Parliamentary Government
The British Empire has had a huge impact on the world. The most obvious legacy of the British Empire is the English language which has spread all over the world and become the world's international language of business. However, one of the other best legacies of the British Empire is Westminster-style parliamentary government. This colleagal cabinet system with a Prime Minister as head of government, but with the British monarch as head of state represented by a Governor General, or a ceremonial President as head of state. It is a stable system of free and democractic government, with regular elections. The UK Parliament in Westminster, known as the 'Mother of Parliaments', has served as the model for the parliaments of Commonwealth countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa (until the 1960's), India, Jamaica, Malta, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Bahamas. Other countries such as the United States of America and some African nations have adopted a different system, such as the US Congress, with a powerful Executive President who is both head of state and head of government.
Flags and the Military
Obvious visible legacies of the British Empire are flags and the military. Many countries around the world still use flags which contain the British Union Jack besides remaining British Overseas Territories - Australia and its states, New Zealand, Fiji Islands, Tuvalu, the Cook Islands, Niue and three Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Manitoba and Ontario). Even the U.S. State of Hawaii still flies a flag containing the British Union Jack to honour its historical connection with the United Kingdom. British flag practice is used throughout all Commonwealth countries. Military and civil flags in Commonwealth countries are based on the British family of ensigns with countries using a white ensign for their navies with their own flags in them instead of the Union Jack, a light blue ensign with a roundel for their air forces, red ensigns containing their own flags in the corner for their merchant and civil shipping and blue ensigns for government shipping. In countries using the Union Jack such as Australia, their own emblems such as the stars of the Southern Cross are placed on the military ensigns. By contrast, in most foreign countries, only the national flag is used on all shipping. Canada no longer has a white ensign for its naval ships, and has adopted the foreign practice of using the national flag on all shipping, but Canada has a white jack for the bow of its ships, similar to the traditional white ensign. Canada does have a light blue air force ensign which is similar to the light blue British Royal Air Force ensign.
Click on this link to view some examples of Commonwealth naval and air force ensigns
Commonwealth countries also have armies, navies and air forces modelled on the British armed forces with similar or even identical uniforms, rank structures and insignia. They identify themselves by placing their own emblems or country names on the British-style uniforms and insignia. The Royal Canadian Navy (until 1968), Royal Australian Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force (until 1968), Royal Australian Air Force and Royal New Zealand Air Force are all modelled on the British Royal Navy and Royal Air Force. Their armies also have British-style regiments. Other Commonwealth countries, including the republics, have their militaries set up similar to the British forces. In 1968, Canada unified its armed forces into a single Canadian Armed Forces with a common uniform and rank structure, but some British traditions remained and others are now slowly being reintroduced in Canada. Separate uniforms for the three branches of the Canadian Armed Forces returned in the 1980's and the British-style 'executive curl' for uniforms of naval officers was restored in 2010. Despite the adaption of British military practice throughout the Commonwealth, the United Kingdom remains the only Commonwealth country with Royal Marines. Membership in the British armed forces is open to citizens of all Commonwealth countries.
Products
The British Empire brought products which we use today into general use including sugar, coffee, tobacco, cocoa and chocolate (from the Americas), tea, rice (from India) and rubber (from Malaya). The development of rubber created today's useful products such as tyres and Wellington boots. Hindi words from India including "bungalow", "veranda" and "pyjamas" also entered the English language due to India's place in the British Empire.
Products and industries of the British Empire were shown on cigarette cards available before the Second World War. They can be viewed by clicking on this link.
Source: Rev. Anthony Hathaway-Taylor's Empire to Commonwealth Project.
Measurement
The Imperial system of measurement is another legacy of the British Empire. All countries which are former British colonies used this system until recently. It consisted of pounds, ounces, feet, inches, gallons, miles, pints, etc. In Africa, for example, this system was used in former British colonies such as South Africa, Tanzania and Kenya, while the metric system was used in former French colonies such as Algeria and Ivory Coast. The fact that the United States of America still uses this system is part of its British heritage.
