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NEC TurboGrafx-16 (TG16) - 1989-1993
(Also known as the PC Engine)
"The Higher Energy Video Game System."
System History
In Japan, shortly after the introduction of Nintendo's Famicom (Japan's version of the NES), the electronics giant NEC entered into the videogame market with the introduction of their "next generation" system, known as the PC Engine (PCE). The PCE boasted a 16-bit graphics chip capable of displaying up to 256 colors on screen at once, at a number of resolutions. Although its CPU wasn't much more powerful that of the NES, its spectacular graphics chip and six-channel sound bettered the Famicom in every way. It utilized a sleek new card format (PCE games are either HuCards or Turbochips) to hold its software, rather than bulky cartridges. It was also the first console to boast a CD-ROM drive, for full orchestral soundtracks and even (gasp!) full motion video. The PC Engine was immensely popular in Japan, outselling the Famicom by a significant margin.
In 1989, two years after its Japanese introduction, NEC announced plans to bring the PC Engine overseas, to the booming videogame market of the U.S. With a huge library of Japanese software, it seemed to many as though the system couldn't possibly fail.
At the time, the NES was the #1 system in the US. Games were no longer being made for Atari's 7800, and despite the popularity of the Sega Master System in Europe, it failed to capture the hearts of the U.S. gaming public. Arcade and computer games began to set new standards in visual and aural excellence, making the NES seem primitive in comparison. Although MMC (memory mapper) chips allowed the NES to do some pretty spectacular things, the game-buying
public was hungry for a new system.
Shortly after NEC stated its intention to bring the PC Engine to the U.S., Sega announced that its Mega Drive system (released in Japan a year after the PC Engine) would also be coming to the U.S. as the Sega Genesis. The Mega Drive was slow to catch on in Japan, as the installed user base of PC Engine was so large. In fact, the Mega Drive was spectacularly unpopular with our Japanese friends. Although the Mega Drive boasted superior graphics and sound, the absence of a CD-ROM drive was a definite minus in most gamers' minds. Once you've played a CD-ROM game, cartridge games just don't seem as good. At the time, the Genesis didn't seem like much of a threat to the assured success of the TurboGrafx-16 (NEC's American name for the PC Engine). The TG-16 had more games, and it took advantage of the massive storage capacity of CD-ROM. The stage was set for the battle of the next generation systems, and in Christmas of 1989... the war began.
Sales of both machines were brisk, due to massive national ad campaigns by both Sega and NEC. Sega had its library of arcade hits to back up the Genesis, and the original release of the system boasted the mediocre, but arcade-popular Altered Beast as its pack-in game. Although Altered Beast is just slightly better than terrible, the TG-16's pack-in game (Keith Courage in Alpha Zones), made Altered Beast look like a triumph of video game engineering.
To Sega's credit, it released the excellent Phantasy Star 2 soon after the Genesis' introduction, much to the delight of RPG fans. Conversely, it would be over a year before the TG-16 had its first true RPG. Word began to spread that the TG-16 was not a "true" 16-bit system, as its CPU was only 8-bit. Though the TurboGrafx had no trouble holding its own against the Genesis as far as graphics, as far as sound and speed are concerned, it was somehow inferior in the minds of many gamers.
Bonk's Adventure |
Throughout the crucial first year, NEC was slow to translate and release the popular Japanese games. Despite their so-called policy of releasing only the "best of the best" Japanese games (such as the
Bonk series and
Miltary Madness), NEC allowed a lot of crappy games to slip through. Many truly excellent games were either ignored outright, or subject to Nintendo's "exclusive licencing" policy that was in effect at the time. The gist of this policy was, if a game was already available on NES, game companies could not produce any versions for any other game system. Although this policy was later ruled illegal, it hurt the TurboGrafx a lot in the early stages of its life. Hudson Soft, the primary producer of PC Engine software, was also producing games for the huge NES market. Releasing a game on TurboGrafx exclusively (as they would have to do) would restrict its potential sales (as the NES had a greater installed user base).
Bomberman is (probably) the only exception. Nintendo's exclusive licensing policy didn't affect the Genesis much, as it had many more of its own third-party publishers, and Sega always had its arcade library to fall back on.
As an ironic twist to the story, the CD-ROM drive was severely overpriced and difficult to find outside of major cities, despite NEC's promise that it would be so affordable, every TG-16 owner would have one. Although there were hundreds of CD-ROM titles in Japan, it took a substantial amount of time and effort to translate games, and many of the great PC Engine RPGs were passed over, due to their sheer volume of both text and speech. As a result, the
TG-CD sold very poorly, as the games were hardly good enough to justify its high cost.
