Suffragette

A British suffragette (c. 1910)

"Suffragette" is a term coined by the Daily Mail newspaper as a derogatory label for members of the late 19th and early 20th century movement for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom, in particular members of the Women's Social and Political Union. However, after former and then active members of the movement began to reclaim the word, the term became a label without negative connotations. It derives from the term "suffragist," which proponents of women's "suffrage," or right to vote, originally adopted. They wanted to be involved in the running of the country and they wanted to be treated as equals to men.

Suffragist is a more general term for members of suffrage movements, whether radical or conservative, male or female. In Britain, "suffragist" is generally used solely to identify members of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies.

History

Origins

The members of the suffrage movement were mostly women from middle class backgrounds, frustrated by their social and economic situation and seeking an outlet through which to initiate change. Their struggles for change within society, along with the work of such advocates for women’s rights as John Stuart Mill, were enough to spearhead a movement that would encompass mass groups of women fighting for suffrage. Mill had first introduced the idea of women’s suffrage on the platform he presented to the British electorate in 1865. He would later be joined by numerous men and women fighting for the same cause.

New Zealand was the first self-governing country to grant women the vote; in 1893 all women over the age of 21 were permitted to vote in parliamentary elections.

The Suffragists were members of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, which was founded in 1897, formed of a collection of local suffrage societies. This union was led by Millicent Fawcett, who believed in constitutional campaigning, like issueing leaflets, organising meetings and presenting petitions. However this campaigning did not have much effect. So in 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst founded a new organisation, the Women's Social and Political Union. Pankhurst thought that the movement would have to become radical and militant if it were going to work. The Daily Mail later gave them the name 'Suffragettes'.

A few historians feel that some of the suffragettes' actions actually damaged their cause. The argument was that the suffragettes should not get the vote because they were too emotional and could not think as logically as men; their violent and aggressive actions were used as evidence in support of this argument.

Early 20th century

Memorial edition of The Suffragette newspaper dedicated to Emily Davison

1912 was a turning point for the Suffragettes in the UK as they turned to using more militant tactics such as chaining themselves to railings, setting fire to mailbox contents, smashing windows and occasionally detonating bombs . This was because the current Prime Minister at the time, Asquith, nearly signed a document giving women (over 30 and either married to a property-owner or owning a property themselves) the right to vote. But he pulled out at the last minute, as he thought the women may vote against him in the next General Election, stopping his party (Liberals) from getting into Parliament/ruling the country.

One suffragette, Emily Davison, died after she tried to throw a suffragette banner over the King's horse, Anmer at the Epsom Derby of June 5, 1913. Many of her fellow suffragettes were imprisoned and went on a hunger strike as a scare tactic against the government. The Liberal government of the day led by H. H. Asquith responded with the Cat and Mouse Act. When a Suffragette was sent to prison, it was assumed that she would go on hunger strike as this caused the authorities maximum discomfort. The Cat and Mouse Act allowed the Suffragettes to go on a hunger strike and let them get weaker and weaker. When the Suffragette was very weak, they were released from prison. If they died out of prison, this was of no embarrassment to the government, however, some Suffragettes who were especially weak were force fed with tubes which went down their throats and into their stomach. This meant that none of those who were released died but they were so weak that they could take no part in violent Suffragette struggles. When those who had been arrested and released had regained their strength they were re-arrested for the most trivial of reasons and the whole process began again. This, from the government's point of view, was a very simple but effective weapon against the Suffragettes. Nevertheless, protests continued on both sides of the Atlantic. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns led a series of protests against the Wilson Administration in Washington that referred to "Kaiser Wilson" and compared the plight of the German people with that of American women.^{[citation needed]}

During World War I there was a serious shortage of able-bodied men, and women were required to take on many of the traditional male roles — this led to a new view of what a woman was capable of doing. The war also caused a split in the British suffragette movement, with the mainstream, represented by Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst's WSPU calling a 'ceasefire' in their campaign for the duration of the war, while more radical suffragettes, represented by Sylvia Pankhurst's Women's Suffrage Federation continued the struggle.

Political movement towards women's suffrage began during the war, and in 1918 Parliament passed the Representation of the People Act 1918 granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who were: householders, the wives of householders, occupiers of property with an annual rent of £5, or graduates of British universities. Pugh (1974) argues that the decision to enfranchise soldiers primarily, and women secondarily, was made by senior politicians in 1916. In the absence of major women's groups demanding equal suffrage, the government's conference recommended limited, age-restricted women's suffrage. The suffragettes had been weakened, Pugh argues, by repeated failures before 1914 and by the disorganizing effects of war mobilization. Therefore, they quietly accepted these restrictions, which were approved in 1918 by a majority of the War Ministry and each political party in Parliament. About 8.4 million women gained the vote. More generally, Searle (2004) argues that the British debate was essentially over by the 1890s, and that granting the suffrage in 1918 was mostly a byproduct of giving the vote to male soldiers. Women in Britain finally achieved suffrage on the same terms as men in 1928.

American women's right to vote was codified in the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920.

Colours

Pendant presented to Louise Eates in 1909

From 1908 the WSPU adopted the colour scheme of purple, white and green: purple symbolised dignity, white purity, and green hope. These three colours were used for banners, flags, rosettes and badges, and appeared in newspaper cartoons and postcards.

