Arapaima (Arapaima gigas)

Description

Arapaima fact file

• Description
• Biology
• Range
• Habitat
• Status
• Threats
• Conservation
• Find out more
• Glossary
• References
• Print factsheet

Description

The arapaima (Arapaima gigas), or pirarucu as it is known in Brazil, is one of the largest freshwater fishes in the world ⁽³⁾. Its local name derives from the indigenous words for red and fish, a reference either to the striking red flecks on the scales towards the tail or the reddish-orange colour of the filleted flesh ^{(4) (5) (6)}. For its huge size, the arapaima is sleek and streamlined with its dorsal and anal fin set well back near the tail on its largely grey to green body ⁽²⁾. In common with other fish belonging to the superorder Osteoglossomorph (bony-tongued fish), the arapaima has a tongue with sharp, bony teeth that together with teeth on the roof of its palate are involved in disabling and shredding prey ^{(2) (7)}.

Also known as

Pirarucu.

French

Arapaïma, Paiche.

Size

Length: up to 3 m ⁽²⁾

Weight

up to 200 kg ⁽²⁾

Biology

Aside from its immense size, perhaps the most peculiar trait of the arapaima is a fundamental dependence on surface air to breathe ^{(12) (14) (15)}. In addition to gills, it has a modified and enlarged swim bladder, composed of lung-like tissue, which enables it to extract oxygen from the air ^{(2) (14)}. This is an adaptation to the often hypoxic conditions of the Amazon floodplains, but requires the arapaima to surface for air every 5 to 15 minutes ^{(12) (15)}.

During low-water levels from August to March, arapaima congregate in lakes and river channels. Towards the end of the season between December and March, the adults pair up, build a nest and spawn. The larvae hatch three to five days later, after which the adult female normally leaves the male alone to protect the young. The male is most conscientious in this role, never allowing the offspring more than a metre away. As the water levels rise, the arapaima migrate into the food-rich environments of the flooded forests. Adults aged a year or more feed primarily on other fish, while the diverse diet of juveniles, which remain under paternal care for approximately three months, includes insects, fish larvae and other small organisms. As the waters recede, the adults and juveniles separate and migrate back to the lakes and rivers ^{(12) (13)}. Sexual maturity is reached after four to five years and average life spans of 15 to 20 years have been recorded in captivity ^{(8) (16)}.

Range

The arapaima occurs mainly within the Amazon basin floodplain but its exact distribution, particularly in the lower part of the basin, is not known. It has also been recorded in the upper Essequibo basins of Guyana and fossil evidence suggests its historical presence in the Rio Magdelena basin in Colombia ^{(8) (9)}. Outside of its native range, arapaima has been introduced to waterways in parts of east Asia for fishing and as a result of unintentional aquarium release ^{(10) (11)}.

Habitat

The preferred habitat of arapaima fluctuates with the seasons; lakes and river channels are favoured during the dry season, while flooded forests become much more important during the wet season ^{(12) (13)}.

Status

The arapaima is classified as Data Deficient (DD) on the IUCN Red List ⁽¹⁾ and listed on Appendix II of CITES ⁽³⁾.

Threats

The need to regularly surface for air means the arapaima, which can yield as much as 70 kilograms of high quality meat ⁽⁵⁾, is an easy target for fisherman in the shallow waters of the Amazon floodplain ^{(8) (9)}. Indeed, it formed a significant part of the diet of the indigenous people of the Amazon Basin and was first marketed commercially in the late 18th century ^{(8) (9)}. However, in the 1960s, following two centuries of extensive exploitation, the arapaima started to become scarce, and by the 1970s was commercially extinct in the vicinity of major Amazonian cities. In 2001, all commercial fishing of arapaima was banned in Brazil outside of a limited number of sustainable reserves, but illegal fishing still continues ^{(8) (15)}.