In 1992, NEC passed on the task of distributing systems and software to TTI (Turbo Technologies Inc.), a company made up of staff from both NEC and Hudson Soft. With the release of Sega's CD-ROM drive (the Mega CD/Sega CD) imminent, TTI redesigned the TG-16 and TG-CD into a compact unit known as the Turbo Duo (simply called the Duo in Japan). With the increased memory capacity of the built-in System Card 3.0, and a much lower price (under $200), the Turbo Duo was poised to take the U.S. video game market, and leave Sega wondering what hit it.
TTI began an agressive advertising campaign for the Duo, the most notorious being the "Johnny Turbo" magazine ads. These comic-style ads focused around "Johnny Turbo," a freelance crime fighter who was determined to crush the evil forces of "Feka" (rhymes with Sega), who were brainwashing thousands of kids into thinking the Sega CD was the world's first
"complete" CD system. The evil minions of Feka were inhuman monsters with glowing red eyes,
interested only in cheating kids out of their hard-earned money. Johnny Turbo leaps to the rescue, eliminating the Feka baddies and spreading the word that the Turbo Duo is the world's only complete CD gaming system (unlike the Sega CD, which required a Genesis).
The main problem with these ads was that Sega NEVER ONCE stated that the Sega CD was a complete gaming system. They didn't actively promote the fact that you needed a Genesis, but it was made quite clear on the box (and in advertisements) that it was an add-on, not a complete system. At the time, Sega had an excellent advertising campaign (imagine someone screaming SEGA! directly in your ear), and its top-notch games library had already established the Genesis as the hot system to buy. In comparison, TTI's Johnny Turbo ads seemed petty and overly confrontational. Although the Duo never really had a chance in the American market, TTI's flawed marketing strategy helped bury the system.
Despite the fact that TTI promised they would bring out oodles of quality games (mostly on CD), they failed miserably. While the Duo had some definite gems (most notably, Working Designs' excellent translation of Exile), there were a lot of games announced but never released. By this time, Nintendo's Super NES was starting to gain a foothold in the U.S. market, thanks mainly to its massive third-party support, something that the Duo sorely lacked. Although the Sega CD was far from the runaway success it was supposed to be, it still outsold the Duo by a significant margain. By the end of 1993, support for the Duo was practically nonexistant. With the first 32-bit systems (like the 3DO) just around the corner, the Turbo was all but forgotten.
In four short years, the TurboGrafx-16 had been transformed from a sure-fire success into bargain-bin fodder. It's easy to blame NEC or TTI for its failure, but it was more a matter of bad timing than inept management. Nobody predicted that the Genesis would win the hearts of U.S. gamers, especially considering its poor sales in the Land of the Rising Sun. Many believe that if the TG-CD had been more reasonably priced, the system could have become a lot more popular than it was.
Games
R-Type |
The TG-16 is a "shoot'em-up" fan's delight. Games like
Blazing Lazers,
Super Star Soldier,
Parodius,
Salamander,
R-Type and
Soldier Blade are the best examples. Its selection of role-playing games is sparse, with the best ones being available on CD only. There are quite a few RPGs for the PC Engine, but they're unplayable if you don't speak Japanese.
Driving games are uncommon, with the best ones being Chase HQ, Final Lap Twin, and the MotoRoader series. The PC Engine had quite a few more.
Sports games are also few and far between. Again, the PC Engine was better served in this genre, but the quality
of its sports games are still several notches below sports titles on the Genesis. Davis Cup Tennis is perhaps the only exception.
Accessories / Hardware
The PC Engine Family
- PC Engine
- PC Engine Core Grafix
- PC Engine Shuttle
- PC Engine GT
- PC Engine Super Grafx
The Turbo Family
The TurboExpress (called the PC Engine GT in Japan), is a portable TG-16 with a 2.6" active-matrix color LCD screen. Capable of playing the same software as the full-sized system (the TurboChip cards), it was (until the release of Sega's Nomad, a Genesis portable) the most advanced portable system ever created. Both the Game Gear and
Lynx (the only other two color portables at the time) had 8-bit graphics chips and inferior passive-matrix color screens. The passive-matrix screens were cheaper and consumed less power, but fast motion on screen tended to blur, and the colors were lacking in contrast. By comparison, the active-matrix screen of the TurboExpress, although smaller, was crisp and vibrant. An add-on TV Tuner allowed the TurboExpress to function as a monitor for a camcorder, as well as picking up VHF and UHF transmissions. With the use of a homemade patch cable and a converter box, you could even watch Cable TV (as this author was forced to do for several months :)). All these features came at a price, however. Battery life was extremely short (six alkaline AA batteries lasted a scant three hours). However,
there were several rechargable battery packs that were compatible with it, and the backlit screen automatically deactivates itself after a period of inactivity, to conserve power. Unless you're watching TV, of course. Sleek and durable, the TurboExpress was a marvel of engineering that deserved a lot more recognition than it received.
