever shifting power dynamic that is Tehran and the current ruling party.

Shawheen Hazrati / October 13, 2010 11:49 PM

A shoddy piece of journalism. Quite honestly calling AN, Khamanei's puppet - when he was refusing to move his trusted mate, Mashaie, from his initial appointment as 1st VP despite several letters from Khamanei after protests made to him by some bigoted elements on his remarks of friendship between ordinary people of Iran and Israe; this was seen as a rift between the two. There is no winning with you guys. If there is a disagreement between the SL and President than there is a rift, if he eventually accedes to the SL's demands than he is a 'puppet'. I hope whoever pays this guy realises that they are not getting their money's worth. Additionally Khamanei has on his website many published fatwas and has been recognised by many in the Shi'ite world as a competent religious authority. Pls try to write something with credibility and give your sponsors their money's worth!

rezvan / October 14, 2010 2:14 AM

Rezvan (dear IRI epresentative),

Can you enlighten us by telling us which one of the top (in terms of number of followers), Marjas have confirmed that Khamenei's studies have reached the level of a Marja? Source?

I personally know one of the Marjas and he has no respect for Khamenei, as a cleric or a politician.

Bahman / October 14, 2010 7:30 AM

I am wondering if the taking over of Azad University and its endowment isn't more a sign that the government is desperate for funds?

Steve / October 14, 2010 8:21 AM

Khamenei has the clergy in his pocket. Those clerics who dare mumble incoherently here and there are worried that he might be jeopardizing their longterm grip on power. The tiny minority who have been explicit about the problem, such as Ayatollah Broujerdi, are in prison while his peers keep quiet on the outside. The vast majority of the mullahs (big and small) seem to me to be very happy to be in Khamenei's cosy pocket. Be prepared for some nauseating flattery directed at him when he arrives in Qom. They might as well coronate him already. The whole royal family is rotten to the core. The problem is the crown itself.

Cy / October 14, 2010 9:22 AM

animals fighting over scraps....

Anonymous / October 14, 2010 9:34 AM

@Shawheen Hazrati

"intricacies of the complex and ever shifting power dynamic that is Tehran and the current ruling party" ?

We have a saying that goes like this, put a sock in it.

Anonymous said it best, "animals fighting over scraps..."

"REPRESSION" does not describe these animals.

Vahid / October 14, 2010 10:16 AM

This is insanely bad journalism. Khamanei is already a marja' (though many have criticized the way he became one and questioned whether religious knowledge and training is adequate for the position). He published his risaala years ago. I don't know who Ms. Niknejad's source is, but he/she appears to be living in Qom--10 years ago.

Anonymous / October 14, 2010 5:51 PM

Go to the bio on the english page of Khamanei's official site.

http://www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=bio

He announced his marja'iyat long ago. Please, take the responsibility of reporting about Iran seriously.

Anonymous / October 14, 2010 6:04 PM

I wrote comment #9 above "This is insanely bad journalism . . .). I wanted to apologize to Mea Cyrus 1) for getting her name wrong, and 2) for my incorrect assertion--after a little more research into the matter, it appears she is right that the risaala has not been published.

However, her assertion that Khamenei is "trying to announce his marja'iyat" is completely false/misleading, as his marja'iyat was proclaimed long ago.

Anonymous / October 14, 2010 8:08 PM

Lets hope there aren't too many who would "emulate" this man. His career has been at best shabby and at worst destructive. As a statesmen he might compare with Galtieri in Argentina, whose achievements were the conquest of the Malvinas for 5minutes and the masterminding of death squads to hunt down and kidnap mostly unarmed students.To call him the "Just Jurisprudent" is a tasteless joke.

pirooz / October 14, 2010 8:37 PM

It is clear that the Supreme Leader has issued fatwas regularly. However, I checked and rechecked to see if he has published his "resale amaliye" but can't find it anywhere, not even on his website. Khomeini's resale is linked to on the Leader's site: http://www.leader.ir/langs/FA/, perhaps that's what's confusing you.

MEA CYRUS / October 14, 2010 8:58 PM

I believe MEA's point about Khamenei's marjaeyat refers to K's plan to acuire a grand marja's status. K does not have a resale-amaliye but he has been active in issuing fatwas something exclusive for Marjas. so here there is a bit of confusion caused by sudden rise of K to marjaiyat. do not forget that Ejtehad is different from marjaeyat. what many above have mentioned is ejtehad not the latter. so what doe sit mean for commentators above if K publishes his resaale? it clearly means he is trying to put himself forward as a strong marja'.

I believe many who leave comments do it on the like or dislike feeling immediately after reading something. that knee jerk reaction being done without proper research turns out to be worthless 9 out of 10.

hamid / October 14, 2010 9:15 PM

Hamid, I think you're confusing several things. One can be a mujtahid, meaning one is qualified to issue legal rulings (fatwas). However, those rulings aren't binding on anyone unless one becomes a marja'--an object of emulation, meaning one has followers to whom one's rulings are binding. Becoming a marja' is a complex process of a mujtahid distinguishing himself in religious circles, thereby generating a following. The process normally (but I don't think always) includes the publication of a risaala--a multi-volumed topically-arranged work containing one's rulings on a wide variety of issues.

To my knowledge, there is no such term as grand marja. I think you may be thinking of the term grand ayatollah, which is simply another designation for marja. ("Ayatollah" refers to a mujtahid, and "grand ayatollah" refers to marja.) As far as I know, a marja is a marja--there's no other higher level/title that one can claim, though of course some marja's are much more prominent than others and have greater influence and a larger following (like Burujerdi or now Sistani).

Anyway, Khamanei may be going to Qom to rally support and silence his opponents, but I doubt he's going to claim a title that he already claimed years ago. Of course the legitimacy of that claim is another issue entirely.