However, after the Second World War, the need to develop trade around the world made Commonwealth countries take the decision to convert to the metric system of measurement, known as SI - Systeme Internationale with its metres, centimetres, kilometres, grammes, kilogrammes, litres, etc. The first recommendation to convert to the metric system in the United Kingdom was made by the scientific community in the 1880's, but this was not acted upon. By the 1960's, the United Kingdom was developing trading links with continental Europe and the decision was made to fully convert to the metric system in 1965. This process was begun with the decimalisation of the British Sterling currency in 1971, replacing shillings and pence with new pence (now just caled pence). The Republic of Ireland also followed suit. A gradual conversion to the metric system for all uses then took place in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Commonwealth countries followed suit and Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Jamaica and others began converting to the metric system of measurement. Metrication became a Commonwealth-wide movement. Today, not all former British Empire countries have gone fully metric - some have completed their conversions and others are still slowly changing. The United Kingdom today is predominantly metric, but still has miles on its road signs, while kilometres are now used in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and India. Though these countries have gone metric, Imperial units are still widely used on a personal basis by many of the people.
The United States of America, with its fiercely independent spirit, has remained committed to the old British system of measurement, though it has its own variations of the liquid measurements. The U.S. gallon is equivalent to 3.6 litres, while the British Imperial gallon (formerly used in Canada) was equivalent to 4.5 litres.
Chronology and status of Metric conversion by former British Empire country
Country |
previous system of measure |
year of conversion |
status of metrication |
India, |
various |
1954 |
Complete |
1965 |
Not complete |
||
Ireland, |
1967 |
Complete |
|
1969 |
Complete |
||
1969 |
Complete |
||
1973 |
Not complete |
||
1998 |
Not complete |
||
|
2005 |
Complete |
Sports
Besides having an international sporting event for former British colonies in the Commonwealth Games (British Empire Games until 1954), some sports have become a legacy of the British Empire. The most notable is cricket which is played in every Commonwealth country, though less so in Canada. It is a summer sport in the United Kingdom and a very popular year-round sport in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Australia, New Zealand, African and Caribbean countries. A few non-Commonwealth countries are now getting interested in cricket such as the United States and the Netherlands. Football (soccer) and rugby are also very popular and widely played throughout Commonwealth countries. Football (soccer) is now a global game and rugby, though most notably played in the Unied Kingdom, New Zealand and South Africa, is also played in parts of France. Cricket and rugby are now starting to catch on in Canada which was always distinctly known for hockey. Football (soccer) is now a summer sport in Canada as well as cricket which has been brought into Canada mostly by immigrants from Commonwealth countries such as those in the Caribbean, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
Left-side Driving
Another evident legacy of the British Empire is driving on the left side of the road. Most former British colonies, with some exceptions, their cars drive on the left side of the road, as opposed to the right which was adopted by the United States of America, Latin American countries and European countries.
However, the story of left or right hand side driving is more than just a derivative of British Imperialism. Right-handedness, a trait shared by 85 to 90% of people, is the reason for the initial preference for left and for the switch to right side driving.
Throughout the ages, horsemen preferred passing each other on the left side, because this allowed them to hold on to the reins with their left hand while with their right they shook hands with or swords at passers-by (as the situation warranted).
In the late 1700's, teamsters in many countries switched to bigger freight waggons drawn by multiple pairs of horses. They would sit on the left rear horse, thus able to whip with their right hand. This allowed them better vision on their left-hand side, so they preferred the opposing traffic to cross them on the left – meaning they switched to driving on the right-hand side of the road. So nowadays, an estimated 66% of people worldwide live in right-hand side countries, and 72% of all distances are completed while driving on the right side of the road.
One of the main promulgators of driving on the right was revolutionary
Even in spite of
Many former British colonies outside of Europe continue to drive on the left:
Many other ex-British colonies did change to driving on the right, as with
The introduction of right-side driving sometimes did coincide with anti-British politics. This certainly was a factor in the American switch (the
In spite of all the preceding, the choice of which side to drive on can not be reduced to a matter of British influence or not. Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, and the US Virgin Islands were never British colonies, but today they too drive on the left.
An overview of left-side driving countries per continent (current and former British territories underlined):
Africa:
Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, East Timor, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
In the Carribbean: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, British Virgin Island, US Virgin Islands.
On mainland
In Oceania: Australia and dependencies, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, New Zealand, Nauru, Niue, Norfolk Island, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu.
In Europe:
Click on the map below to enlarge it
Financial Stability
Of all the countries of the world, the ones with the highest credit ratings (AAA or AA) are mostly Commonwealth countries besides western European countries,
Commonwealth AAA
Isle of Man
Channel Islands
Canada
Australia
Singapore
Commonwealth AA
Bermuda
New Zealand
Former British Empire AAA
Hong Kong
Former British Empire AA
Kuwait
Qatar
Others AAA
Austria
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Sweden
Switzerland
Others AA
Belgium
China
Japan
Saudi Arabia
Slovenia
Spain
Taiwan
USA