Ibid.

"Ibid" redirects here. For other uses, see Ibid (disambiguation).

Ibid. (Latin, short for ibidem, meaning the same place) is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. It is similar in meaning to idem (meaning something that has been mentioned previously; the same), abbreviated Id., which is commonly used in legal citation. To find the ibid. source, one must look at the reference preceding it.

Example

[1] E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies (New York: Academic, 1997), p. 23.

[2] Ibid.

[3] Ibid., p. 29.

[4] Al Azif, The Necronomicon (Petrus de Dacia,1994).

[5] Ibid. 4, at 34

Reference 2 is the same as reference 1: E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies on page 23, whereas reference 3, refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. <citation #>, as reference 5. Notice that ibid. is an abbreviation where the last two letters of the word are not present; thus, it always takes a period (or full stop) in both British and American usage.

See also

• Bibliography
• List of Latin phrases
• MLA style
• Op. cit.
• Loc. cit.
• Sic
• Ibid: A Life is a novel by Mark Dunn, made up entirely of endnotes.

External links

• Dictionary.com: ibid.
• Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles