Global Investing

Yield-hungry funds lend $2bln to Ukraine

Investors just cannot get enough of emerging market bonds. Ukraine, possibly one of the weakest of the big economies in the developing world, this week returned to global capital markets for the first time in a year , selling $2 billion in 5-year dollar bonds.  Investors placed orders for seven times that amount, lured doubtless by the 9.25 percent yield on offer.

Ukraine’s problems are well known, with fears even that the country could default on debt this year.  The $2 billion will therefore come as a relief. But the dangers are not over yet, which might make its success on bond markets look all the more surprising.

Perhaps not. Emerging dollar debt is this year’s hot-ticket item, generating returns of over 10 percent so far in 2012. Yields in the so-called safe markets such as Germany and United States are negligible; short-term yields are even negative.  So a 9.25 percent yield may look too good to resist.

Moreover Ukraine paid a substantial premium to compensate investors for the risk. Last June it sold a $1.25 billion 5-year bond, paying just 6.25 percent or 300 basis points less. Michael Ganske, head of emerging markets research at Commerzbank says:

At the moment investors are pouring money into emerging fixed income, they just want to get a better yield for their portfolios. People understand Ukraine is not a fantastic credit but it is a matter of value for money — just look at the yield. I think this deal was positive for both sides: Ukraine were able to issue and get money in the bank and investors received an attractive yield.

Ukraine wasn’t the only weak credit to benefit from the appetite for emerging debt. Sri Lanka, rated like Ukraine deep in junk territory, raised $1 billion in 10-year cash, paying 5.875 percent. Demand for the bond exceeded $10 billion.

Yield-hungry investors are willing to brave dangers. This week they lent Ukraine $2 billion. Join Discussion

Next Week: Big Black Cloud

Following are notes from our weekly editorial planning meeting:

Not unlike this year’s British “summer”, the gloom is now all pervasive. Not panicky mind, just gloomy. And there is a significant difference where markets are concerned at least. The former involves surprise and being wrongfooted — but latter has been slow realisation that what were once extreme views on the depth of the credit swamp are fast becoming consensus thinking. The conclusion for many now is that we’re probably stuck in this mire for several more years – anywhere between 5 and 20 years, depending on your favoured doom-monger. Yet, the other thing is that markets also probably positioned in large part for that perma-funk — be it negative yields on core government debt or euro zone equities now with half the p/e ratios of US counterparts. In short, the herd has already  hunkered down and finds it hard to see any horizon. Those who can will resort to short-term tactical plays based on second-guessing government and central bank policy responses (there will likely be more QE or related actions stateside eventually despite hesitancy in the FOMC minutes  and Fed chief Bernanke will likely give a glimpse of that thinking in his congressional testimony next week); or hoping to surf mini econ cycles aided by things like cheaper energy; or hoping to spot one off corporate success stories like a new Apple or somesuch.

So has all hope been snuffed out? The reason for the relapse mid-year depression is only partly related to the political minefield frustrating a resolution of the euro crisis – in some ways, things there look more encouraging policywise than they did two months ago. It stems as much from a realization of just how broken the banks credit creation system remains – a system that had hinged heavily on extensive collateral chains that have now largely been broken or shortened and starved of acceptable high-quality collateral. Curiously, QE – by removing even more of the top quality collateral – may even be exaggerating the problem. Some even say the extreme shortage of this quality “collateral” may require more, not less, government debt in the US and UK and would also benefit from a pooling of euro debt  – but everyone knows how easy all that’s going to be politically.

Despite all this, global markets have remained fairly stable over the past week – in part due to policy hopes underpinning risk markets and in part because there’s not many places left to hide without losing money in “safe-haven” bunkers. World equities are down about 2 percent over the past week,  but still up more than 6 percent from early June. Risk measured by volatility indicesis a smidgen higher too. Oil has firmed back toward $100pb, disappointing everyone apart from oil exporters. Spanish and Italian 10-yr yields are a touch higher. And at least part of the caution everywhere is ae vigil ahead of Chinese Q2 GDP data on Friday – numbers that now almost rival the U.S.  monthly payrolls in global market impact.

