3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES

Bald Cypress
Taxodium distichum



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


60 to 100
Variable
Moderate to fast
Full sun only
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Round woody cone, about 1½ inch diameter
Medium green, bronze in fall


Unique in its appearance, the Bald Cypress is a model of grace and endurance. Along with its massive size, other considerations should be made before choosing the proper location for this special tree. Although the Bald Cypress is native to swamplands, it will tolerate a wide range of conditions, and will even tolerate short periods of drought. In response to long periods of drought, it will completely defoliate. However, this tree is amazingly resilient, and will leaf out when adequate moisture returns. Since the Bald Cypress is so adaptable to growing in conditions ranging from excessive moisture to drought, our tight clay soils are not a challenge. Bald Cypress are often planted around water, as a street tree, or in a park setting. This unique tree has special adaptations to living in wet environments; knobby projections called "knees" may form at the base of the trunk. These formations often occur when the tree is planted in or near water, but can occur anywhere that moisture is ample. Some say the knees add to the distinctive character of this tree.

It is one of the few coniferous trees that is deciduous. A highlight in the landscape, this tree has a pyramidal form and feathery leaves that add to its appeal. After turning bronze in the fall, the lacy leaves will drop and cover the ground with a rust-color carpet in the winter and then decompose quickly.

Bald Cypress is very seedling variable, meaning offspring may not necessarily perform in the same manner as the parent. A close relative to the Bald Cypress is Pond Cypress (Taxodium ascendans), which is similar in character, except the Pond Cypress reaches 50 to 60 feet in height and has a narrower crown.


Cottonless Cottonwood
Populus deltoides 'Cottonless'

3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:

Color:


80 to 100
40 to 60
Fast
Sun
Male and female on separate trees (not showy)
Female trees produce cotton-like mass containing many small
seeds (recommend male trees)
Deep green, bright yellow in fall


Cottonwood trees are native to areas of considerable moisture, such as stream banks and river bottoms. Although they are not drought resistant, they will tolerate dry conditions for a short period. The Cottonwood is a majestic, massive tree with aesthetic appeal. Its leaves are attached on long, limber stems that allow them to flutter in the wind, creating an audible effect.

The rapid growth rate of this tree lends itself to the propagation of soft, weak wood, which can be a host to borers and other organisms. The tree's rapid growth is accompanied by a massive fibrous root system. These voracious roots may plug or damage drains, and interfere with turf development. The female Cottonwood releases masses of cottony seeds that can become a maintenance problem. To ensure a Cottonless Cottonwood, a male tree must be specified. However, male trees produce pollen that has been known to aggravate allergies. This tree is not for urban sites, but is a splendid choice in open areas where a short-lived, grand specimen is desired.


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES

Ginkgo or Maidenhair Tree
Ginkgo biloba



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:

Color:


80 to 100
Variable
Slow
Sun
Male and female on separate trees (not showy)
One inch diameter, foul smelling fruits (female trees should be avoided)
Medium green, golden yellow in fall


The Ginkgo is one of the oldest living tree species. Individual ginkgo trees have been documented to live for over 1,000 years. In China, extracts of the ginkgo tree have been used for over 5,000 years as a remedy for various ailments, and have recently come to be used widely in the West. Apart from its merit as a medicinal tree, the Ginkgo is not for general use. Its slow growth rate is often a deterrent when selecting a large tree for the urban setting. Due to the messy nature and disagreeable smell of the fruits produced by females, male trees are recommended. However, males are grafted in a nursery, often increasing the cost of this tree.

The Ginkgo is unique; not only for the distinct fan-shape of its leaves or incredible lifespan, but also in its classification. Although more like a conifer than a broadleaf deciduous tree, the Ginkgo is neither. In recent years, it has been placed in a separate group of its own.

Because the Ginkgo tolerates a wide range of urban conditions, including ozone and sulphur dioxide pollution, elevated levels of carbon dioxide, fire, smoke, heat, and confined root systems, theoretically it is an ideal street tree. Its durable wood is resistant to breakage from ice and harsh winds. It is particularly resistant to insect pests as well as fungal and bacterial diseases, therefore rarely requires spraying. However, this tree suffers in poor soils where moisture is limited. It is planted as a shade tree in parks and it establishes well in gardens. When planted in the proper environment, it is a stately and remarkable tree.

Male Cultivars: 'Princeton Gold', 'Princeton Sentry', 'Autumn Gold', 'Pendula'


Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis

3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 90
30 to 40
Moderate
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Small purple-black berries in summer
Medium to dark green, pale yellow in fall


Of considerable merit for its endurance and tolerance to a wide range of conditions, this tree is a good selection for general planting. It is resistant to wind, drought and moisture. The hackberry is a durable, low-maintenance tree that provides abundant shade. Fruits can be messy when dropped on pavement or sidewalks. Volunteer trees can also be a problem, so be sure to select a location that will maximize this hardy tree’s impact while minimizing maintenance. A close relative to the Hackberry is the Sugarberry, which is thought to be a superior tree. However, there is arguably no tougher tree to survive Oklahoma’s drought or extreme temperature fluctuations than the Hackberry.

A notable characteristic of the tree is the unusual, coarse texture of its mature bark, often covered with numerous warty knots. Also adding to the character of the tree is its tendency to develop leaf gall (small protrusions caused my mites) and "Witches Broom," a pest that causes young branches to grow in clusters. Neither of these pests adversely affects the health of the tree; however, some consider the tree’s response to them unattractive. Fortunately, the 'Prairie Pride' cultivar, which is resistant to "Witches Broom," is available.

Other Cultivars: 'Chicagoland, ‘Delta’, ‘Windy City’


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES

Thornless Honeylocust
Gleditsia triacanthos



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


60 to 80
30 to 50
Moderate to fast
Sun
Male and female on separate trees (not showy)
Long, flat seedpods (female trees should be avoided)
Medium green, yellow in fall


Although the Honeylocust is native to rich streambeds in the eastern U.S., it is extremely versatile, adapting to extreme conditions from drought to moisture, alkaline to acid soils. Although it may be one of the more adaptable native trees, it has not proven to be an extremely long-lived tree, only surviving up to 30 years in the urban environment. It may suffer from many insect problems along with canker and root rot. The Honeylocust is often used in shelterbelts and windbreaks due to this tolerance of very poor soils and harsh environments.

There are aesthetic merits to this tree, such as its lacy-textured leaves and peeling bark. Because the feathery compound leaves cast filtered shade, shrubs and turf may be grown beneath the Honeylocust's canopy. After the display of yellow fall color, the leaves decompose rapidly after falling. To be noted, the female Honeylocust produces large flat seedpods that add to the tree's bad reputation for litter. In addition, the wood of this tree may be brittle and weak, causing it to be somewhat messy. Improved species of the Honeylocust exist that should be used over the parent plant. 'Skyline' and 'Shademaster' are two cultivars that are both thornless and male.

Other Cultivars: 'Inermis', 'Moriane', 'Sunburst', 'Ruby Lace'


Kentucky Coffee Tree
Gymnocladus dioica

3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:

Color:


60 to 80
30 to 50
Moderate
Sun
Male and female on separate trees (not showy)
Large seedpods, remaining on tree into winter, seeds and pulp slightly poisonous (recommend male trees)
Medium gray-green, yellow in fall


The Kentucky Coffee Tree is a durable, rugged tree with a beautiful, delicate appearance. This tree grows native in the rich soils of the bottomlands of the Midwest, yet also tolerates the poorest soil conditions. The compound leaf and small leaflets cast a loose, filtered shade, making the understory of this tree an ideal place for shrubs and turf.

Further merits of this tree include durable wood, attractive form, picturesque winter silhouette, and unusual color and texture. Female trees produce large seedpods that remain on the tree into the winter months. The seeds and pith of the fruits can be slightly poisonous, and have been known to leech toxins into sources of water from which livestock or other animals may drink. Therefore, male trees are recommended.

Cultivars: 'Espresso', Prairie Titan® ('J.C. McDaniel'), 'Stately Manor', 'Variegatus'


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES

Greenspire Linden
Tilia cordata 'Greenspire'



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 80
20 to 40
Fast
Sun
Fragrant yellow / white in clusters (not showy)
Small round gray-green fruits maturing in fall
Deep green, yellow in fall


Also called the Littleleaf Linden, this pyramidal tree is reminiscent of the Pin Oak in form and texture, but lacks the sensitivity to soil alkalinity. It is said that this species is tolerant to urban conditions and pollution in addition to poor soils. However, it doesn’t react well to over-watering, and one must be careful not to plant the Linden in tight clay soils, which may retain too much moisture for this species of tree. As most trees, the Greenspire Linden prefers well-drained soils.

If soil and moisture requirements are met, the Greenspire Linden is a decent street tree. More often, this tree is planted as a shade tree in parks or other urban areas. The dense foliage of the Greenspire Linden provides ample shade, and obtains a beautiful yellow color in the fall. It does not produce messy fruits, and the blooms exude a sweet fragrance in the summer, often attracting bees, butterflies and other nectar-loving insects. Although relatively maintenance free, occasional corrective pruning is required due to its rapid growth rate and soft, brittle wood.

Other Cultivars: ‘Bicentennial’, ‘Bohlje’ (‘Erecta’), ‘Chancellor’, ‘Corinthian’, ‘DeGroot’, ‘Fairview’, ‘Firecracker’, ‘Glenleven’, ‘Golden Cascade’, ‘Green Globe’, ‘Handsworth’, ‘June Bride’, ‘Morden’, ‘Norlin’, ‘Olympic’, ‘Pendula Nana’, ‘Prestige’, ‘Rancho’, ‘Salem’, Shamrock® (‘Baileyi’), ‘Swedish Upright’, ‘Turesi’ (‘Turesii’)


London Planetree
Platanus x acerifolia

3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


80 to 100
100 to 125
Fast
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)Conglomerate of cottony seeds in 1½ inch
balls, two or more on a single stem, dropping in late spring
Medium green, coppery fall color


Often mistaken for the Sycamore, the London Planetree is a hybrid between the American Planetree and the European Sycamore. This species is resistant to a common disease of Sycamores called Anthracnose. Similar in appearance and adaptability to the Sycamore, the London Planetree is slightly smaller, and has two fruits per stem in comparison to one. The fruits of the London Planetree can be rather messy, as well as its leaves and peeling bark, which do not disintegrate easily. Ironically, these features of the tree contribute to its appeal.

