El Salvador
 

to 21 Sep 1821              21 Sep 1821 - 22 Feb 1822                    1 Feb 1823 - 31 Jul 1823               31 Jul 1823 - 21 Aug 1823                 21 Aug 1823 - Apr 1840                        1838 - 28 Apr 1865                28 Apr 1865 - Jun 1865 (9 stars)                   Jun 1865 - Feb 1869 (11 stars)                   Feb 1869 - Feb 1873 (12 stars)                  Feb 1873 - Feb 1877 (13 stars)                Feb 1877 - 17 May 1912  (14 stars)              Obverse 9 May 1865 - 14 Nov 1875              Obverse 14 Nov 1875 - 17 May 1912             Civil Ensign and Alternate State Flag                 Adopted 17 May 1912           Adopted 17 May 1912  Civil Flag               Adopted 17 May 1912  State Flag     Map of El Salvador Hear National Anthem "Himno Nacional de El Salvador"  (National Anthem of El Salvador) Text of National Anthem Adopted 15 Sep 1879 (officially from 11 Dec 1953) Constitution   (20 Dec 1983) Capital: San Salvador  Currency: US Dollar (USD); to 2001 Salvadoran Colon (SVC) National Holiday: 15 Sep (1821) Independence Day Population: 7,066,403 (2008) GDP: $43.9 billion (2008) Exports: $4.55 billion (2008) Imports: $9.75 billion (2008)  Ethnic groups: mestizo 88.3%, Amerindian 9.1%, white 1.6%, other 1% (2000)  Total Active Armed Forces: 15,500 (2006) Merchant marine: None (2008)  Religions: Roman Catholic 57.1%, Protestant 21.2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.9%, Mormon 0.7%, other religions 2.3%, none 16.8% (2003) International Organizations/Treaties: ACS, APM, BCIE, BTWC, CACM, CAFTA, CAP, CTBT, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISA (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LAES, LAIA (observer), LAP, LU, MIGA, NAM (observer), NPT, NTBT, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, SEGIB, SICA, UN, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO El Salvador Chronology Jun 1524                   Spanish possession (part of Guatemala,                               which is subordinate to New Spain [Mexico]). Apr 1525                   San Salvador founded Nov 1542                   Divided into three administrative districts                              (Los Izalcos [from 1552 Sonsonate], Cuzcatlán,                              and San Miguel). 27 Sep 1546                San Salvador alcaldia formed from Cuzcatlán,                              Choluteca, and San Miguel. 17 Sep 1785                Intendecia of San Salvador (still subordinate                              to Guatemala).  5 Nov 1811 -  3 Dec 1811  Independence of San Salvador declared (not                               recognized). 21 Sep 1821                Independence declared (Province of San Salvador,                              constituent of the Kingdom of Guatemala which                              declared its independence 15 Sep 1821). 11 Jan 1822                The province repudiates the decision by the                               Guatemala junta to incorporate the Kingdom of                              Guatemala into Mexico, and declares its                               secession.  2 Dec 1822                Government requests annexation to United States. 10 Feb 1823                Incorporation into Mexico.  1 Jul 1823                Central America (the former Kingdom of Guatemala)                              proclaims its independence from Spain and                               Mexico; Province of San Salvador is part of the                              newly established republic (see Guatemala). 22 Apr 1824                Constituent state of the Central American                               Republic (State of Salvador)(Estado del                              Salvador). Apr 1840                   Federal authorities cease to exist.  2 Feb 1841                Secession by Salvador formally decreed. 22 Apr 1851 - 1852         Part of Central American Federation (El Salvador,                              Honduras and Nicaragua)(see under Guatemala). 18 Feb 1859                Republic of Salvador (República del Salvador)(also                              in sporadic official use since 7 Oct 1890,                              Republic of El Salvador). 17 Sep 1896 - 25 Nov 1898  State of El Salvador (Estado de El Salvador),                               during a later aborted attempt at recreating                              a Central American Federation. 25 Nov 1898                Republic of El Salvador (República de El Salvador).  9 Jun 1915                Use of the form "El Salvador" as part of official                              name of the Republic is legally certified.  1 Oct 1921 -  4 Feb 1922  State of El Salvador (Estado de El Salvador),                               during a later aborted attempt at recreating                              a Central American Federation.  4 Feb 1922                Republic of El Salvador (República de El Salvador).