Next week finds us in the thick of the Q2 earnings season, but Bernanke’s testimony may well end up stealing the show as QE3 speculation boils again, the IMF prepares to cut world growth forecasts on Monday and a stream of inflation reports from US/UK/euro zone reveal the leeway major central banks now have to ease credit yet again.  Spain borroww again Thursday and the July US Philly Fed index, a major mood setter for the rest of month, will be important. Canadian, Turkish and SAfrican rate decisions will be watched closely. EU/IMF officials hit Budapest to discuss a lending programme for Hungary.

But perhaps the most important metric of the coming week may well be how euro banks react to the disappearance Wednesday of the interest rate on more $800bln of cash they are hoarding  at the ECB. Already we have seen nearly 500 bln shift to similarly 0% current accounts from overnight deposits, but whether some of that will now find its way out the yield curve of euro government bond markets or — shock, horror — into direct business lending will be hugely important in the days and weeks ahead. The passing of the EBA bank capital deadline on June 30 and the ESM-bank deal may encourage some attempt to put this money back to work.

IMF updates World Economic Outlook Mon

Not panicky mind, just gloomy. Join Discussion

Hungary can seek IMF aid now. But can it cut rates?

The European Union has given Budapest the green light to seek aid from the IMF. (see here)  In fact, the breakthrough after five months of dispute does not let Hungary completely off the hook  — to get its hands on the money, Viktor Orban’s government will have to backtack on some controversial recent legislation, starting with its efforts to curb the central bank’s independence.  It remains to be seen if Orban will actually cave in.

But markets are reacting as if the IMF money is in Hungary’s pocket already. There have been sharp rallies in Hungarian dollar bonds,  CDS and currency markets (see graphic below from Capital Economics). The Budapest stock market has posted its best one-day gain since last November while the yield on local 10-year bonds have collapsed almost 100 bps. Hungarian officials are (a bit prematurely)  talking of issuing bonds on world markets.

What investors are hoping for now is a cut to the 7 percent interest rate. Hungary’s central bank jacked up rates by 100 bps in recent months to defend the forint as cash fled the country. Now there is a chance those rate rises can be reeled back in. After all, the moribund economy could really use a dash of monetary easing. Thanasis Petronikolos, head of emerging debt at Baring Asset Management has been overweight Hungary and  recalls that after 2008 crisis, the central bank was able to quickly take back its 300 bps of currency-defensive rate hikes.

In the aftermath of this, the central bank may be prompted to cut short term interest rates. If the risk premium comes down a lot, the central bank may feel that 7 percent interest rates are not justified. I’m expecting them to at least take this 100 bps back assuming they can reach an agreement with the IMF.

Hungary’s FRAs (forward rate agreement), are still pricing slightly higher short-term interest rates and have not yet reacted to the shifting picture. Many urge caution however on the rate cut expectations, noting that Orban and the IMF may struggle to reach common ground and the central bank will want to see money on the table before it actually acts.

Petronikolos is right in that the economy is moribund, credit growth has slumped and there is a big output gap. But headline inflation is running at 5.5 percent, well above the central bank’s 3 percent target, due to an increase in sales tax.  Sandor Jobbagy, at CIB Bank in Budapest is one analyst who says inflation risks have forced him to push back the date of likely interest rate cuts. 

Hungary can go ahead with talks to seek IMF aid. Many are betting the central bank will act soon to cut interest rates. But the money is not on the table yet. Join Discussion

Ukraine’s $58 billion problem

Ukrainian officials were at pains to reassure investors last week that no debt default was in the offing. But people familiar with the numbers will find it hard to believe them.

The government must find over $5.3 billion this year to repay maturing external debt, including $3 billion to the IMF and $2 billion to Russian state bank VTB. Bad enough but there is worse:  Ukrainian companies and banks too have hefty debt maturities this year. Total external financing needs– corporate and sovereign – amount to $58 billion, analysts at Capital Economics calculate. That’s a third of Ukraine’s GDP and makes a default of some kind very likely. The following graphic is from Capital Economics.