Massive in size and reach, the mature London Planetree develops multi-colored peeling bark, revealing tones of green, silver and brown. The sizeable leaves fragment light into a sun-dabbled shade that is ideal for shade-loving plants. As long as this tree is planted in a location with ample moisture at the roots, it will tolerate moderately poor soils and drying winds. However, this tree is not for every site. It should be planted in areas where there is sufficient space to accommodate its enormous stature.

Cultivars: ‘‘Bloodgood’, ‘Columbia’, ‘Liberty’, ‘Mirkovec’, ‘Saratoga 86-336-C, 'Yarwood’


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES

Bur Oak
Quercus macrocarpa



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


60 to 80
30 to 50
Slow to moderate
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Large acorn up to two inches in diameter
Deep green, dull yellow-brown in fall


The Bur Oak is one of the most tolerant of its species to the unpredictable and sometimes harsh climate in central Oklahoma. Requiring more care in its youth, once established, the Bur Oak develops into a strong, durable tree that can tolerate dry, poor soils and periods of drought. Its coarse texture and immense scale can create a challenge in finding the right location for this tree in the urban environment.

The acorns produced by this species are rather large and quite textured. This tree would not be suitable for dense pedestrian areas, where the fruits could be a nuisance. As with many dense shade trees, it can be a challenge to maintain plantings beneath their canopies. Proper maintenance, care, and pruning should be provided throughout the life of the tree to ensure health of the tree and its surrounding landscape.


Chinquapin Oak
Quercus muehlenbergii

3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


30 to 60
20 to 40
Slow to moderate
Sun
Male and female on same tree
Small acorn, about ½ inch diameter
Deep green, deep red / orange-yellow / brown in fall


Belonging to the White Oak group, the Chinquapin Oak has an unusually shaped leaf - dark glossy green on the surface, and silvery white beneath. Unlike a typical oak leaf, this leaf has a distinct saw-tooth margin, which makes it easy to distinguish this oak from others of its species. Its distinct low-branching form and heavily cracked, fissured bark add to its unique character. Spring brings about the display of the male catkin, a delicate pendulous spike of flowers.

Although it tolerates drought and harsh exposure, this species of oak prefers well-drained soils, unlike the heavy native clay soils in parts of central Oklahoma. It is recommended that a soil test be performed before planting this tree to ensure the soil meets the tree’s requirements. If the site is suitable, the Chinquapin Oak adds texture and character to the landscape, and produces a good-quality acorn.


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES

Shumard Oak
Quercus shumardii



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


60 to 80
50 to 60
Moderate to fast
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Acorn about one inch long, ½ to one inch in diameter, maturing in second season
Dark green, red / orange in fall


Similar to the Northern Red Oak in form and detail, the Shumard is a wonderful substitution that tolerates a wider range of conditions. This tree is accustomed to wet environments, and will tolerate heavy, clay soils and restricted root systems better than most oaks. Not only is this species tolerant of urban conditions and drought, it can tolerate a wide range of soil pH.

These characteristics make this tree an excellent street tree, shade tree or specimen plant, however the litter from the acorns can be a nuisance in pedestrian areas on sidewalks. It grows rapidly to a large, long-lived, widespreading shade tree with durable wood and brilliant orange to red fall color.


Water Oak
Quercus nigra

3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


60 to 100
50 to 60
Fast
Sun to part shade
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Small acorn, about ½ inch diameter, dropping in fall
Deep green, green fall color, brown leaves remain on tree in winter


Sometimes called possum oak or spotted oak, the Water Oak is another oak species with a distinct leaf. The leaf is a smooth-margined club shape with a glossy green surface. In more temperate regions, the leaves maintain coloration through the winter whereas in our region, they turn a dull brown in the fall. This medium-sized, rapid-growing specimen is often planted widely as a street and shade tree in southern communities; however, the Water Oak is highly susceptible to air pollution and is often seen in a chlorotic condition from high pH.

Indigenous to southeastern watercourses and lowlands, the Water Oak tolerates wet conditions, as well as compacted soils. However, when planted on low flats with poorly drained clay soils, tree form and quality are poor. In an excessively wet environment, the tree develops weak wood, and a spindly form due to a rapid growth rate. Stronger wood and a more rounded crown are developed from a slower growth rate when this tree is planted in moderate soils, such as those found in the lower Great Plains states. It has proven fairly easy to grow, but difficult to transplant. Overall, this broadcanopied tree can be grown in a wide range of sites, and should be planted more, providing growing conditions are favorable.


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES

Fruitless Sweetgum
Liquidambar styraciflua 'Rotundiloba'



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


80 to 100
40 to 60
Moderate to fast
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Round spiny seed encasement, 1½ inches
in diameter on female trees (recommend fruitless male varieties)
Deep green, yellow/orange/red/purple in fall


An excellent tree for its outstanding fall color, the Fruitless Sweetgum is a moderately fast-growing tree with durable wood and a dignified pyramidal form. Unfortunately, this tree is not for every site. This species requires a good soil quality with considerable moisture, and does not tolerate periods of drought. It is a good specimen to be planted around water features, along streams and other areas of considerable moisture. Often found in the wild along with the Sweetgum is the Blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), also known as the Sourgum. Also preferring moist soils, the Blackgum provides better fall color than the Sweetgum, but is slightly harder to grow.

The wood of the Sweetgum is moderate in strength, and may break under the strain of ice, or from intense winds. The dense shade cast by this tree may impede the growth of grass and understory plantings. In conjunction with the difficulty of maintaining turf under the canopy of the tree, roots of the Sweetgum may surface, which may pose maintenance and safety concerns. The female Sweetgum will produce a hard, spiny fruit that is painful to step on barefooted, and can quickly dull or damage lawnmower blades. For this reason, the fruitless variety is recommended for urban areas. Proper site selection is key to ensuring the health and vitality of the tree, and providing satisfaction to its owner.


Japanese Zelkova
Zelkova serrata

3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 60
30 to 40
Moderate to fast
Sun
Small blooms in spring (not showy)
¼ inch twin seed, hinged in middle (similar to Elm seeds)
Medium green, yellow / light red in fall


Good for landscape and street tree use, the Japanese Zelkova is tolerant of wind, moderate drought, a wide pH range of soils, and pollution, once established. Its durable wood and attractive bark maintain winter interest. It may be used in urban areas preferably with well-drained, moist, deep, fertile soil, as a lawn tree or in parks. Because of its soil requirements, it is recommended that a soil test be performed before deciding on the Japanese Zelkova. This species is only moderately drought tolerant; therefore, supplemental water may be required, especially during the establishment period. Please note that this tree has not been widely used in the Oklahoma City area, which may present an availability issue.

Sometimes planted as a substitution to the Elm, cultivars of the Japanese Zelkova are resistant to most elm pests including Dutch elm disease and beetles. Cultivars of merit include 'Green Vase' and 'Village Green', both of which need room to develop a wide crown. 'Green Vase' is a fast-growing vaseshaped specimen with upward arching branches. Its fall color is bronze-red. 'Village Green' is a hardy selection, which has a wide and dense canopy with dark green leaves, turning red in the fall. Both cultivars maintain good disease and insect resistance, as well as cold hardiness.

Cultivars: 'Aurea’, 'Autumn Glow’, 'Goblin’, 'Goshiki’, 'Green Veil’, 'Halka’, 'Illinois Hardy’, 'Korean Forms', 'Low Weeper’, 'Parkview’, 'Spring Grove’, 'Variegata’


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES

River Birch
Betula nigra



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 50
20 to 30
Moderate to Fast
Sun to part shade
Catkins in clusters (not especially showy)
Long, cylindrical catkins in early summer
Dark green, turning bright yellow in fall


The most recognizable characteristic of the River Birch is its two-toned peeling bark. Becoming more furrowed with age, the bark of the tree appears to be curling around the trunk like sheets of paper. This tree is often seen as a multiple-trunk specimen. Along with its attractive yellow fall color, rapid growth rate and non-messy fruits, this tree is a wonderful selection for the urban environment. It will tolerate a wide array of environmental conditions, soil types, and exposure.

The River Birch is native to areas of the eastern U.S. where moisture is abundant, therefore supplemental irrigation may be required in Oklahoma City's region if the tree is not planted in a moisture-rich location. Also to be noted is its tendency to develop iron chlorosis when planted in heavy alkaline soils. Proper site selection is important to ensure the vitality and longevity of this exceptional tree.

Cultivars: Dura-Heat™ (‘BNMTF’), Fox Valley™ (‘Little King’), 'Graceful Arms’, 'Head-Lee Selection', Heritage®, 'Suwanee', Tecumseh Compact™

Note: The Heritage River Birch is a notable cultivar for excellent peeling bark.

LEFT PICTURES

Chinese Pistache
Pistacia chinensis

3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20 to 40
20 to 30
Moderate
Sun
Male and female on separate trees (not showy)
Small red drupe turning blue-purple in late fall
Medium to dark green, orange / red in fall


Noted for its seasonal color, the Chinese Pistache displays fall colors of orange, red and crimson rivaling the Sugar Maple. Its medium to finetextured foliage casts a filtered shade. At maturity, its beautifully rounded crown grows very dense, and may screen objects from view. In addition to its rapid growth rate, it is a long-lived, winter hardy shade tree with extremely hard, durable wood. This characteristic helps protect the tree from decay, wind, ice, and vandal injury.

Like most trees, the Chinese Pistache does best in moist, well-drained soils. However, it is remarkably heat and drought resistant, and will tolerate a wide range of conditions - even rocky, highly alkaline, and horribly abused soils. Regarded as one of the most beautiful pest and maintenance-free shade trees for the Southwest, the Chinese Pistache has unlimited potential. It is an exceptional medium-sized ornamental tree that is suitable for residential, commercial, and municipal properties as well as campuses, golf courses, and as a street tree.