Rulers
Jun 1524 -  4 Jul 1524     Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras      (b. c.1486 - d. 1541)
 1 Apr 1525 - 1528?        Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras
 1 Apr 1528 - 1530         Diego de Alvarado
1530                       Martin Estete
1530 - 15..                Luis de Moscoso
Intendants
17 Sep 1785 - 1789         José Ortiz de la Peña
1789 - 1791                Francisco Luis Héctor de           (b. 1747 - d. 1807) 
                             Carondelet de Novelles, 
                             baron de Carondelet 
1791 - 1800                Ignacio Santiago Ulloa
1800 - 1804                Antonio Isidor Palomo (interim)
1804 -  5 Nov 1811         Antonio Basilio Gutierrez de
                             Ulloa
 5 Nov 1811 -  3 Dec 1811  Manuel José Arce                   (b. 1787 - d. 1847)
 3 Dec 1811 - Aug 1813     José Alejandro de Aycinena y 
                             Aldeco Carrillo y Gálvez (acting)
Aug 1813 - 1819            José María Peinado
1819 - 21 Sep 1821         Simon Gutierrez
Intendant and Superior Political Chief
21 Sep 1821 - 28 Nov 1821  Pedro Barriere de la Barriere      (d. 1827)
Intendants and Governors
28 Nov 1821 -  9 Feb 1823  José Matías Delgado y de León      (b. 1767 - d. 1832)
                             (from 11 Jan 1822, President of the Junta of Government)
10 Feb 1823 -  7 May 1823  Vicente Filisola                   (b. 1789 - d. 1850)
 7 May 1823 - 25 May 1823  Felipe Codallos
25 May 1823 - 17 Jun 1823  Consultative Junta
                           - Mariano Prado Baca               (b. 1776 - d. 1837) 
                           - José Milla
                           - José Rivas
Supreme Political Chief
 1 Jul 1823 - 22 Apr 1824  Mariano Prado Baca                 (s.a.) 
Chief of State
22 Apr 1824 -  1 Oct 1824  Juan Manuel Rodríguez              (b. 1771 - d. 1847)
Supreme Chiefs of State
 1 Oct 1824 - 13 Dec 1824  Mariano Prado Baca (1st time)      (s.a.)               Lib
                             (acting)
13 Dec 1824 -  1 Nov 1826  Juan Vicente Villacorta Díaz       (b. 1764 - d. 1828)  Lib
 1 Nov 1826 - 30 Jan 1829  Mariano Prado Baca (2nd time)      (s.a.)               Lib
                             (acting)
30 Jan 1829 - 29 Mar 1832  José María Cornejo Merino y        (b. 1788 - d. 1864)  Con
                             Guevara
16 Feb 1830 - 25 Feb 1830  José Damian Villacorta Cañas       (b. 1796 - d. 1860)
                             (acting for Cornejo Merino)
29 Mar 1832 - 13 May 1832  José Francisco Morazán Quezada     (b. 1792 - d. 1842)  Lib 
                             (1st time) (provisional)
13 May 1832 - 25 Ju1 1832  Joaquín de San Martín y Ulloa      (b. 1770 - d. 1854)  Con
                             (1st time) (acting)
25 Ju1 1832 -  1 Jul 1833  Mariano Prado Baca (3rd time)      (s.a.)               Lib
Jan 1833 - 23 Apr 1833     Anastasio Aquino                   (b. 1792 - d. 1833)
                             ("king" of Nonualco indians; in rebellion)
 1 Jul 1833 - 23 Jun 1834  Joaquín de San Martín y Ulloa      (s.a.)               Con 
                             (2nd time)
23 Jun 1834 - 13 Jul 1834  Carlos Salazar Castro              (b. 1800 - d. 1867)
                             (provisional; in rebellion from 12 Jun 1834)
13 Jul 1834 - 30 Sep 1834  direct rule by the federal government
30 Sep 1834 - 14 Oct 1834  Joaquín Escolán y Balibrera
14 Oct 1834 - 10 Apr 1835  José María Silva (1st time)        (b. 1804? - d. 1876) 
                             (acting)