Mappin & Webb, the London jewellers, issued a catalogue of suffragette jewellery for Christmas 1908.

In 1909, the WSPU presented specially commissioned pieces of jewellery to leading suffragettes Emmeline Pankhurst and Louise Eates. Some Arts and Crafts jewellery of the period incorporated the colours purple, white and green using enamel and semi-precious stones such as amethysts, pearls, and peridots; however it is rather a moot point whether all such jewellery is connected with the suffragettes, as these stones were already quite common in women's jewellery during the late 19th century, before the WSPU adopted the colours.^{[citation needed]}

It is a popular myth that the colours were green, white and violet, in order to spell GWV as an acronym for 'Give Women Votes'.^{[citation needed]}

Notable people

Canada Nellie McClung and the rest of the Famous Five Emily Stowe United Kingdom Emmeline Pankhurst Dame Christabel Pankhurst DBE Sylvia Pankhurst Edith Rigby Ethel Snowden Rosa May Billinghurst Emily Wilding Davison Norah Dacre Fox (later Norah Elam). Jane Ellen Harrison Clemence Housman Annie Kenney Dame Grace Kimmins DBE Lilian Lenton Mary Lowndes Lady Constance Georgina Bulwer-Lytton Selina Martin Ada Nield Chew Frances Parker

Emmeline, Baroness Pethick-Lawrence Mary Richardson Dame Ethel Smyth DBE Joan Beauchamp Dame Millicent Fawcett GBE Olive Wharry Sophia Duleep Singh Mabel Capper Ireland Joanna-Naoise Lovage Skye O'Mahony Australia Muriel Matters Louisa Lawson Vida Goldstein Alice Henry Dora Montefiore Jessie Street Bessie Rischbieth

USA Lucretia Mott Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton Carrie Chapman Catt Alice Paul Maud Humphrey Lucy Burns Mary Edith Campbell Julia Ward Howe Margaret Mitchell Vita Boarman Whitehouse Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Mary Church Terrell Ida B. Wells New Zealand Kate Sheppard

Gallery

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  Portrait badge of Emmeline Pankhurst (c. 1909) Sold in large numbers by the WSPU to raise funds

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  Suffragette Banner (c. 1910)

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  Votes for Women poster (1909)

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  WSPU poster (1914)

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  Mrs. Abby Scott Baker, a suffragette from Washington, DC

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  The first American suffragette parade was in New York City in 1905. The parade went up Broadway to Union Square.

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  Louise Hall, with brush, and Susan Fitzgerald post bills in Cincinnati for women's suffrage.

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  Mrs. Norman Whitehouse making a street speech for suffrage, December 1913.

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  Mrs. Richard Coke Burleson, Grand Marshall of a suffrage parade, March 3, 1913.

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  R.C. Beadle and A.H. Brown of the Men's League for Women's Suffrage receiving a banner from Frances Bjorkman in New York City, 1915.

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  April 7, 1916, Nell Richardson and Mrs. Alice Burke set out on a national automobile tour to campaign for women's suffrage awareness, driving from New York City to San Francisco in the "Golden Flyer".

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  A woman distributes suffrage broadsides, January 1911.

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  A women's suffrage float in the parade of the New York Fair, Yonkers, 1913.

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  Suffragists travelled to New York City Hall in a decorated float to present Mayor Gaynor with tickets to a suffrage event.

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  Margaret Vale, niece of President Wilson, demonstrating for women's suffrage in New York City, October 1915.

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  "Tennessee" Celeste Claflin with other suffragettes.

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  Woman showing a marching costume, Chicago suffrage parade, June 6, 1916.

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  A pre-election women's suffrage parade in New York City, October, 1915. 20,000 women marched.

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  UK WSPU Hunger Strike Medal July 30th 1909 including the bar 'Fed by Force 17 September 1909'. The Medal awarded to Mabel Capper records the first instance of forcible feeding of hunger striking Suffragette prisoners in England at Winson Green Prison in Birmingham.

See also

• List of suffragists and suffragettes
• Women's suffrage
• Pankhurst Centre

Further reading

• Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst. The suffragette; the history of the women's militant suffrage movement, 1905-1910 (New York Sturgis & Walton Company, 1911).
• Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (New York: Merriam Webster, 1983) ISBN 0-87779-511-8
• Diane Atkinson. The Purple, White and Green: Suffragettes in London (Museum of London, 1992).
• Melanie Phillips. The Ascent of Woman: A History of the Suffragette Movement (Abacus, 2004).

External links

• UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts
• The struggle for democracy Visit the British Library learning resource pages to discover more about the suffragette movement
• Suffragettes versus Suffragists - website comparing aims and methods of Women’s Social and Political Union (Suffragettes) to National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (Suffragists)
• Suffragists vs. Suffragettes - brief article outlining origins of term "suffragette", usage of term and links to other sources.
• Exploring 20th century London - Women's Social and Political Union (W.S.P.U.) Objects and photographs including hunger strike medal's given to activists.
• Edwardian Emporium page with a curious gallery of Suffragette supporters' pin-badges.
• Antiques Journal Information on Suffragette jewellery.