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES

Chittamwood
Bumelia lanuginosa



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20 to 40
20 to 25
Slow
Sun to part shade
Small clusters in summer (not showy)
Small black berries maturing in fall
Deep green, no fall color


Although not commonly planted, this tree is an outstanding small to medium-sized tree for the urban environment. Native to rocky, dry sites with alkaline soils, this tree will grow in remarkably poor conditions. It is tolerant of excessive heat and moderate drought, although growth is slow in these conditions. The Chittamwood will thrive in a fair environment with moist, well-drained soils.

Remarkably strong wood and small thorns covering the bark of this tree lend to its wind and vandal resistance. Adding to the appeal of the Chittamwood, it is resistant to disease and pests. Its small leaves and tidy fruits contribute to the easy maintenance of this tree, and substantiate its use as a street tree.


Lacebark Elm
Ulmus parvifolia

3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 60
30 to 40
Moderate to fast
Sun to part shade
Clusters at base of leaf in fall (not showy)
Green clusters among leaves, turning dark red when mature
Medium to dark green, light yellow in fall


The most characteristic trait of the mature Lacebark Elm is the highly ornamental bark. Noticeable after about ten years, this mottled, finetextured bark reveals gray, green, orange, and brown tones as it flakes irregularly about the trunk. With visual interest throughout the seasons, the Lacebark Elm has attractive fall color and showy bark that maintains interest in the winter months.

Its rapid growth rate, along with its resistance to pests and disease, make this tree suitable for the urban environment. It is also adaptable to a wide range of soil pH. Extremely tolerant of harsh conditions such as poor soil, confined roots, heat, drought, and wind, this tree is an ideal choice for a street tree or used in parking lots. Although this species will perform well in some of the more challenging environments in Oklahoma City, it will grow best in most, well-drained, fertile soils. It should be noted that seeds might germinate in gardens; therefore some maintenance may be required. Hardy throughout Oklahoma, overall this is an excellent disease-free substitute for the American Elm.

Cultivars: Allee (‘Emer II’, Emerald Vase’), Athena® (‘Emer I’, ‘Emerald Isle’), Bosque™ (‘UPMTF’), 'Brea’, 'Burgundy’, 'Catlin’, Central Park Splendor™(‘A. Ross Central Park', 'Aross/Central Park’), 'Chessins’, 'Cork Bark’, 'D.B. Cole’, 'Drake’, 'Dynasty’, 'Ed Wood’, 'Elsmo’, 'Frontier’, 'Garden City Clone', 'Geisha’, 'Glory’, 'Golden Ray’ (‘Golden Rey’), 'Hallelujah’, 'Jade Empress’, 'King’s Choice’, 'Matthew’, 'Milliken’, 'Ohio’, 'Pathfinder’, 'Prairie Shade’, 'Red Fall’ (‘Red’), 'Sempervirens’, 'State Fair’, 'Stone’s Dwarf’, 'The Thinker’, 'True Green’, 'Zettler’

Dwarf Forms (up to 12’ ht.)Great for patios, etc.: ‘Frosty’, ‘Hokkaido’, ‘Seiju’, ‘Yatsubusa’


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES

Washington Hawthorn
Crataegus phaenopyrum



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


25 to 30
15 to 20
Moderate to fast
Sun to part shade
Showy white flowers in clusters
Small red berries, maturing in fall, lasting into winter
Dark shiny green, orange / red in fall


The Washington Hawthorn is a highly ornamental tree. New leaves emerge reddishcolored, then mature to a dark, glossy green, and finally turn orange to red before dropping in the winter. In the full sun, this tree develops a beautiful rounded form, blooms profusely in the spring, and bears colorful fruits in the fall. As the fruits persist into the winter months, they provide food for birds. When planted in partial shade, bloom and fruit production is reduced.

Like most trees, the Washington Hawthorn prefers a well-drained moisture retentive loamy soil, but will tolerate chalk or heavy clay soils. If well established, it can withstand harsh conditions, such as excessive moisture, drought, and pollution. Due to the weakness of the wood, heavy ice, snow loads, and strong winds may damage this tree. Fortunately, the Washington Hawthorn is highly resistant to the most common pest problem of the Hawthorn family, known as "Cedar Apple Rust." Although resistant, this tree is not immune to the disease. “Rust spots” may develop on the leaves, and although somewhat unsightly, do not pose a threat to the health of the tree or cause defoliation.

Thorns are common to the Hawthorn family, and are no exception with this species - a possible liability in the urban environment. However, thorns do not grow back once pruned. This technique is beneficial for maintaining a lower trunk that is free from sharp thorns that could injure pedestrians. An attractive multi-trunk specimen or single-trunk patio tree, this tree can also be used as a screen border, or can be pruned into a hedge. Used in the proper setting, this spectacular tree provides beauty and interest throughout the seasons.


Japanese Pagoda Tree
Styphnolobium japonicum

3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 60
20 to 40
Fast
Sun
Showy white flowers in clusters 10 to 12 inches long (showy)
Yellow-green seedpod two to three inches long
Medium to dark green on top of leaf, lighter green underneath, yellow fall color


The Japanese Pagoda tree, often called "Chinese Scholar Tree," displays ornamental qualities throughout the seasons. The leaflets mature from bright green to a two-toned dark green, turning yellow in the fall. Pale yellow to creamy white pea-like fragrant flowers hang in long clusters in summer. Attractive fruits resemble a string of beads, and persist into the early winter months.

This tree will tolerate moderate drought, restricted root systems, and air pollution, and can be grown in a wide range of moisture and atmospheric conditions, providing the soil quality is fair to good. Severe winter cold may cause injury to a young Japanese Pagoda tree, or to the young twigs of a well-established tree. An appropriate selection as a lawn or street tree, this tree casts a light-textured shade that is also ideal for covering patios and outdoor recreation areas. However, one must be mindful of the litter from the petals, fruit and leaves.

Cultivars:
‘Columnaris’ (‘Fastigiata’)
‘Pendula’ - Used as an accent plant, this cultivar has a strongly weeping form with overarching, smooth green stems that are showy during the winter. However, it rarely flowers. Grows 15' to 25' tall.
‘Princeton Upright’
‘Regent’ - This cultivar possesses good symmetry with a straight trunk. A rapid grower in its youth, it blooms at an early age. The leaves are a glossy, dark green.
‘Variegata’


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES

Caddo Maple
Acer saccharum 'Caddo'



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 60
40 to 60
Slow to moderate
Sun to part shade
Inconspicuous
Winged seeds, developing in the spring
Dark green, turning brilliant red / orange / yellow in the fall


Sugar Maples are excellent shade trees that produce spectacular fall color. However, they are sensitive to heat, drought, and pollution. These maples require rich, welldrained soils, and respond poorly to soil compaction and salt. Fortunately for Oklahoma, a subspecies (believed to be an ecotype) of the Sugar Maple was discovered in the southwest part of the state that is specifically adapted to our hot summers and drying winds. This maple was named after its county of origin, the “Caddo Maple.” It is unique in that it can tolerate what other Maples cannot. However, unlike most trees, the Caddo Maple will respond negatively when overly maintained or irrigated. There are now cultivars of the Caddo maple that have been developed; ‘John Pair’ and ‘Autumn Splendor’.

Maples in general are noted for their spectacular fall color, and the Caddo is no exception. This large tree requires ample room to grow, and would best be suited to rural areas, golf courses, parks, and estates. Along with its beautiful rounded shape and impressive seasonal color, its dense canopy provides ample shade, and its durable wood and small fruits make the Caddo Maple a wonderful addition to the Oklahoma landscape. If the Caddo Maple is not available in local nurseries, other heat and drought-resistant sugar maples to consider are Acer saccharum ‘Legacy’ and ‘Green Mountain.’ Other notable Sugar Maples are Acer saccharum ‘October Glory’ and ‘Red Sunset.’ Also worth mentioning is the ‘Autumn Blaze’ maple for its fast growth and early fall color. It is a cross between the Silver Maple and Red Maple.


Hedge Maple
Acer campestre

3.1.1:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


30 to 50
20 to 30
Moderate
Sun to part shade
Not showy
Small winged seed
Deep dark green, yellow to yellow-brown


One of the best maples to plant in dry, alkaline soils, the Hedge Maple is a tough, adaptable tree with merit in the urban environment. Also tolerating soil compaction and air pollution, this is an excellent tree to plant in parking lots and as a street tree. Contributing to its value as a street and parking lot tree, the small winged fruits are not problematic, and are easily maintained. The Hedge Maple can be allowed to retain foliage to the ground, acting as its name implies, as a hedge. It is often limbed up to allow foot traffic beneath, and can be single-stemmed or multi-stemmed.

Comparatively speaking, the Hedge Maple has a relatively short service life of 30 years. Supplemental watering may be required during periods of drought, and unfortunately, this species may be difficult to find in nurseries. On the whole, this species has its place in Oklahoma’s urban landscape, and should be considered despite its availability issues.

Cultivars: ‘Compactum’, ‘Eastleigh Weeping’, ‘Fastigiatum’, 'Leprechaun’, 'Postelense’ - bright golden fall color, 'Pulverulentum’, Queen Elizabeth™, ‘Schwerinii’, 'Compactum' - a dwarf variety, 'Pulveratum' - variegated foliage


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES

Fruitless Mulberry
Morus alba'Fruitless'



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


30 to 40
25 to 35
Fast
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Female trees have small, edible fruits in summer that can be quite messy (recommend fruitless variety)
Olive green, yellow in fall


The Fruitless Mulberry is a tough landscape tree that will tolerate many urban conditions, such as poor soils, drought, and pH variations. However, this tree is known to have a few liabilities, and should be planted in locations to minimize these. This species has invasive roots that may surface, heave concrete, work their way into sewer lines, and compete with turf areas. Propagating by suckering at the base of the tree, this tree may also require pruning maintenance. Another concern is winter dieback; where anywhere from 25% to 50% of the ends of branches may die back in moderate to severe winters. This is especially prevalent in older trees.