10 Apr 1835 - 15 Nov 1835  Nicolás Espinosa                   (b. 1795 - d. 1845)  Lib
15 Nov 1835 -  7 Mar 1836  Francisco Gómez de Altamirano      (b. 1796 - d. 1838)
                             y de Elizondo (acting)
 7 Mar 1836 - May 1838     Diego Fernández Vigil y Cocaña     (b. 1799 - d. 1845)  Lib
May 1838 -  1 May 1839     Timoteo Menendez (1st time)                             Lib
 1 May 1839 - 13 Jul 1839  Antonio José Cañas Quintanilla     (b. 1785 - d. 1844) 
                             (1st time)(acting)
13 Jul 1839 -  4 Apr 1840  José Francisco Morazán Quezada     (s.a.)               Lib
                             (2nd time)
 4 Apr 1840 - 15 Apr 1840  José María Silva (2nd time)        (s.a.) 
                             (acting)(leaves country on 5 Apr 1840; Municipal
                             Council of San Salvador then assumes the government)
 5 Apr 1840 - 15 Apr 1840  Municipal Council of San Salvador
                           (acting)
                           - Rafael Francisco Osejo           (b. 1790 - d. 1848)
                               (alcalde de primer voto)
                           - Ignacio Carrillo
                           - Isidro Viteri
15 Apr 1840 -  7 Jan 1841  Antonio José Cañas Quintanilla     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting to 1840, then provisional)
 7 Jan 1841 - 22 Feb 1841  Juan Nepomuceno Fernández          (b. 1790 - d. 1857)  Con
                             Lindo y Zelaya (provisional) 
Presidents
22 Feb 1841 -  1 Feb 1842  Juan Nepomuceno Fernández          (s.a.)               Con
                             Lindo y Zelaya (provisional) 
 1 Feb 1842 - 14 Apr 1842  José Escolástico Marín (acting)    (d. 1846)
14 Apr 1842 -  1 Feb 1844  Juan José Guzmán                   (b. 1800 - d. 1947)  Con 
                             (acting to 20 Sep 1842)
 1 Feb 1844 -  7 Feb 1844  Fermín Palacios Ulloa (1st time)
                             (acting)
 7 Feb 1844 - 15 Feb 1845  Francisco Malespín Herrera         (b. 1766 - d. 1846)  Con
15 Feb 1845 -  1 Feb 1846  Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán Ugalde     (b. 1801 - d. c.1875)
                             Alvarado (1st time)
                             (in rebellion from 2 Feb 1845)
 1 Feb 1846 - 21 Feb 1846  Fermín Palacios Ulloa (2nd time)
                             (acting)
21 Feb 1846 -  1 Feb 1848  Eugenio Aguilar González Batres    (b. 1804 - d. 1879)  Lib 
 1 Feb 1848 -  3 Feb 1848  Tomás Medina Menéndez (acting)     (b. 1803 - d. 1884)
 3 Feb 1848 -  7 Feb 1848  José Félix Quirós Sánchez          (b. 1811 - d. 1883)
                             (1st time)(acting) 
 7 Feb 1848 -  1 Feb 1850  Doroteo Vasconcelos Vides y        (b. 1803 - d. 1883)  Lib
                             Ladrón de Guevara (1st time)
 1 Feb 1850 -  4 Feb 1850  Ramón Rodríguez (acting)
 4 Feb 1850 -  1 Mar 1851  Doroteo Vasconcelos Vides y        (s.a.)               Lib
                             Ladrón de Guevara (2nd time) 
 1 Mar 1851 -  3 May 1851  José Félix Quirós Sánchez          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)(acting)
 3 May 1851 - 30 Jan 1852  Francisco Dueñas Díaz              (b. 1810 - d. 1884)  Con
                             (1st time)(acting)
30 Jan 1852 -  1 Feb 1852  José María San Martín y Fugón      (b. 1811 - d. 1857)  Con
                             (1st time)(acting) 
 1 Feb 1852 -  1 Feb 1854  Francisco Dueñas Díaz              (s.a.)               Con
                             (2nd time) 
 1 Feb 1854 - 15 Feb 1854  Vicente Gómez (acting)
