Nootka Sound Controversy

The Nootka Sound Controversy involved the competing claims of Spain and Britain for control of trade and navigation on the NORTHWEST COAST and in the Pacific Ocean, 1789-94. Spain claimed the Pacific as its exclusive territory by right of the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). Britain argued that navigation was open to any nation, and territorial claims had to be backed by effective occupation. In July 1789 Esteban MARTÍNEZ, Spanish commandant at NOOTKA SOUND, seized several British merchant ships. John MEARES, part owner of these ships, reported the seizure to his government in his Memorial of 30 April 1790. Britain demanded compensation and threatened war, but Spain declined to pay compensation and prepared for war, hoping its long-standing Bourbon ally, France, would provide assistance. France, undergoing revolution, refused.

Under the terms of 3 conventions Spain was obliged to accede to British requests and compensate the British for their losses. Under the third Nootka Convention (11 January 1794) Spain and Britain recognized each other's rights of trade at Nootka Sound and in other Pacific coast areas not already controlled by Spain. Subjects of either nation could erect temporary buildings at Nootka, but not permanent garrisons or factories. Neither nation could claim exclusive sovereignty. Nootka Sound was to be maintained as a free port by Spain and Britain, and to be open to other nations. On 28 March 1795 both countries completed their withdrawal from Nootka Sound. The controversy ended in symbolic victory for British mercantile and political interests.

Author BARRY M. GOUGH

Links to Other Sites
Juan de Fuca
A biography of Greek navigator Juan de Fuca (Ioannis Phokas), who was said to have participated in 16th century Spanish expeditions along the west coast of North America. From the American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association.

Historical Atlas of Canada
View online excerpts from the "Historica Atlas of Canada." Also, search this book for maps and background information about specific places, people, and events in Canadian history. From Google Books.

At the Far Reaches of Empire
See detailed accounts of 18th century Spanish naval expeditions along the Pacific coast of North America. Search for specific locations and major events, such as the Nootka Sound Controversy. From Google Books.

The Strait of Anian and British Northwest America: Cook's Third Voyage in Perspective
An article about James Cook's voyages of exploration along the West Coast of North America. From "BC Studies," a University of British Columbia website.

Historical atlas of the Pacific Northwest
View exceprts from a book of maps created by the navigators, explorers, and cartographers who first charted the Northwest. Search for names of specific locations and exploreres to find pages with related information. From Google Books.