The benefit of selecting the ‘Fruitless’ cultivar of the White Mulberry is to avoid messy fruits that may stain sidewalks or driveways and attract birds. The large, shiny leaves turn a lovely yellow in the fall, but tend to produce heavy leaf litter when dropped in the winter. The Fruitless Mulberry is often planted as a shade tree, or in rows as a screen because of its dense foliage. Because it produces heavy shade, turf grass is hard to grow under its canopy. This condition may result in exposed ground under the tree, which contributes to soil erosion.

Many cultivars of the White Mulberry exist, including an ornamental form of Weeping Mulberry. Overall, the Fruitless Mulberry needs careful consideration before locating it in an urban area. The right site will allow this tree to achieve its full potential as an attractive yet rugged shade tree.

Cultivars of the White Mulberry, Morus alba: ‘Bellaire’, ‘Chaparral’, 'Contorta’, ‘Fan-San’, 'Fegyvernekiana’, ‘Fruitless’, ‘Hampton’, ‘Illinois Everbearing’, ‘Itoguwa’, ‘Laciniata’, ‘Lingan’, ‘Mapleleaf’, ‘Nuclear Blast’, ‘Pendula’, ‘ Pyramidalis’, ‘Silk Hope’, ‘Stribling’ var. tatarica, 'Urbana’, ‘Widman Mitchell’


Sawtooth Oak
Quercus acutissima

3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 50
30 to 40
Moderate to fast
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Acorn, one inch in diameter, maturing in second season
Deep green, dull brown in fall


Reminiscent of a Chinese Chestnut, the leaves of the Sawtooth Oak are unique for the oak family. These elongated leaves have a sawtooth margin, hence the name. The leaves acquire no significant fall color, and remain on the tree through a long portion of the winter before dropping. This tree is one of the faster growing of its species, and is tolerant of a wide range of environmental factors, but is especially well adapted to the high alkalinity of Oklahoma's soils.

The Sawtooth Oak produces significant amounts of litter, such as dropping small branches and acorns on the ground. Its heavy fruit production limits the possibilities for the location of this oak in the urban environment; however, it would make a wonderful shade tree in a residential setting, park space or other open area.


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES

Osage Orange
Maclura pomifera



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 50
20 to 40
Fast
Sun
Male and female on separate tree (not showy)
Large green ball (four to five inch diameter) dropping in fall (recommend planting male trees only)
Dark glossy green, bright yellow in fall


The Osage Orange is widely adaptable to different planting conditions, and will tolerate the poorest of soils and drought. Its wood is extremely strong and durable, and is resistant to pests, wind, ice and decay. A factor to consider in locating this tree in the landscape or urban setting is the fact that its roots grow shallow, often competing with turf and other plants. Because this tree will tolerate harsh conditions, a thornless male Osage Orange could be used as a street tree or planted in a location where turf will not be affected.

Often overlooked as a viable tree for urban areas because of its enormous fruits, the Osage Orange is a beautiful, hearty specimen. Also known as "Hedge Apple," the female Osage Orange produces messy, green sap-filled fruits that resemble an orange in size and texture. Thorns are another deterrent for using this tree in public areas. Fruitless and thornless cultivars, such as 'Pawhuska' and 'Chetopa' are available, and should be considered for the urban environment. Another thornless male cultivar, named 'Park' may develop small thorns in its adolescence that will disappear with age.

Cultivars: ‘Chetopa’, ‘Double O’ var. inermis, ‘Park’, ‘Pawhuska’, ‘White Shield’, ‘Wichita’


Russian Olive
Eleagnus angustifolia

3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20 to 30
15 to 20
Moderate to fast
Sun
Fragrant, inconspicuous blooms in early summer
Hard, oval, silver-gray seedpods maturing in early fall
Light silvery-green, no fall color


The silver-green, willow-like foliage of the Russian Olive sets it apart from most plant material, and adds an unusual texture and color to the surrounding landscape. Along with the visual attributes of this tree, it exudes a wonderful fragrance when blooming. More importantly, this small to medium sized tree is one of the most durable for Central Oklahoma, withstanding extreme conditions with ease. Tolerating drying, forceful winds, salt, ice, drought, and poor soils, the Russian Olive can be successful in a wide range of conditions, as long as it receives plenty of sun. However, there are many weaknesses that qualify this tree for the “RECOMMENDED WITH RESERVATION” warning.

The Russian Olive has a tendency to sprout suckers at the base, often developing a dense shrub-like form. Pruning is essential in establishing the desired form in addition to controlling thorns and suckering. Some consider these suckers a maintenance nightmare, but when these lower branches are allowed to remain, this tree makes an excellent hedge or screen. It is often planted along highways where soil is compacted and often dry. Unfortunately, this tree is very often short-lived, and is susceptible to multiple diseases; such as leaf spots, cankers, rusts, verticillium wilt, crown gall, aphids, and scale. In fact, some states and municipalities prohibit planting a Russian Olive, and some even consider it a “weed” tree. It is mentioned as an option when the most rugged tree for the harshest of conditions is needed. Autumn Olive (Eleagnus umbellata) is a close relative that also may be considered for harsh sites. When selecting this tree, give special consideration to its disease susceptibility, longevity, aesthetics and maintenance requirements.

Cultivars: 'Cardinal' - has red fruit


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES

Western Soapberry
Sapindus drummondii



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


30 to 40
25 to 35
Moderate
Sun
Small clusters of cream-colored blooms (not showy)
Round yellow fruits, ½ inch diameter, hanging in clusters at leaf tips (may be mildly poisonous)
Medium green to yellow-green, bright gold in fall


An excellent tree with much merit, the Western Soapberry is an attractive yet durable tree for the urban environment. This species is found growing in a wide range of environments, from moisture rich areas such as riversides, dry watercourses and streambeds, to areas with limited moisture, such as canyon sides, foothills, uplands, pastures, and at the margins of woods. It will tolerate soils with high calcium, silt or clay content, as well as infertile soils with limited moisture.

With strong wood and a tall canopy, this tree makes an interesting specimen as a shade or patio tree. The fruits of this tree hang on the branches through the winter months, and are attractive despite their slight toxicity. Although these fruits are mildly poisonous, their bitter taste deters animals from eating them, and should not discourage their use in the urban setting. However, if planted near garden beds, this tree has been known to sucker or germinate from seed, creating a maintenance issue.

Consider its beautiful golden fall color, attractive fruits, umbrella-like form, and resistance to pests when selecting this tree. It should be planted more, but availability may be an issue. Overall, the Soapberry is an attractive addition that will add character to the landscape while thriving in a harsh urban environment.


Deciduous Holly
Ilex decidua

3.1.3:SMALL DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20
15
Moderate
Sun to shade
Inconspicuous
Bright, glossy red berries, single or in clusters, persisting after leaves have dropped (quite showy)
Dark glossy green, purple-bronze in early winter


The Deciduous Holly, also called "Possumhaw," displays a lovely yellow fall color, then defoliates to reveal clusters of berries, colored from yellow to orange to red. The berries persist on the tree throughout the winter, which attract many different species of birds. Although this plant can grow in full to partial sun, foliage growth is denser and fruit production is more abundant when it receives full sun. Berries are only produced on female trees; therefore, one male Deciduous Holly or male American Holly should be planted for every six female trees. Pruning encourages the production of new branches and berries, and can be successful throughout year, unlike other ornamental plants that require specific pruning schedules.

Depending on the design intent for this tree, pruning maintenance may be required to remove suckers from the base of the plant. When the suckers are allowed to remain, the Deciduous Holly may serve as a screen, hedge, border, or in mass planting. However, it is most commonly grown as a small tree with multiple trunks, making it suitable as a patio tree, specimen, or foundation plant. In addition to outstanding disease and pest resistance, the Deciduous Holly is extremely adaptive, and can be grown in almost any kind of soil--acid or alkaline, dry or damp. A recommended cultivar is 'Warren's Red' which produces an abundance of attractive red fruits.


3.1.3:SMALL DECIDUOUS TREES

Winterberry Euonymus
Euonymus bungeana



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


15 to 20
10 to 12
Moderate
Sun
Yellow blooms in clusters (not showy)
Small yellow/white/pink fruits, opening to reveal orange seed coat, and remaining on the tree after the leaves have dropped
Medium yellow-green, pinkish red in fall


The Winterberry Euonymus has few pest or disease problems, and is tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions. Especially adapted to poor soils and dry conditions, this plant is well suited for Oklahoma's proclivity toward drought, and harsh exposure. It is extremely pH adaptable, and is resistant to chlorosis. In addition, with moderately stout and durable wood, this tree can withstand forceful winds and bear the weight of ice.

An interesting small tree with unusual coloration, the Winterberry Euonymus has pinktinted fall foliage, and orange and pink fruits that may clash with the usual palette of fall colors. Making up for the inconspicuous blooms, the unique fruit is a four-lobed capsule with reddish-pink skin. As the capsules ripen, they split open to reveal the red coat of the exposed seed within. This fruit persists on the tree through fall and early winter, providing food for wildlife and color in the landscape longer than other deciduous trees, which have lost their leaves and fruit. The form of the tree can be rounded or weeping, depending on age and cultivar.

This tree may be used in almost all settings, however, it has a tendency to sucker and produce many seedlings, creating a real maintenance challenge. But with the proper maintenance and placement, it may be used for its attractive habit as a patio tree, a specimen plant, shrub border, windbreak, foundation plant, or in groupings or massings.

Cultivars: 'Pendula' - weeping branches, 'Sempervirens' - semi-evergreen foliage, 'Pink Lady' - abundant fruit, production, fruits remain after tree has defoliated in fall


Amur Maple
Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala

3.1.3:SMALL DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


15 to 20
15 to 18
Moderate
Sun to part shade
Cream-colored somewhat fragrant blooms in spring
Winged seeds, turning red / orange (fairly showy)
Medium green, red / orange in fall


An excellent tree for its many superior characteristics, the Amur Maple is most commonly seen as a multiple trunk specimen. Also available as a single-stemmed small tree or a multi-stemmed shrub, the Amur Maple can be used in above-ground planters, as a patio tree, a specimen plant, a screen when planted in groupings or massings, or sheared into a hedge.