Conservation

The status of the arapaima population in the Amazon basin is unknown and consequently the species is listed as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List ^{(1) (15)}. The financial costs of conducting a population census over such a colossal area are prohibitive and monitoring catches is problematic in a trade that is largely illegal ⁽¹⁵⁾. Nonetheless, recent studies have been able to show that despite ongoing exploitation, there remain areas with high levels of genetic diversity, particularly within sustainable reserves. From a conservation perspective it has been suggested that increasing the number of sustainable reserves throughout the Amazon will provide a source for re-population of depleted populations in poorly controlled areas ^{(8) (9)}. Should the need ever arise in the long-term, there is also scope for reintroduction of Arapaima to the wild from successful captive breeding programs ⁽⁸⁾.

View information on this species at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre.

Find out more

For more information on the Arapaima:

• BBC Wildlife Finder:
  http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/Arapaima

Authentication

This information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact:
arkive@wildscreen.org.uk

Glossary

Anal fin

In fish, the unpaired fin on the under surface of a fish, behind the anus.

Dorsal

Relating to the dorsal fin - the unpaired fin found on the back of the body of fish, or the raised structure on the back of most cetaceans.

Hypoxic

Low oxygen levels.

Larvae

Stage in an animal’s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg. Larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce.

Spawn

The production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water.

References

1. IUCN Red List (April, 2008)
   http://www.iucnredlist.org/
2. Burnie, D. (2001) Animal. Dorling Kindersley, London.
3. CITES (April, 2008)
   http://www.cites.org
4. Godinho, H.P., Santos, J.E., Formagio, P.S. and Guimarães-Cruz, R.J. (2005) Gonadal morphology and reproductive traits of the Amazonian fish Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822). Acta Zoologica, 86: 289 - 294.
5. BioTrade Facilitation Programme. (2006) Arapaima gigas market study: current status of Arapaima global trade and perspectives on the Swiss, French and UK markets. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva. Available at:
   http://www.biotrade.org/docs/biotradebrief-arapaimagigas.pdf
6. Marsden, P.D. (1994) Letter from Brasilia: some primitive peoples of the tropics. BMJ, 308: 1095 - 1096.
7. Sanford, C.P.J. and Lauder, G.V. (1990) Kinematics of the tongue-bite in Osteoglossomorph fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology, 154: 137 - 162.
8. Hrbek, T., Farias, I.P., Crossa, M., Sampaio, I., Porto, J.I.R. and Meyer, A. (2005) Population genetic analysis of Arapaima gigas, one of the largest freshwater fishes of the Amazon basin: implications for its conservation. Animal Conservation, 8: 297 - 308.
9. Hrbek, T., Crossa, M. and Farias, I.P. (2007) Conservation strategies for Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) and the Amazonian várzea ecosystem. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 67(4): 909 - 917.
10. Ma, X., Bangxi, X., Yindong, W. and Minxue, W. (2003) Intentionally introduced and transferred fishes in China’s inland waters. Asian Fisheries Science, 16: 279 - 290.
11. Vidthayanon, C. (2005) Aquatic alien species in Thailand (Part 1): Biodiversity. In: Bartley, D.M., Bhujel, R.C., Funge-Smith, S., Olin, P. and Phillips, M. (Eds) International mechanisms for the control and responsible use of alien species in aquatic ecosystems. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
12. Castello, L. (2008) Lateral migration of Arapaima gigas in floodplains of the Amazon. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 17: 38 - 46.
13. Castello, L. (2008) Nesting habitat of Arapaima gigas (Schinz) in Amazonian floodplains. Journal of Fish Biology, 72: 1520 - 1528.
14. Brauner, C.J., Matey, V., Wilson, J.M., Bernier, N.J. and Val, A.L. (2004) Transition in organ function during the evolution of air-breathing; insights from Arapaima gigas, an obligate air-breathing teleost from the Amazon. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207: 1433 - 1438.
15. Castello, L. (2004) A method to count Pirarucu Arapaima gigas: fishers, assessment and management. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 24: 379 - 389.
16. National Geographic: Arapaima Profile (September, 2008)
    http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/arapaima.html