In normal circumstances Ukraine — and Ukrainian companies — could have gone to market and borrowed the money. Quite a few developing countries such as Lithuania recently tapped markets, others including Jamaica plan to do so. Ukraine’s problem is its refusal to toe the IMF line.  Agreeing to the IMF’s main demand to lift crippling gas subsidies would unlock a $15 billion loan programme, giving  access to the loan cash as well as to global bond markets. But removing subsidies would be political suicide ahead of elections in October.  And with the sovereign frozen out of bond markets, Ukrainian companies too will find it hard to raise cash.

So what options does Ukraine have? It could yet sell bonds on global markets. Or it could, as the finance minister sugggested last week, borrow at home in hard currency. But its tiny, illiquid  local debt markets are unlikely to attract too many foreign investors. And yields will be ruinous. Ukraine’s 2015 dollar bond is trading with a yield of 9 percent and Ukrainian sovereign dollar debt carries a hefty 870 basis-point premium to U.S.  Treasuries, among the highest in emerging markets. Analysts at Capital Economics write:

Issuing debt at interest rates of 8-10% is unsustainable for a country that even on the IMF’s optimistic projections is likely to record average nominal GDP growth (in US$) of only 4.5% a year over the next three years.

The government could also dip into the central bank’s $30 billion reserves. But this would be a temporary fix. Also, reserves are already down $7 billion since last August and spending more of this could leave the hryvnia seriously exposed in coming months.

Ukraine's government must repay over $5 billion this year to external creditors. But other Ukrainian borrowers -- companies and banks -- owe more than 10 times this amount. Can it escape default? Join Discussion

Hair of the dog? Citi says more LTROs in store

Just as global markets nurse a hangover from their Q1 binge on cheap ECB lending — a circa 1 trillion euro flood of 1%, 3-year loans to euro zone banks in December and February (anodynely dubbed a Long-Term Refinancing Operation) — there’s every chance they may get, or at least need, a proverbial hair of the dog.

At least that’s what Citi chief economist Willem Buiter and team think despite regular insistence from ECB top brass that the recent two-legged LTRO was likely a one off.

Even though Citi late Wednesday nudged up its world growth forecast for a third month running, in keeping with Tuesday’s IMF’s upgrade , it remains significantly more bearish on headline numbers and sees PPP-weighted global growth this  year and next at 3.1% and 3.5% compared with the Fund’s call of 3.5% and 4.1%.

But its euro zone calls are gloomiest of all. First off, it sees two consecutive years of economic contraction of the bloc as a whole — a 1.0% shrinkage this year followed by 0.2% drop in 2013. Against this dire backdrop, it expects  Spain to be forced to seek Troika (EU, IMF and ECB) support later this year that will be focussed on recapitalizing and restructuring its ailing banks and it also expects both Portugal and Ireland to need second bailouts from the same source.

And with that sort of pressure from deleveraging, austerity, sovereign debt stress and recession , the ECB will have to bring out yet another punchbowl, it reckons.

We expect that renewed EMU strains will prompt the ECB to launch at least one more multi-year LTRO and continue to pencil in one or two more rate cuts by end-2013.

Yet, just like the euphoric effects of both the binge and “morning after” drink, the problem with LTRO is that it risks causing more problems than it solves by tying the banks of weak peripheral euro states ever closer to their ailing sovereigns.

"EMU strains will prompt the ECB to launch at least one more multi-year LTRO"-Citi Join Discussion

BRICS: future aid superpowers?

Britain’s aid programme for India hit the headlines this year, when New Delhi, much to the fury of the Daily Mail, described Britain’s £200 million annual aid to it as peanuts. Whether it makes sense to send money to a fast-growing emerging power that spends billions of dollars on arms is up for debate but few know that India has been boosting its own aid programme for other poor nations.  A report released today by NGO Global Health Strategies Initiatives (GHSi) finds that India’s foreign assistance grew 10.8 percent annually between 2005 and 2010.