Aesthetically, this tree provides interest in three of the four seasons. Spring brings a flush of red-stemmed new growth followed by the production of fragrant, yet inconspicuous, yellow flowers. Fruits of this tree can be very showy, maturing from green to red to brown in midsummer. Fall brings the coloration of the maple leaves in tones ranging from yellow to deep red.

Although the Amur Maple can be grown in partial shade, the best fall coloration develops only when planted in full sun. The mature form is rounded and compact, and adapts well to pruning. It will tolerate moderate drought and poor soil fertility, however it requires a welldrained soil. In addition, this species is sensitive to iron chlorosis in alkaline soils. Resistant to disease and pests, this tree is a relatively trouble-free and remarkable small tree.

Cultivars: ‘Compactum’ - small form growing from 8-12 ft. tall, ‘Durand Dwarf’, ‘Embers’ - bright red fruits and good red fall color, ‘Emerald Elf’, ‘Flame’ - deep red fall foliage, ‘Red Wing’ - red fruits and red fall color, Red Rhapsody™, ‘Summer Splendor’


3.1.3:SMALL DECIDUOUS TREES

Shantung Maple
Acer truncatum



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20 to 25
20 to 25
Moderate
Sun
Bright yellow blooms in early spring
Winged seed ripening in early summer
Lustrous dark green, yellow-orange / red in fall


The Shantung Maple, also called "Purpleblow Maple," is an outstanding small tree with glossy, dark green star shaped foliage that remains in good condition throughout the season. With attractive coloration, bark, and fruit, this tree is a low-maintenance specimen with much merit in the urban landscape. New stem growth may have a purplish cast, unlike those of the Norway Maple, which is often confused for this Chinese maple. Its dense canopy makes the Shantung Maple an excellent shade tree for a residential site. The fall color ranges from clear yellow to reddish purple.

Drought and reasonably cold tolerant, this tree is adaptable to most sites, providing there is proper soil drainage. It is becoming more commonly used in the Midwest because of its resistance to drought, heat and leaf scorch. It has been observed growing well in compacted, dry soils, and is considered a versatile and hardy maple. Its quality and adaptability make it an excellent tree in the urban setting as a shade tree used on small lawns, or used as a street tree.

Cultivars: Norwegian Sunset™ (‘Keithsform’), Pacific Sunset™ (‘Warrenred’)


Desert Willow
Chilopsis linearis

3.1.3:SMALL DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


15 to 30
15 to 25
Moderate
Sun
White to dark lavender (depending on cultivar)bell-shaped flowers appear on new growth from early summer throughout the growing season
Slender seed pods, four to eight inches in length
Silvery gray-green foliage


The Desert Willow is an exceptional tree with unusually colored silvery-green foliage that provides contrast in the landscape. With its long, slender leaves and weeping form, one might assume it is a member of the willow family, as the name implies. However, it is in the Bigonia family, and its delicately colored orchid-like flowers are the distinguishing characteristic. These large, fragrant, funnel-shaped flowers, with white-tipped petals and pink to purple throats, normally bloom from April to August. Their sweet fragrance and tubular form make them attractive to hummingbirds. The fruits, maturing in autumn, are long, brown, cigar-like pods. These pods contain numerous flat, tan-colored seeds and remain on the tree until spring.

The Desert Willow is resistant to most pests and disease; however, aphids may be a problem on new growth. This species is especially heat and drought tolerant, although is only moderately cold tolerant. A serious problem is winter dieback, which may affect the tree in moderate to severe winters. The Desert Willow may be grown as a large shrub, but is more commonly pruned as a single-trunk tree. It is also a useful windbreak, screen, or erosion control plant. Select good nursery stock, as this tree is very seedling variable.

Cultivars: 'Barronco' - upright form, 'Alba' - white blooms


3.1.4:FLOWERING, ACCENT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

Flowering Crabapple
Malus spp.



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


15 to 30
15 to 35
Moderate to fast
Sun
White, pink, or red (depending on cultivar), one to two inch blooms in terminal clusters, appearing in early spring and persisting into late spring (very showy)
Small apple-like fruit (edible), green turning yellow / orange / red when mature in late summer and fall (very showy)
Bright to dark green, red, or purple depending on cultivar, variable fall color


Few plants can generate greater intrigue or obtain greater visual impact during all four seasons than the Flowering Crabapple. In early spring, emerging leaves and buds display an array of colors, followed by blooms that slowly reveal varying shades as they open. By mid spring, the Crabapple is a spectacular floral display. After flowers have faded, the tree retains rich foliage, which grows more vibrant with the onset of autumn. Brightly colored fruits adorn the tree in fall, and those that birds have not eaten are retained into the winter months. It is no wonder that Crabapples are highly prized in the landscape.

Crabapples have small, attractive leaves, bear flowers in early to mid spring, and set fruit in late summer to early fall. The varieties range in height from eight to 40 feet, and come in a number of growth habits. Tree shapes consist of weeping (pendulous), rounded, spreading (horizontal), upright (columnar), vaseshaped, and pyramidal. Crabapples require little pruning. Watersprouts, suckers, dead, diseased, damaged, and crossing branches should be removed. Pruning should take place before early June, when flower buds for the next season are beginning to form. Pruning after July will reduce floral display and fruiting for the following year. Blossom colors range from pearly white, through delicate pinks, to a deep red. Fruit colors range from dark-reddish purple through the reds and oranges to golden yellow and even some green. On certain selections, the fruit can remain attractive well into the late winter.

There are some 20 to 30 crabapple species, most bearing lovely flowers and attractive, sometimes edible, fruit. They are adaptable to varying soil conditions, but do best in a heavy loam that is well drained, moist, and acidic. Regardless of soil type, good drainage is a requirement for tree health. Due to their hardiness and ability to grow in difficult soils, crabapple varieties are becoming a common sight along city streets. Their versatility makes the Crabapple an excellent choice for use around homes, schools, parks, public and commercial buildings, and as highway plantings. However, particular care in the selection of a variety of Crabapple with exceptional resistance to cold and disease is imperative.

Common diseases and insect pests include fireblight, cedar apple rust, apple scab, powdery mildew, canker, scale, borers, and aphids. Many new flowering crabapples are disease resistant or tolerant. Unfortunately, few crabapples possess all desirable characteristics of exquisite flowers, fruit, foliage, growth habit, and disease resistance. Many crabapples are slightly susceptible to certain diseases and yet have great merit. By accepting and understanding their limitations, these plants are perfectly acceptable in many landscape situations.

Disease-Resistant Cultivars:

Malus baccata: 'Jackii' - white with red fruits, 'Donald Wyman' - pink buds and white flowers, red fruit, 'Margaret' - double pink flowers in clusters, green fruit, 'Mount Arbor Special' - pink flowers, red fruit, 'Robinson' - red flowers and fruit, 'Tomiko' - maroon buds, magenta flowers, 'Callaway' - pink buds, white flowers, red fruits, 'Ellwangeriana' - pink and white, flowers, red fruit

Malus floribunda: 'Dolga' - white flowers, yellow fruit, 'Mary Potter' - pink buds and white flowers, red fruit, ‘Prairifire’ – pink buds, red fruit, 'Red Splendor' - red buds, rose flowers, red fruit

Malus sargentii: 'Snowdrift' - pink buds, white flowers, orange-red fruit



Crapemyrtle
Lagerstroemia indica

3.1.4:FLOWERING, ACCENT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


15 to 25
10 to 20
Moderate to fast
Sun
Profusion of white, pink, red, or purple (depending on cultivar) blooms in panicles appear in mid-summer and persist until frost (very showy)
Clusters of red-brown berries (showy)
Glossy, dark green foliage turns yellow, orange, and red in fall


The most striking characteristic of this versatile species is an abundance of brightly colored crepe-paper like flowers, which hang in clusters on the new growth, and last from mid-summer to frost. The form most commonly seen in central Oklahoma is a large, multi-trunk shrub, although Crapemyrtles can range in scale from a dwarf shrub to a small tree. Many cultivars of the Crapemyrtle exist, with flower colors that range from white, pink, purple, to deep red. Small clusters of colorful berries form after the flowers have faded. One of the latest plants to develop foliage in the spring, the small, glossy, dark green leaves finally appear, then often turn brilliant colors in the fall. With attractive brown to gray peeling bark, the mature Crapemyrtle retains visual interest through the winter months.

The Crapemyrtle can be grown as a deciduous tree or shrub, depending upon the cultivar, and is a very adaptable species that thrives in Oklahoma's hot summer sun. Although this plant is very drought resistant, it prefers moist, welldrained soils with a soil alkalinity no higher than 7.3. Crapemyrtles will, however, grow in most soils and perform well. Soils that are excessively high in alkaline, or the presence of hot, drying winds may cause leaves to scorch. Also affecting the health of foliage are soils with poor iron, which may cause chlorosis, or a yellowing of the leaves. Since flowers are produced on new growth, prune in the winter to maximize flowering.

As our Hardiness Zone is the limit for the Crapemyrtle's cold tolerance, occasionally a harsh winter may kill the plant back to the roots. In Oklahoma, Mother Nature dictates if Crapemyrtles live long enough to develop into substantial trees with the characteristic peeling bark. If protected against the environment, they can and do achieve maturity in Central Oklahoma. Fortunately, cold hardy species, such as Lagerstroemia faurei, have been developed.

Powdery mildew can attack leaves of nonresistant varieties in cool, damp locations; however, many mildew-resistant cultivars are available. Certain varieties of the Crapemyrtle may also be susceptible to many problems in addition to powdery mildew, such as black spot, tip blight, leaf spot, aphids, root rot, and Florida wax scale.

The “Pink Velour” Crapemyrtle, Lagerstroemia indica ‘Whit III’, was developed in Oklahoma by Carl Whitcomb, and is an “Oklahoma Proven” selection for 2003. It has burgundy-colored leaves in the spring, turning dark green with a purple cast in the summer. The profuse pink blooms last from early July until frost. The Pink Velour Crapemyrtle grows to a height of ten feet, and is resistant to drought and powdery mildew.

