Molecular sieve
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A molecular sieve is a material containing tiny pores of a precise and uniform size that is used as an absorbent for gases and liquids.
Molecules small enough to pass through the pores are absorbed while larger molecules are not. It is different from a common filter in that it operates on a molecular level. For instance, a water molecule may be small enough to pass through the pores while larger molecules are not. The pores also act as a trap for the penetrating water molecules which are retained within the pores. Because of this, they often function as a desiccant. A molecular sieve can adsorb water up to 22% of its own weight.[1] The principle of absorption to molecular sieve particles is somehow similar to that of size exclusion chromatography.
Often they consist of aluminosilicate minerals, clays, porous glasses, microporous charcoals, zeolites, active carbons, or synthetic compounds that have open structures through which small molecules, such as nitrogen and water can diffuse.
Molecular sieves are often utilized in the petroleum industry, especially for the purification of gas streams and in the chemistry laboratory for separating compounds and drying reaction starting materials. The mercury content of natural gas is extremely harmful to the aluminium piping and other parts of the liquefaction apparatus - silica gel is used in this case.
Methods for regeneration of molecular sieves include pressure change (as in oxygen concentrators), heating and purging with a carrier gas (as when used in ethanol dehydration), or heating under high vacuum.
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[edit] Adsorption capabilities[2][3]
- 3A (pore size 3 Å): Adsorbs NH3, H2O, (not C2H6), good for drying polar liquids.
- 4A (pore size 4 Å): Adsorbs H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, EtOH. Will not adsorb C3H8 and higher hydrocarbons. Good for drying nonpolar liquids and gases.
- 5A (pore size 5 Å): Adsorbs normal (linear) hydrocarbons to n-C4H10, alcohols to C4H9OH, mercaptans to C4H9SH. Will not adsorb isocompounds or rings greater than C4.
- 10X (pore size 8 Å): Adsorbs branched hydrocarbons and aromatics. Useful for drying gases.
- 13X (pore size 10 Å): Adsorbs di-n-butylamine (not tri-n-butylamine). Useful for drying HMPA.
[edit] See also
Some of the many types of molecular sieves are:
[edit] References
- ^ Molecular sieve,and molecular sieves study
- ^ Fieser and Fieser, Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Vol. 1, Wiley, New York, 1967, p. 703
- ^ Breck, D.W. J. Chem. Ed., 41, 678 (1964)
[edit] External links
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