The actual sums flowing from India are,  to use its own phrase, peanuts. The country provided $680 million in 2010. Compare that to the $3.2 billion annual contribution even from crisis-hit Italy. The difference is that Indian donations have risen from $443 million in 2005, while Italy’s have fallen 10 percent in this period, GHSi found. Indian aid has grown in fact at a rate 10 times that of the United States. Add to that Indian pharma companies’ contribution – the source of 60- 80 percent of the vaccines procured by United Nations agencies.

Other members of the BRICS group of developing countries are also stepping up overseas assistance, with a special focus on healthcare, the report said. BRICS leaders meet this week to ink a deal on setting up a BRICS development bank.

Here are the numbers for the other BRICS (according to GHSi report entitled ”How the BRICS are reshaping global health and development”)

*Brazil is estimated to have provided upto $1.2 billion, mostly to Latin America and Portuguese-speaking African nations such as  Mozambique. That’s an annual increase of 20 percent since 2005

*Russia’s foreign aid amounted to $472 million in 2010, mostly to other ex-Soviet states and Africa, four times 2006 levels.

*South Africa brings up the rear with $143 million, up 8 percent a year since 2005. (Click the following graphic to enlarge)

BRICS have been raising their overseas development budgets. The rise will be crucial for healthcare programmes as aid from the West stagnates or shrinks, a report by NGO Global Health Strategies Initiatives (GHSi) finds. Join Discussion

Hungary’s plan to get some cash in the bank

Hungary says it might borrow money from global bond markets before it lands a long-awaited aid deal with the International Monetary Fund. That pretty much seems to suggest Budapest has given up hope of getting the IMF cash any time soon. Given the fund has already said it won’t visit Hungary in April, that view would seem correct.

There is some logic to the plan.

Hungary desperately needs the cash — it must  find over 4 billion euros just to repay external debt this year.

It is also an attractive time to sell debt.  Appetite for emerging market debt remains strong. Emerging bond yield premiums over U.S. Treasuries have contracted sharply this year and stand near seven-month lows. Moreover, U.S. Treasury yields may rise, potentially making debt issuance more costly in coming months.

For Hungary’s government , the idea of a successful bond sale is particularly attractive as this will at a stroke  improve its bargaining position with the IMF. That’s bad news, says Tim Ash, RBS head of emerging European research:

The problem is that getting cash in the bank may actually reduce the likelihood of the government actually finally cutting a deal with the IMF, so arguably increases market risk over the slightly longer term.

He concedes however:

Hungary says it may try to sell a global bond before it gets cash from the IMF. The idea may work. Join Discussion

Bullish Barclays says to buy Portuguese debt

Some bets are not for the faint-hearted. Risky punts are even less so following a sovereign debt crisis, one that has riddled European debt markets for two years. Barclays Capital, however, recommends a particularly unusual bet, one that your parents might baulk at.

It will be of little surprise that Barcap is bullish on the year, advising towards assets that will perform well in an environment of US-led global growth, easy monetary policy and tight oil supplies following reduced tail-risks in Europe curbed by cheap money from the European Central Bank.

Now that the rush of the addictive LTRO money is over and the dust is settling on central banks’ balance sheets, Barcap is brave enough to recommend an unlikely candidate and one of the recent targets of financial markets — Portugal.

Laurent Fransolet, Managing Director of Research at Barclays Capital told reporters at a Global Outlook briefing today:

“One of the top trades that we recommend in the global outlook is to be long on Portugal, which is a little bit of a roll of the dice. It is a fairly high risk, high return strategy. The sustainability of the debt, the fiscal consolidation, the long-term economic performance – these are still questions that remain on people’s minds for the foreseeable future.”

But the investment bank said it took the EU and the IMF at their word on implications following the Greek Private Sector Involvement (PSI) bailout deal.

“After the Greek PSI, we do believe the statement that Greece is unique and that anything will be done for Portugal for as long as needed if Portugal does deliver its side of the bargain — which has been the message by the European officials and by the IMF. In the very near term you probably have some opportunity for Portugal to outperform from what are fairly cheap levels.”