Overall, the Crapemyrtle is useful as an accent plant or as part of a larger grouping. Suggested uses for this plant include a border or specimen plant. Spacing six feet apart will produce an informal row or screen.

Some Local Cultivars: 'Byer's Wonderful White' - white blooms, yellow fall color, 'Candycane' - red blooms trimmed in white, `Catawba' - dark purple flowers, mildew resistant foliage, 'Centennial Spirit' - wine red blooms, redorange fall color, 'Christiana' - dark red blooms, 'Christmastime' - white blooms, 'Firebird' - pink-red blooms, 'Pink Lace' - pink blooms, ‘Pink Velour’ – pink blooms, burgundy spring foliage, purple tinted summer foliage, ‘Powhatan’ – medium purple flowers, 'Twilight' - purple blooms, ‘Woodward White’ – white blooms

Lagerstroemia faurei hybrids: 'Apalachee' - upright habit patio tree with dense growth and lightly scented lavender flowers. Seed capsules persist through the winter, 'Basham's Party Pink' - lavender blooms, 'Biloxi' - an upright, vase-shaped tree with an open crown, and pale pink flowers, 'Choctaw' - bright pink blooms, 'Miami' - dark pink flowers and tan- and chestnut-brown colored bark, 'Muskogee' - fast-growing, broad-spreading, tree with light lavender-pink flowers, 'Natchez' - among the first to bloom, white blooms proliferate all summer, red-orange fall color, 'Osage' - broad-rounded shrub or patio tree with pink flowers and glossy, dark-green leaves, 'Sioux' - narrow, vase-shaped plant with medium-pink blooms, 'Tuscarora' - coral-pink blooms, new growth is red turning green, then orange-red in fall


3.1.4:FLOWERING, ACCENT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

Golden Raintree
Koelreuteria paniculata



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


25 to 30
15 to 20
Moderate
Sun
Bright yellow panicles cover tree in May-June (showy)
Papery yellow capsules, one to two inches long turning tan and persisting into winter
Deep green with bluish cast, yellow in fall


With its rounded form and spreading branches, this tree is a beautiful medium-sized specimen that offers interest throughout the seasons. Reddish copper-colored foliage emerges in spring, and matures to a lovely deep blue-green by summer, accompanied by a flush of spectacular yellow panicles. As the clusters of flowers evolve into papery seed capsules, often called "Japanese Lanterns," they transform from green to yellow to tan over the autumn months. It is one of the few yellow flowering trees, and is desirable since it blooms when little else is flowering in the landscape.

In addition to its aesthetic appeal, the Golden Raintree is a very adaptable, tough tree for the urban environment. Withstanding drought, heat, wind, alkaline soils, and tolerating air pollution, this tree is often seen in the residential, municipal, and commercial landscape. An excellent tree for open areas, accent planting, parking lots or as a street tree, the Golden Raintree is relatively disease and pest-free, except for its main enemy, the Boxelder beetle. When located where the beetle has no shelter to overwinter, the tree may escape an infestation. One should also consider the short to moderate lifespan of this tree, which reaches 25 to 30 years in the urban environment. With the proper site selection, this tree can be a lovely, low-maintenance addition to the landscape.

Other Cultivars: ‘Fastigiata’, ‘September’, ‘Stadher’s Hill’


Thornless Cockspur Hawthorn
Crataegus crus-galli 'Inermis'

3.1.4:FLOWERING, ACCENT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


25 to 30
15 to 20
Moderate
Sun to part shade
Showy white blooms in clusters in mid-late spring
Apple-like dark red fruits about one inch in diameter (showy)
Dark shiny green above, lighter underneath, yellow to orange-red in fall


Considered one of the best of the hawthorn trees, the Cockspur Hawthorn possesses many benefits of the hardy Crataegus family. As an added benefit, this tree lacks the wicked thorns of the parent plant. With attractive foliage, fall coloration, flowers, and fruit, this tree can ornament many urban settings. However, one disadvantage may be the disagreeable scent of its showy spring flowers.

Its dark green, leathery leaves are attractive as well as resistant to heat and drought, making this tree an appropriate selection for central Oklahoma. In addition, the Cockspur Hawthorn is well adapted to a wide range of soil types, environmental, and growing conditions. It should be noted that although the thornless cultivar 'Inermis' is more resistant to the insect and disease problems associated with the species, Cedar-Apple Rust might develop. This disease may cause unsightly blemishes on both the leaves and fruit.


3.1.4:FLOWERING, ACCENT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

Saucer Magnolia
Magnolia soulangiana



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20 to 25
20 to 30
Moderate
Sun to part shade
White fading to lavender on edges with a purple center in early spring before the leaves (very showy)
Inconspicuous
Light to medium green, little fall color


Covering the silver-gray branches before the leaves emerge, the purplish pink flowers of the Saucer Magnolia produce a spectacular display that announces the coming of spring. Planted mainly for this ornamental characteristic, this plant does not contribute significantly to the landscape during the rest of the season. In addition, the Saucer Magnolia requires careful site selection. To prolong retention of its delicate blooms, the tree should be located in a site protected from winds and late freezes. Also an important consideration in selecting this spring bloomer is the quality and type of soils in which the tree is planted.

Like most magnolias, the Saucer Magnolia prefers a rich, well-drained soil with adequate moisture. It does not tolerate drought or poor, dry soils, such as those native to many parts of central Oklahoma. It can be planted in sun to part shade, and may develop a low-branching canopy. It is best used as a small accent tree in a carefully selected site. With the proper care and devotion, this tree will reward its owner every spring with its colorful show of flowers.

Cultivars: 'Alexandria' - purplepink blooms, 'Amabilis' - white blooms, 'Liliputian' - pink blooms, shrub-like form

LEFT PICTURES

Improved Pear Varieties
Pyrus calleryana

3.1.4:FLOWERING, ACCENT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


25 to 50
25 to 35
Moderate
Sun
White blooms in early spring (quite showy)
Many will not produce fruit
Deep green, gold-orange-red-purple fall color, depending on cultivar (very showy)


Originally used as breeding stock to improve the fruiting pear, this fruitless tree has been developed in many forms, or cultivars, as a popular urban tree. Many desirable characteristics, such as attractive blooms, compact rounded form, fall coloration, and low maintenance are common in the many of the cultivars available. However, no tree is perfect. Its major drawbacks are the weak, densely branched limbs growing at acute angles, causing large branches or the whole structure of the tree to split apart after ten or more years of growth. In addition, this type of branch structure is a favorite to many nesting birds, which become a nuisance and maintenance problem when the tree is planted near sidewalks. Also consider the foul odor that accompanies the abundant blooms in spring when locating this tree in a public space.

The 'Bradford' cultivar is the most commonly planted for its showy white flowers in the spring and crimson red foliage in the fall. However, overplanting of any specific cultivar could be detrimental to the landscape in the case of an insect infestation or disease. It is recommended we consider other cultivars of the fruitless pear to ensure the health of the species by maintaining diversity in the urban forest. With proper placement, pruning, and care, many varieties of the Callery Pear will provide years of enjoyment and dynamic beauty through the seasons.

Cultivars: ‘Aristocrat’ - pyramidal form, strong branch structure, ‘Autumn Blaze’, ‘Capital’ - columnar form, red-purple fall color, ‘Chanticleer’ - pyramidal form, red-purple fall color, heavy bloomer, 'Cleveland Select' - disease resistant, coneshaped form, red-purpleorange fall color, Dancer™ (‘Southworth’), ‘Earlyred’, Edgewood™ (‘Edgedell’), ‘Fauriei’ (P. fauriei) - dwarf variety, Korean Sun™ (‘Westwood’), ‘Princess’, Pzazz™, ‘Rancho’ - red fall color, white blooms, ‘Redspire’ - dense, pyramidal form, hardy, profuse bloomer, gold-red fall color, ‘Stonehill’ (‘Stone Hill’), ‘Trinity’ - small form, waxy foliage, white blooms, ‘Whitehouse’


3.1.4:FLOWERING, ACCENT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

Purpleleaf Plum
Prunus cerasifera



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


15 to 25
10 to 12
Moderate
Sun
Pink-white blooms in spring (quite showy)
Small plum, about one inch long maturing in fall, edible but not tasty (fairly showy)
Purple to red-purple


Valued for its variance from a standard landscape palette of greens, the Purpleleaf Plum displays shades of pink and purple in its foliage, blooms and bark. Small, pinkish-white blooms appear in early spring, as the reddish-purple flush of new leaves emerge. The richest coloration of leaves and best production of blooms occurs when this tree receives full sun.

Although the Purpleleaf Plum will tolerate heat and drought well, it requires good soils with ample moisture and drainage. Compacted soils, such as the clay soils native to central Oklahoma, may stress the tree, making it more susceptible to pests and disease. Often used as a specimen tree, the Purpleleaf Plum makes an excellent tree for lawns, courtyards, patio areas, or planters. When used in mass, the vivid color may dominate other plantings, and be perceived as distracting. Because of this, careful consideration should be made when locating this tree. Overall, this small tree can make a large impact, but it is particularly short lived (up to 15 years) in the urban environment.

Other Cultivars: 'Atropurpurea' - large purple leaves, pink blooms, wine-red fruit, 'Krauters Vesuvius' - dark red leaves, pink blooms, 'Newport' - bluish-pink flowers, bright purple foliage, 'Thundercloud' - deep purple foliage, single pink flower, upright form (good street tree)


Redbud
Cercis canadensis

3.1.4:FLOWERING, ACCENT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20 to 25
15 to 20
Moderate to slow
Sun
Deep purple blooms in clusters along stems in early spring before the leaves develop (very showy)
Long, flat pod, two to three inches long, persists into winter
Shiny dark green, yellow in fall


Oklahoma's state tree, the Redbud is prized for its striking physical characteristics and adaptable nature. The shiny, heart-shaped leaves are attractive on the low-branching stems, and emerge after the spectacular blooms of spring have faded. It can be seen as a multi-trunk specimen, or as a single trunk tree, but may require some early pruning to establish strong forking branches. Redbuds make wonderful trees for urban areas, due to their moderate size, broad-spreading canopies, and low maintenance requirements.