15 Feb 1854 -  1 Feb 1856  José María San Martín y Fugón      (s.a.)               Con
                             (2nd time)
 1 Feb 1856 - 12 Feb 1856  Francisco Dueñas Díaz              (s.a.)               Con
                             (3rd time)(acting)
12 Feb 1856 -  1 Feb 1858  Rafael Campo Pomar                 (b. 1813 - d. 1890)  Con
 1 Feb 1858 -  7 Feb 1858  Lorenzo Zepeda (acting)
 7 Feb 1858 -  1 Feb 1860  Miguel Santín del Castillo y       (b.c.1830 - d. 1880) Con 
                             Barroeta
                             (deposed de facto 19 Jan 1859)
25 Jan 1859 - 15 Feb 1859  Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán Ugalde     (s.a.)
                             Alvarado (2nd time)(acting)
15 Feb 1859 - 12 Mar 1859  José María Peralta (acting)        (b. 1807 - d. 1883)
12 Mar 1859 - 26 Oct 1863  José Gerardo Barrios Espinoza      (b. 1813 - d. 1865)  Lib
                             (acting to 1 Feb 1860)
26 Oct 1863 - 15 Apr 1871  Francisco Dueñas Díaz (4th time)   (s.a.)               Con
                             (provisional [in rebellion from 10 Jul 1863] 
                             to 1 Feb 1865)
15 Apr 1871 -  1 Feb 1876  Santiago González Portillo         (b. 1818 - d. 1887)  Mil;1871
                             (provisional to 1 Feb 1872)                           Lib
 1 Feb 1876 -  1 May 1876  Andrés del Valle Rodríguez         (b. 1833 - d. 1888)  Lib 
 1 May 1876 - 19 May 1885  Rafael Zaldívar y Lazo             (b. 1834 - d. 1903)  Lib
                             (provisional to 19 Jul 1876 and 2-25 Feb 1880)
19 May 1885 - 19 Jun 1885  Fernando Figueroa (1st time)       (b. 1849 - d. 1919)  Mil
15 May 1885 - 22 Jun 1890  Francisco Menéndez Valdivieso      (b. 1830 - d. 1890)  Lib/Mil
                             (provisional [in rebellion to 19 Jun 1885]
                             to 1 Mar 1887)
22 Jun 1890 -  4 Jun 1894  Carlos Basilio Ezeta y de León     (b. 1852 - d. 1903)  Mil
                             (provisional to 1 Mar 1891)
 1 May 1894 - 13 Nov 1898  Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez           (b. 1845 - d. 1921)  Mil
                             (provisional [in rebellion to 10 Jun 1894]
                             to 1 Mar 1895; Governor 1-13 Nov 1898)
14 Nov 1898 -  1 Mar 1903  Tomás Herculano de Jesús Regalado  (b. 1861 - d. 1906)  Mil
                             Romero (provisional to 1 Mar 1899)
 1 Mar 1903 -  1 Mar 1907  Pedro José Escalón                 (b. 1847 - d. 1923)  Mil
 1 Mar 1907 -  1 Mar 1911  Fernando Figueroa (2nd time)       (s.a.)               Mil
 1 Mar 1911 -  9 Feb 1913  Miguel Enrique Araujo              (b. 1865 - d. 1913)
                             Rodríguez
 9 Feb 1913 -  1 Mar 1919  Carlos Meléndez Ramírez            (b. 1861 - d. 1919)  PND
29 Aug 1914 -  1 Mar 1915  Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (1st time) (b. 1874 - d. 1950)  PND
                             (acting for absent Meléndez Ramírez) 
21 Dec 1918 -  1 Mar 1919  Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (2nd time) (s.a.)               PND
                             (acting for absent Meléndez Ramírez) 
 1 Mar 1919 -  1 Mar 1923  Jorge Meléndez Ramírez             (b. 1871 - d. 1953)  PND
                             (1 Oct 1921 - 4 Feb 1922, Head of State)
 1 Mar 1923 -  1 Mar 1927  Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (3rd time) (s.a.)               PND
 1 Mar 1927 -  1 Mar 1931  Pío Romero Bosque "Don Pío"        (b. 1860 - d. 1935)  PND