The Turbo Duo is a TurboGrafx-16, TurboGrafx-CD, and System Card 3 in one compact package. Hardware specs are identical to the rest of the Turbo family.
Controllers
The TurboPad (standard TG16 controller) is similar to the NES controller, but with a more rounded shape. It differed from the standard PC Engine pad in that it boasted a pair of three position "turbo switches," allowing rapid fire. Although the pads were quite comfortable to hold, its cord was far too short and unnecessarily thick, making the controllers difficult to store, and requiring the TG-16 console to be placed on a table (or the floor) directly in front of the gamer. Keeping it in a cabinet underneath the TV was out of the question, unless you enjoy sitting inches away from the screen. An extension cable was introduced that added an extra six feet, but it was far from being an ideal solution.
The TurboStick is an arcade-style joystick for the TG16. The actual stick was smaller than standard arcade equipment, but it was surprisingly comfortable to use. The base was weighted, giving it an extra measure of stability. The "turbo switches" were replaced with analog sliders, allowing more control over the rate of fire. All in all, the TurboStick was an excellent controller, and even boasted a longer cord for added comfort.
Add-Ons
The TurboTap (later renamed the DuoTap) was an adapter that allowed up to five people to play at once in supported games. In fact, as the TG-16/PCE only had one controller port, the "tap" was the only way to play multi-player games. A bit of a step backward.
The TurboBooster is an add-on that allowed the TG16 to be hooked up to a stereo or an S-VHS capable television for extra clarity of the graphics and sound. The TurboBooster Plus was the same unit, with battery-back up.
The TurboGrafx-16 CD-ROM Drive is a 1x multimedia CD-ROM drive for the TG16. It consists of two parts: the cradle (which the TG16 system plugs into, and the CD-ROM drive itself, which is top-loading and removable. Though the drive itself was fairly compact (at the time), it couldn't run on battery power. To play CDs on the go, you needed to lug along the AC adapter, which was heavier than the CD-ROM drive itself. Insert the "CD System Card" into the TG16, and Audio CDs and CD+G (CD+Graphics) discs can be played, using an on-screen control panel. The unit also features battery back-up, similar to the TurboBooster Plus.
The System Cards
The TurboGrafx-CD System Card is included with the TurboGrafx CD-ROM drive. Also known as CD System 2.0.
The Super System Card (version 3.0) allowed the TG16+CD to play the newer, Duo CD games. The main difference between the system cards is added RAM, permitting smooth motion video and less CD access. This added RAM is standard on the Turbo Duo, which does not require any system cards.
The Arcade Card was only released for the PC Engine and Japanese Duo. It had double the RAM of the Super System Card, and was specifically for the Duo translations of SNK's Neo Geo games. The Arcade card versions of Fatal Fury, ,i>Art of Fighting, and King of Fighters are apparently the finest home versions of Neo•Geo games in existence (not including the Neo•Geo console versions, obviously). The Arcade card is currently unemulated in Magic Engine.
Emulation
In April of 1997, nearly a whole decade after the introduction of the PC Engine in Japan, the world's first TG-16 emulator was released. Authored by French code-jockey David Michel, Magic Engine's initial public release (v0.7) was a stunningly faithful emulator, capable of running over 90% of the HuCard (TurboChip) ROM images available on the Internet. Although the emulator wasn't free (a registration fee of $35 U.S. was required), it became extremely popular. Magic Engine finally allowed the majority of the U.S. game-playing public to experience the wacky world of PC Engine games for the first time. Compare JJ & Jeff (U.S.) with Kato & Ken (Japanese), and you'll see. In version 0.9 of Magic Engine, David added support for PC Engine and TG-CD software, opening up a vast library of top-notch games. Fantastic titles such as Konami's Dracula-X and the aforementioned Exile could be played right on your PC, with the full CD-audio soundtrack. Thanks to the efforts of David Michel (and Jens Christian Restemeier, author of VPCE, another TG16 emulator), the TurboGrafx will never be forgotten, and its games will live forever, to be enjoyed by countless gamers across the globe.
Today, many TG16 games are available for purchase through the Nintendo Wii's Virtual Console service.
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This section was Researched and Authored by Jonathan J. Burtenshaw (Harry Tuttle). © 1998 Jonathan J. Burtenshaw, Please do not use any of the above pictures or text without permission. Authors Note: "Most of this information is directly from my brain. If any of this information is wrong, let me know and I'll put it
straight by giving myself a mighty wallop on the back on the head."
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