The Oklahoma Redbud is an extremely adaptable species, able to tolerate poor soils, hot temperatures and drying winds, full sun to partial shade as well as moist conditions. “Oklahoma” Redbud (C. canadensis var. texensis ‘Oklahoma’) has deeper purple coloration of blooms than other varieties, more lustrous leaves, and better drought resistance. Because of the thick, leathery texture of the leaves, this tree is more resistant to leaf rollers. Other cultivars of merit include the Texas Whitebud (a hardy alternative to other white blooming trees) and the shade-loving Forest Pansy Redbud. Unfortunately, the Redbud tends to be shortlived in the urban environment, but it is well worth the investment. It is a hardy, widely adaptable native tree with a great tolerance of conditions across the country. Overall, this tree is well adapted to Central Oklahoma, and it enhances the landscape with early spring blooms and lovely fall color.


3.1.4:FLOWERING, ACCENT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

Serviceberry
Amelanchier arborea



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


15 to 30
Variable
Moderate
Sun
White blooms in early spring (very showy)
Small edible berries, green turning red to purple in summer
Medium to dark green turning yellow, orange to red in fall


One of North America's most beautiful native trees, this tree provides seasonal beauty combined with exceptional adaptability and lack of maintenance. It is most often seen as a multi-stemmed large shrub or small tree, with a graceful form and attractive bark. Showy white flowers, hanging in pendulous clusters from the branches, emerge in early spring along with the leaves. The chameleon leaves emerge fuzzy and grayish (reminiscent of the Pussy Willow), growing smoother through the seasons as they transform from medium green, turning darker into the summer, and then displaying the best fall color for a small tree; ranging from yellow to apricot-orange to dull, deep dusty red. Favored by birds of all kinds, the small reddish-purple fruit, with a taste similar to blueberries, emerges in June. As it develops over a three to four week period, the fruit changes from green to red and finally to purplish black. As leaves drop early in fall, they reveal the ornamental bark in the thickly branched tree, and create an elegant and attractive silhouette in the winter sky.

Although it withstands dry conditions, some leaf drop may occur, and growth will slow during times of drought. In areas with poor or acidic soils, growth has been noted as slow, and tree form may become dwarfed. The Serviceberry prefers moist, well-drained soils, and thrives in wet, but not waterlogged sites. It will tolerate air pollution, but its brittle branches are prone to wind damage. Some potential pests may include borers and leaf-eating insects. Powdery mildew and fireblight may also occur when the Serviceberry is planted in areas with poor air circulation. Nevertheless, this low-maintenance, durable tree provides unique color and beauty in all four seasons of Oklahoma's climate.

LEFT PICTURES

Smoketree
Cotinus coggygria

3.1.4:FLOWERING, ACCENT AND ORNAMENTAL



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


12 to 18
10 to 12
Moderate to fast
Sun
Small yellow flowers in profuse clusters at tips of new growth during May and June
Small pinkish berries at tips of feather-textured clusters in summer
Bright green to purple, red-orange to crimson in fall


The shrub-like Smoketree, unique in its foliage, flowers, and bark, is a striking addition to the landscape. It can be used in masses, as a small grouping, a specimen tree, or a border plant. Depending on cultivar, the round-leafed foliage can range from green to purple or maroon, turning red-orange to crimson in the fall. In summer, clusters of flowers that contain masses of silk-like hairs engulf the tree, giving the appearance of billowy smoke.

Special pruning procedures can create a wide variance in form, from a loose, multi-stemmed shrub to an upright small tree with a rounded crown. Virtually disease, pest, and maintenance-free, it is an extremely hardy plant that will grow in a variety of soil types, pH values, and environmental conditions. The Smoketree is quite drought resistant, and will withstand hot, drying winds. Although the wood is only moderately strong and can be broken rather easily, its small size protects it from damage due to forceful winds.


3.2.1:LARGE EVERGREEN TREES

Atlas Cedar
Cedrus atlantica



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 60
30 to 40
Slow to moderate
Sun
Male flowers are small cones in late summer
Two to three inch long cone taking two seasons to develop (rarely seen in the U.S.)
Green, yellow-green, blue or blue-gray depending on cultivar


This striking and majestic evergreen may take 50 years to fully mature, developing broadly horizontal, gracefully drooping arms of frosty blue, yellow-green, or rich green needles, depending on the cultivar. Although it grows rapidly in its first 10-20 years, it slows and becomes denser with age. This tree may be used as a specimen tree for parks, golf courses, large gardens and estates. The Atlas Cedar will grow in most soil types and environmental conditions, but it prefers fertile, well-drained soils and requires ample room to spread. Drought resistant once established, and avoided by insects as are most evergreens, this tree is relatively maintenance-free. It is tolerant of pollution and urban conditions, but needs protection from sweeping winds, and may get considerable needle burn and injury during cold winters or when sited poorly in windy locations. Notably, many Atlas Cedars died in Central Oklahoma in the freeze of 1983.

The most commonly used and readily available variety of the Atlas Cedar is Cedrus atlantica 'Glauca', known as the Blue Atlas Cedar. Its stunning silver-blue foliage rivals the Blue Spruce, and although much larger, is an appropriate design alternative for the coloration. It provides amazing contrast against dark green lawns, and should be carefully considered to complement the colors of the surrounding landscape. A weeping form, Glauca pendula, can be trained to drape over structures, providing a very dramatic look, however patience is required to allow the tree to grow to maturity and develop the desired effect.

Other Cultivars: 'Inermis', 'Moriane', 'Sunburst', 'Ruby Lace'


Live Oak
Quercus virginiana

3.2.1: LARGE EVERGREEN TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 80
60 to 100
Slow to moderate
Sun
Inconspicuous female flowers, yellow male flowers in long clusters in early spring
Medium to dark brown acorn, about one inch in diameter, single or in clusters
Dark green


It is rare of broadleaf evergreens to possess such a superb tolerance to harsh conditions as the Live Oak. Living for centuries, this superb tree should be planted more in the urban environment. However, special consideration for the location of this spectacular tree must be made to accommodate its cold tenderness and remarkable size. Its thick, leathery dark green leaves are resistant to many leaf-eating insects, and contribute to the tree's tolerance to drought. In addition, the Live Oak can withstand poor soils, compaction, and air pollution, making it a suitable street tree. It has been noted that this tree is very seedling variable, and actually responds poorly to regular irrigation and fertilization. Only moderately cold hardy, the Live Oak may react to late or prolonged freezes by defoliation, or ultimately death, as was the case for many in Oklahoma City in the freeze of 1983.

Like others in the oak family, the Live Oak has extremely hard, durable wood, making it resistant to damage from wind, ice, and vandals. The graceful horizontal branching of this oak develops into a wide, shade-producing canopy, and contributes to the magnificence and grandeur of this evergreen tree. It may require some maintenance, as it sheds old leaves in the spring while producing new growth. Additionally, pollen from the tree's flowers followed by small acorns may litter sidewalks. Other fine-textured (but deciduous) oaks that may be considered as alternatives to the Live Oak would be the English Oak or Willow Oak.


3.2.1:LARGE EVERGREEN TREES

Japanese Black Pine
Pinus thunbergii



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 60
20 to 30
Slow to moderate
Sun
Inconspicuous
Light brown cones, two to three inches long
Dark green


Often mistaken for the Austrian Pine, the Japanese Black Pine is a tough, fast growing conifer that tolerates a wide range of conditions. Commonly planted in coastal areas because of its drought and salt tolerance, this tree can be seen planted in sand as well as most soil types. The form of the tree is pyramidal when young, but if conditions are favorable for rapid growth, it can assume a loose, irregular shape. With age, this evergreen obtains a more oval crown with angular or pendulous branching.

The Japanese Black Pine retains its evergreen needles longer than the Austrian Pine, making it an effective screen in the landscape. Its fast growth promotes wind and ice resistance, although in harsh winters, the tips of branches may be damaged by early fall or late spring freezes. As with most pines in Central Oklahoma, pine wilt may become a serious liability, therefore other evergreen species are recommended.


Loblolly Pine
Pinus taeda

3.2.1:LARGE EVERGREEN TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


60 to 100
30 to 50
Moderate to fast
Sun
Inconspicuous
Clusters of light brown cones, three to four inches long, retained for years
Light green turning yellow-green to brown in winter


The Loblolly Pine, a major source of lumber and pulpwood in the southern United States, is cultivated because of its rapid growth on a wide range of sites. It is an excellent pine that will tolerate Oklahoma's adverse conditions, including poorly drained or clay soils, as well as drought. Although the life span of this tree is limited to about 150 years, specific trees may reach 300 years in age, reaching a height of over a hundred feet. The form of the tree is moderately ornamental in its youth, and becomes more sparse and leggy with age.

The pine needles of the Loblolly are longer than most pines, measuring up to eight inches in length. These pine needles, which are rich in acidity, are prized as mulch around azaleas, gardenias and camellias. The pinecone is covered with protective spines, and remains green and hard until maturity the following year. As this species retains its fruits for several years, the presence of these clusters of pinecones may help distinguish the Loblolly from other species of pines. The Loblolly Pine provides habitats and food sources for wildlife, as well as supplying humans with lumber and bark mulch. In addition to these uses, the Loblolly may be used in the urban landscape to stabilize eroded or damaged soils, for casting loose shade, as a background planting, or as an ornamental tree.


3.2.1:LARGE EVERGREEN TREES

Ponderosa Pine
Pinus ponderosa



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 60
20 to 30
Slow to moderate
Sun
Inconspicuous
Three to six inch long light red-brown cone, maturing in two years
Dark green needles and orange-brown bark


Also known as "Bull Pine" and "Western Yellow Pine", the Ponderosa is the most common pine to be found in western North America, ranging from Canada to Mexico. Its orange and brown two-toned bark develops an irregular plate-like pattern much like a jigsaw puzzle. The distinctive bark, along with its long needles, are the main characteristics that help differentiate the Ponderosa from its cousin pine trees. When young, this tree has a broad, pyramidal form that becomes more rounded with age.