 1 Mar 1931 -  4 Dec 1931  Arturo Araujo Fujardo              (b. 1878 - d. 1967)  PT
 4 Dec 1931 -  9 May 1944  Maximiliano Hernández Martínez     (b. 1882 - d. 1966)  Mil/PPP
29 Aug 1934 -  1 Mar 1935  Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1962)  Mil/PPP
                             (acting for absent Hernández Martínez) 
 9 May 1944 - 21 Oct 1944  Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (2nd time) (s.a.)               Mil/PPP
                             (provisional)
21 Oct 1944 -  1 Mar 1945  Osmín Aguirre y Salinas            (b. 1899 - d. 1977)  Mil
                             (provisional)
 4 Nov 1944 -  1 Mar 1945  Miguel Tomás Molina                (b. 1862 - d. 1965) 
                             (provisional; in rebellion,
                             from 7 Nov 1944 in Guatemala)
 1 Mar 1945 - 14 Dec 1948  Salvador Castaneda Castro          (b. 1888 - d. 1965)  Mil/PUSD
15 Dec 1948 - 14 Sep 1950  Revolutionary Council of Government
                           - Manuel de Jesús Córdova          (b. 1894 - d. ....)  Mil
                               Rodríguez (to 5 Jan 1949)
                           - Óscar Osorio Hernández           (b. 1910 - d. 1969)  Mil
                              (to 22 Oct 1949)
                           - Reynaldo Galindo Pohl            (b. 1918 - d. 2012)
                              (to 22 Oct 1949)
                           - José Óscar Adán Bolaños Estrada  (b. 1912)            Mil
                           - Humberto Costa                   (b. 1906)            Mil
14 Sep 1950 - 14 Sep 1956  Óscar Osorio Hernández             (s.a.)               Mil/PRUD
14 Sep 1956 - 26 Oct 1960  José María Lemus López             (b. 1911 - d. 1993)  Mil/PRUD
26 Oct 1960 - 25 Jan 1961  Junta of Government
                           - Miguel Ángel Castillo            (b. 1915 - d. 19..)  Mil
                           - Fabio Castillo Figueroa          (b. 1921)
                           - Ricardo Falla Cáceres            (b. 1921 - d. 1990)
                           - René Fortín Magaña               (b. 1931)
                           - Rubén Alonso Rosales Soriano     (b. 1925 - d. 2000)  Mil
                           - César Yanes Urías                (b. 1931)            Mil
25 Jan 1961 - 25 Jan 1962  Civic-Military Directory
                           - Aníbal Portillo Gonzalez         (b. 1914 - d. 2010)  Mil
                           - Feliciano Avelar                 (b. 1919)
                           - José Antonio Rodríguez Porth     (b. 1915 - d. 1989) 
                              (to 6 Apr 1961)
                           - José Francisco Valiente          (b. 1911) 
                              (to 6 Apr 1961)
                           - Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo  (b. 1921 - d. 1973)  Mil
                              (to 11 Sep 1961)
                           - Mariano Castro Morán             (b. 1916 - d. 2005)
                              (from 11 Sep 1961)
25 Jan 1962 -  1 Jul 1962  Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea         (b. 1899 - d. 1966)  Non-party
                             (provisional) 
 1 Jul 1962 -  1 Jul 1967  Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo    (s.a.)               Mil/PCN 
 1 Jul 1967 -  1 Jul 1972  Fidel Sánchez Hernández            (b. 1917 - d. 2003)  Mil/PCN
 1 Jul 1972 -  1 Jul 1977  Arturo Armando Molina Barraza      (b. 1927)            Mil/PCN 
 1 Jul 1977 - 15 Oct 1979  Carlos Humberto Romero Mena        (b. 1924)            Mil/PCN 