Anonymous / October 14, 2010 10:47 PM

@ Vahid "Anonymous said it best"... anony'mouse' sure is mighty.
"Put a sock in it"?! I want to know which city still uses that gem. 'Put a sock in it, Pal!'
Sir,
you might have mistaken what I was arguing for, as a point of order in the conversation. I'm glad journalists living in Tehran have better manners than you. To brush with the broad stroke all who are involved in the daily struggle to make their lives better in a global community, is to play to the lowest common denominator in an argument. Therefore passing judgments without all the details can be irresponsible and dangerous. I firmly believe that we should all live in a peaceful and just world, but I can't advocate for the Bloombox over Solar panels, because that might be over your head.

ShH / October 15, 2010 8:01 PM

Jami`at Mudarisin Hawzah `Ilmiyyah in Qom published a list of eminent qualified maraji`s. Being announced shortly after the demise of Ayatollah al-uzma Araki, the list brought comfort to the Iranians. The name of the Supreme Leader was in the list as well. As the people in Iran can refer to the outstanding marji‘s in the hawzah of Qom and due to his familiarity with the Islamic and international affair, the Supreme Leader accepted the proposal of being a marji‘ for the Muslims in the Islamic countries. His Eminence says:

"Dear brothers, concerning the question of marji‘yat, it is not like that. Someone will accomplish the duty. It is not something dependent on a single individual. The gentlemen published a list in which my name was included. However, if I had been consulted (about it), I would have objected. I had not been informed about their decision. It was not until after its being published that I knew about it. If I had known earlier, I would not have agreed. I even informed the people in the IRIB TV (of my opinion) and said to them ‘If it does not displease the eminent gentlemen, do not mention my name when you read their list.’ After a while, they replied that it was not possible for them to make any change. At the end of a meeting of several hours, they decided that they could do nothing, and so the original form of the announcement was read as it was.
(quote from Khamanei as per his website)
I have not heard anyone in the columns of TB call him a liar yet (unlike AN)! So I presume the words quoted are true. Seems to give a very different perspective from that of a power hungry individual who wants to be crowned a 'marja' as if such a thing was ever possible in the first place. As in reality a 'marja' acquires his standing in the Shi'ite community through his outstanding works of piety, humility in behaviour, knowledge and service to his followers. I have not seen any comment about Khamanei accusing him of avarice, conceit or ignorance. The only potentially sound allegation made against him was his apparent endorsement of AN as president even before the official count was completed thus undermining one of the necessary conditions of being a marja that of being 'adil'. I think the reformists and particularly those who have wrongly been imprisoned and subjected to abuses can probably fairly claim that he has departed from this particular condition. But in his favour are many mitigating circumstances, such as the threat of civil war and foreign interference had the situation not been quickly controlled by the security forces very quickly, the closing down of Kahrizak, the various enquiries that have been instigated under his direction on the abuses at Tehran University, the reaching out to various sections of the population including taking on a lot of open flak and criticism directly by a student and indirectly by his opponents, who still remain relatively free to speak what they want in Tehran.

rezvan / October 16, 2010 4:42 AM

Rezvan:

You supporting Ayatollah Khamenei (AKh) and Ahmadinejad is your business, although you are on the wrong side of history here. But, what you say about AKh being a Marja' is not what the history shows, unless you have invented your own version of history.

Before he was appointed as the SL, AKh was not even a Mojtahed, let alone a Marja'. They had to revise the Constitution in order to be able to justify his appointment. After his appointment, the two most important grand ayatollahs of the time - the true Marja's - Ayatollahs Golpayegani and Mara'shi sent him telegrams referring to him as Hojjatoleslam, not ayatollah!

Then after Ayatollah Mara'shi passed away in 1994 (Golpayegani passed away in 1992), security forces saturated Qom, seminary students that were supported financially by the SL's office had demonstrations, and many clerics were pressured in order to declare AKh a Marja'. Even then, he was listed only as the 4th person in the list of 7, and since declaring him a Marja' was really ridiculous, he said that he would be a Marja' for outsiders, which is another ridiculous statement, because in Shiite Islam it is the people who decide whom they want to emulate. No true Mojtahed or Marja' says, "I want to be emulated by this or that group of people."

And regarding Jaame'h Modarresin-e Qom (JMQ): It is simply a political party operating under that name. One of its leaders, Mohammad Yazdi is a most corrupt cleric that destroyed the judiciary. Ayatollah Shahrudi, his successor said, "man viraaneh ghazaei raa tahvil gereftam." The other leader, Moghtadaei, is one of the most reactionary, backward thinking clerics.

The JMQ declares the Organization of Islamic Revolution Mojahedin - a political not religious group - as "illegitimate," declares Ayatollah Yousef Sanei, a most popular and moderate cleric and one who Ayatollah Khomeini had certified him as a Mojtahed, as not being a Marja', etc., etc.
Often Yazdi issues a statement in the name of the JMQ, but then others quietly protest that they did not agree to it, or did not want to sign it.

So, nothing that the JMQ says has any credibility with people like me.

Asghar Taragheh / October 16, 2010 7:34 PM

Say what you will Rezvan, but we WILL take our country back and this circus will soon be over in logic name, Amen.
It's payback time.

Niloofar / October 16, 2010 9:24 PM

@ rezvan,

I do not understand why a pro government list after demise of ayatollah araki is taken as a solid document to say khamenei is a marja! many high profile established marjas did not accept khamenei as a marja. see link.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2010/10/101016_l39_hamidansari_mohammadyazdi_ayatollahkhomeini.shtml

if he was a marja where is his resale?

hamid / October 16, 2010 11:15 PM

  

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