Some bets are not for the faint hearted. Risky punts are even less so following a sovereign debt crisis. Barclays Capital, however, recommends a particularly unusual bet, one that your parents might baulk at. Join Discussion

Buy more yen… to increase reserve returns

Japan has not been a sexy destination for investment. In an environment of rising sovereign risk, Japan’s huge debt burden (+200% and rising) and lack of triple-A rating (Japan is rated AA-, Aa3 and AA by the main rating agencies) are not something that would attract the world’s investors, including the powerful central bank reserve managers.

However, the yen is a different story. Enjoying a safe-haven status, the Japanese currency is staying just below its all-time high around 75.90 per dollar, while it also rose to an 11-year peak against the euro in January.

JP Morgan,whose asset management arm manages $70 billion for 65 official sector clients including central banks and sovereign wealth funds, says reserve managers have been diversifying into non-G4 currencies but the strategy has not performed well.

Instead, it says, they should buy more yen.

“Diversification has targeted cyclical assets such as commodity currencies, which impart more leverage than safety to a portfolio. A much higher allocation to structural funding currencies such as the yen is required for reserve managers concerned with volatility and drawdown,” JPM says in a note to clients.

According to the latest reserve data from the IMF, central banks — which control reserves of over $10 trillion worldwide — hold 60 percent in dollars, 27 percent in euros and 4 percent in sterling and yen respectively.

This would have returned 1.5 percent in the past two years and 2.9 percent in the past five years.

Japan has not been a sexy destination for investment, including the world's foreign reserves. But JP Morgan says buying more yen would enhance returns. Join Discussion

EM growth is passport out of West’s mess but has a price, says “Mr BRIC”

Anyone worried about Greece and the potential impact of the euro debt crisis on the world economy should have a chat with Jim O’Neill. O’Neill, the head of Goldman Sachs Asset Management ten years ago coined the BRIC acronym to describe the four biggest emerging economies and perhaps understandably, he is not too perturbed by the outcome of the Greek crisis. Speaking at a recent conference, the man who is often called Mr BRIC, pointed out that China’s economy is growing by $1 trillion a year  and that means it is adding the equivalent of a Greece every 4 months. And what if the market turns its guns on Italy, a far larger economy than Greece?  Italy’s economy was surpassed in size last year by Brazil, another of the BRICs, O’Neill counters, adding:

“How Italy plays out will be important but people should not exaggerate its global importance.  In the next 12 months the four BRICs will create the equivalent of another Italy.”

Emerging economies are cooling now after years of turbo-charged growth. But according to O’Neill, even then they are growing enough to allow the global economy to expand at 4-4.5 percent,  a faster clip than much of the past 30 years. Trade data for last year will soon show that Germany for the first time exported more goods to the four BRICs than to neighbouring France, he said.

“Post-crisis, these countries will be our passport out of this mess.”

But there has to be a payoff for this kind of increased financial clout, he warns. Developing countries are increasingly disgruntled about the the richer world’s strangehold on global policies via the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and most have responded coolly to the call for additional funds for the IMF which is fighting to stem the euro zone malaise. An attempt last year to install a representative of the developing world at the helm of the IMF for the first time ever fell apart, with Europe retaining the position. But emerging countries could make a bid for the World Bank chief’s position this year, a position traditionally held by a U.S. citizen. O’Neill said the West had to bow to the new reality:

“You can’t have it both ways…This game of ‘You have the IMF and I have the World Bank’ has to stop or these institutions are going to lose their relevance.”

He is also dismissive of fears China is headed for a so-called hard landing, a sharp slowdown of growth, potentially leading to unemployment, a property crash and social unrest in the world’s No. 2 economy.  ”A lot of people (in the West) want China to have a hard landing, ” he said. “And that’s because it isnt us.”

Those worried about the impact of Greece and Italy's debt mess on the world economy should look at the data coming out of the emerging world, says Jim O'Neill, the man dubbed Mr BRIC. China creates the equivalent of a Greek economy every four months, he says. The four BRICs add the equivalent of an Italy every 12 months. " These countries will be our passport out of this mess," he says. But there has to be a payoff. Join Discussion