15 Oct 1979 - 22 Dec 1980  Revolutionary Junta
                           - Adolfo Arnoldo Majano Ramos      (b. 1938)            Mil
                              (to 7 Dec 1980)
                           - Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Avendaño   (b. 1936)            Mil
                           - Román Mayorga Quirós             (b. 1942)            Non-party
                              (17 Oct 1979 - 5 Jan 1980)
                           - Guillermo Manuel Ungo Revelo     (b. 1931 - d. 1991)  MNR
                              (17 Oct 1979 - 5 Jan 1980)
                           - Mario Antonio Andino Gómez       (b. 1936)            Non-party 
                              (17 Oct 1979 - 5 Jan 1980)
                           - José Antonio Morales Ehrlich     (b. 1935)            PDC
                              (from 9 Jan 1980)
                           - José Ramón Ávalos Navarrete      (b. 1933)            Non-party
                              (from 9 Jan 1980) 
                           - Héctor Miguel Antonio Dada       (b. 1938)            PDC
                               Hirezi (9 Jan - 3 Mar 1980)
                           - José Napoleón Duarte Fuentes     (b. 1925 - d. 1990)  PDC
                              (from 10 Mar 1980)
22 Dec 1980 -  2 May 1982  José Napoleón Duarte Fuentes       (s.a.)               PDC
                             (president of the Revolutionary Junta) 
                             (1st time)
 2 May 1982 -  1 Jun 1984  Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja        (b. 1925 - d. 2001)  Non-party
                             (provisional)
 1 Jun 1984 -  1 Jun 1989  José Napoleón Duarte Fuentes       (s.a.)               PDC 
                             (2nd time)
 1 Jun 1989 -  1 Jun 1994  Alfredo Félix Cristiani Burkard    (b. 1947)            ARENA 
 1 Jun 1994 -  1 Jun 1999  Armando Calderón Sol               (b. 1948)            ARENA
 1 Jun 1999 -  1 Jun 2004  Francisco Guillermo Flores Pérez   (b. 1959)            ARENA
 1 Jun 2004 -  1 Jun 2009  Elías Antonio Saca González        (b. 1965)            ARENA
 1 Jun 2009 -              Carlos Mauricio Funes Cartagena    (b. 1959)            FMLN

Territorial Disputes: International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, in 1992, with final agreement by the parties in 2006 after an Organization of American States (OAS) survey and a further ICJ ruling in 2003; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca. 

Party abbreviations: ARENA = Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (Nationalist Republican Alliance, conservative, est.1981); FMLN = Frente Farabundo Martí Liberación Nacional (Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, social-democratic, formerly a leftist militarnt group 1980-92); PCN = Partido de Conciliación Nacional (Party of National Conciliation, center-right, est.1961); PDC = Partido Democráta Cristiano (Christian Democratic Party, christian-democratic, est.1960); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Cons = Conservador (conservative); Lib = Liberal; MNR = Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional (National Revolutionary Movement); PL = Partido Trabajo (Labor Party); PPP = Partido Nacional 'Pro-Patria' (National Pro-Patria Party, only legal party 1934-1944, renamed 1944 PUSD); PRUD = Partido Revolucionario de la Unificación Democrática (Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification); PUSD = Partido Unificación Social Democrático (Unification Social Democratic Party, ex-PPP)