As with most pines, this tree prefers a moist, well-drained loam soil, although it will tolerate moderate drought, poor soils and soil alkalinity. Surviving climates with extreme temperatures, this durable and rugged tree is well suited for the conditions of the Great Plains states. It withstands strong winds due to its strong wood. However, this tree will not fare well in wet soils or in areas with poor drainage. Although not particularly ornamental, the Ponderosa Pine can be used in the landscape as a windbreak, evergreen backdrop, or shade tree, but keep in mind the presence of the prickly pinecones. Pests include pine tip moth and heart rot, but in general this is a low-maintenance tree.

LEFT PICTURES

Eastern Redcedar
Juniperus virginana

3.2.2:MEDIUM EVERGREEN TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


Reaching 30
20
Moderate to fast
Sun
Inconspicuous
Small bluish-purple round berries,about ¼ inch in diameter
Deep green


Despite its name, the Eastern Redcedar is not a true cedar, but is actually a variety of juniper. Very hardy and tough, this evergreen tree grows in almost any soil, tolerates a wide range of soil pH, and withstands hot temperatures and drying winds. It has a moderately dense, pyramidal form with ascending branches when young. Its rapid growth slows as the tree matures, achieving a loose, open form. The small, scale-like leaflets retain coloration during the winter months, but develop a purplish cast, making this tree a unique backdrop in the winter landscape. Male trees form small cones that produce a large quantity of pollen, which may affect some with allergies. Female trees produce small blue fruits that are often eaten and then reseeded by birds.

Depending on the cultivar or seedling variation, the Eastern Redcedar differs in form, size, and fruit quality. Ornamental qualities of the different cultivars include prolific and colorful sprays of bluish-purple berries, highly textural peeling bark, or a stately columnar form. A particularly attractive cultivar, the 'Canaert' may be used as an ornamental specimen, but can become leggy if planted in the shade. Uses for this adaptable evergreen include specimen planting, screening, massing, windbreak, foundation planting, or backdrop. One must be careful not to plant the Eastern Redcedar near apple, crabapple and hawthorn trees, as it is an alternate host for a disease known as cedar-apple rust. Bagworms may also be a problem with this species.


3.2.2:MEDIUM EVERGREEN TREES

Incense Cedar
Calocedrus decurrens



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


30 to 50
8 to 10
Moderate
Sun to part shade
Monoecious; male cones small and yellow; female cones small and yellowish-green
Cones are about one inch long
Shiny green foliage, reddish-brown cones, purplish-red to reddish-brown bark


Although not a true cedar, the genus name Calocedrus means "beautiful cedar." The Incense Cedar has an unusual foliage texture that differs from the fine needles of a pine tree, with fragrant, soft leaflets that form flattened, chainlike branches, similar to the arborvitae. Complementing the rich green foliage is the attractive, bright cinnamon-red bark that becomes a highly textural and ornamental feature with age. The tree’s narrow, strongly pyramidal form is distinctive in the landscape, and requires no pruning to maintain its shape. Unfortunately, these trees are prone to losing their tops from freezes, which may affect their nice pyramidal shape.

With a lifespan of up to 500 years, this dense, columnar evergreen can be used as an accent in the landscape, stand alone as a vertical specimen, or planted in rows or groupings as a screen or backdrop. The Incense Cedar is adaptable to a wide range of soil types, from nearly neutral to strongly acid, and to soil textures that vary from coarse sands to very fine clays. Once established, the Incense Cedar thrives in hot, dry climates and ranks second in drought tolerance to Junipers and the Ponderosa Pine. Also withstanding extremes in annual temperatures, this is a hardy and beautiful evergreen tree for Central Oklahoma.


Arizona Cypress
Cupressus arizonica

3.2.2: MEDIUM EVERGREEN TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


30 to 40
15 to 25
Fast
Sun to partial shade
Inconspicuous
Cone, one inch in diameter
Green to silver-green, depending on cultivar


This striking evergreen possesses some remarkable characteristics, with unusual coloration, texture and shape. Sculpturally fashioned from the loose, open canopy is an attractive pyramidal form that needs ample space to develop. Its fine textured, silver-green foliage provides contrast against its attractive reddish-brown peeling bark. It is the only cypress native to the southwest, and thrives in sunny, hot, and dry locations. Compared with junipers, this hardy evergreen can tolerate partial shade; however, it becomes more susceptible to health problems and disease when located out of full sun.

In our area, these trees have been noted to develop shallow root systems that make them susceptible to toppling if located in windy or wet sites. Although relatively short-lived with a life span of 30 to 40 years, this evergreen can grow up to three feet per year, and can provide an immediate impact on the landscape. Often used as a windbreak, barrier or background plant, this tree may also make a statement in the landscape as a specimen planting. Overall, the Arizona Cypress requires very little maintenance, and is virtually pest and disease-free. However, in areas with ample moisture or humidity, mistletoe, blight and rust may develop.


3.2.2:MEDIUM EVERGREEN TREES

Leyland Cypress
X Cupressocyparis leylandii



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20 to 40
8 to 15
Fast
Sun
Inconspicuous
Small cones, ½ inch in diameter
Intense green


As a hybrid species, the Leyland Cypress was developed for its beauty in addition to its resistance to disease and pests. Its fan-like, bright green foliage and stately form have made this species a popular choice for Christmas trees. It is a fast-growing evergreen that thrives in a variety of soil types - from sand to clay, acid or alkaline. Ideal for the urban environment, this tree will tolerate high levels of pollution, moderate drought, and is relatively cold hardy. Because of its rapid growth rate and adaptability to heavy pruning, this species serves as an excellent screen, hedge or windbreak. When allowed to achieve its natural shape, the Leyland Cypress makes a fine street tree, or specimen plant.

The soft, scale-like foliage lacks the sharp needles common to Eastern Redcedar and Arizona Cypress, and depending on the cultivar, varies in color from bright green, blue-green, to gray, in addition to variegated varieties with white, yellow, and gold branch tips. Some cultivars of merit include: 'Naylor's Blue' with grayish-green foliage and a narrow, columnar form; 'Leighton Green' with a narrow, columnar form and rich green foliage; 'Robinson's Gold' with yellowish foliage turning goldenbronze in spring; and 'Silver Dust' with a wide canopy and bluish-green foliage with white accents.


Foster's Holly
Ilex x attenuata

SECTION 3.2.3: SMALL EVERGREEN TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20
4 to 6
Moderate
Sun to shade
Inconspicuous
Bright red single berries or in clusters (very showy)
Deep blue-green


The Foster’s Holly is a hybrid of the American Holly, and is grown for its exceptional pyramidal form, seasonal color and adaptability. Densely covering the pyramidal plant, its dark blue-green leaves are small and elongated with shallowly margined teeth. Showy clusters of bright red berries adorn the tree in the winter, attracting birds hungry for a meal. The many ornamental qualities of this small tree provide various opportunities for use in the urban landscape. Foster’s Holly can be planted as a screen, backdrop, massing, specimen, or as an accent plant.

This species is tolerant of a wide range of conditions. It can be grown in full sun to shade, in dry to moist conditions, and in many soil types. However, high soil alkalinity may cause yellowing of the leaves, called chlorosis. In addition, the Foster’s Holly may be sensitive to high concentrations of salt and fertilizers that can damage roots, ultimately affecting the health of the plant.


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES

Yaupon Holly
Ilex vomitoria



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


Reaching 25
Variable
Slow to moderate
Sun to shade
Inconspicuous, creamy white blooms
Small shiny red berries, persisting throughout winter
Medium to dark glossy green


A very adaptable and tough holly, the Yaupon Holly can be seen as a small evergreen tree with multiple trunks and an asymmetrical form. Unlike the large, spiny leaves of other holly plants, this species maintains rich evergreen foliage that is elliptical in shape, bordered by a delicate sawtooth margin. Seasonally, the Yaupon Holly offers hints of color, as spring growth renders shiny leaves tinged with red-purple veins, and fall and winter present an abundance of small red berries. In addition to producing fruits that attract wildlife, the Yaupon’s dense, twiggy form provides shelter for many species of birds.

Making a lovely patio, courtyard tree, accent plant, planter specimen, or used as a screen, backdrop or understory planting, the Yaupon has unlimited applications in the urban landscape. This tree is adaptable in tolerance as well as use. It accepts pruning easily, and can be shaped into formal accents, or maintained in its natural state. Along with resistance to heat and drought, this species will tolerate most soil types and growing conditions. Moreover, the Yaupon Holly can be planted in sites with excessively moist to extremely dry conditions while maintaining good resistance to pests and disease.

It should be noted that these trees should be purchased by a reputable grower, and not transplanted from the wild. Fire Ants may be imported from balled and burlapped stock that is not quarantined. Container grown trees are generally sold in nurseries to ensure no importation of insects along with the tree.


Little Gem Magnolia
Magnolia grandiflora'Little Gem'

SECTION 3.2.3: SMALL EVERGREEN TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


15 to 20
10
Medium to Slow
Sun to partial shade
Showy, 4 to 6 inch creamy white blooms in summer and fall
Not commonly produced
Dark green leaf surface with rusty bronze underside


Considered a "dwarf" variety of the Southern Magnolia, the Little Gem Magnolia is a slow-growing hybrid of Magnolia grandiflora that grows up to 20 feet in height. Its evergreen leaves add interest all year, with a lustrous, dark green surface and rusty bronze underneath. Throughout the winter season, some of these leathery leaves may shed, requiring a bit of maintenance. However, these leaves are smaller than the parent plant, therefore leaf litter is less of a problem.

Unlike the Southern Magnolia, this variety will bloom when the tree is relatively young. These creamy-white, lemon-scented blooms last longer through the growing season than other Magnolias, making the Little Gem an ornamental showpiece in the landscape. These gorgeous plants may be used as evergreen screens, refined specimens or container accents. It maintains an attractive, upright form, and will retain its lower branches to the ground, making this plant an excellent hedge or backdrop. They are virtually pest and disease-free plants that will tolerate occasionally wet soils, as well as moderate drought once established. They prefer moist, well-drained, slightly acidic soils, therefore careful site selection is mandatory for the vitality of this plant.