Buddhism in Europe

An Annotated Bibliography

3rd version
March 2001

by Martin Baumann


1. General overviews and surveys

2. Geographical studies

- 2.1.  United Kingdom
- 2.2.  Germany
- 2.3.  France
- 2.4.  Austria
- 2.5.  Switzerland
- 2.6.  The Netherlands and Belgium
- 2.7.  Italy
- 2.8.  Portugal, Spain, Greece
- 2.9.  Yugoslavia and Hungary
- 2.10. Poland and Czech Republic
- 2.11. Russian Federation
- 2.12. Denmark and Scandinavia

3. Added titles since January 1998

- 3.1.  General overviews and surveys
- 3.2.  Geographical studies, country-wise

4. Table of estimated numbers of Buddhists in European countries in 2000

Note:

Emphasis is laid on scholarly studies which take-stock and analyse historical and contemporary developments of Buddhism and Buddhist activities in European countries. The bibliography lists academic books and articles, university theses and nation-wide journals by Buddhist organisations in the respective country. As this collection is set up as a "working bibliography", any suggestions and recommendations of further studies and theses are most welcome and appreciated. Many, but not all entries are accompained by a short (subjective) comment and assessment, indicated as IH for Ian Harris, RW for Russell Web, AK for Alioune Kone and LO for Lionel Obadia. Annotations with no specifications are done by Martin Baumann. Special thanks to these above mentioned colleagues and to numerous scholars and Buddhists from Europe for advice and suggestions.

The second version set online in early 1998 corrected mistakes, gave additional information to listed entries of the first version (Oct. 1996) and added some 60 titles. This third version incorporates some 90 new titles, bringing the bibliography to a total of about 380 entries. To enable a quick look at these added titles, point 3 of the bibliography lists them separatedly. Finally, as point 4, I have attached a table of estimated numbers of Buddhists in countries of Europe.

 

1. General overviews and surveys TOP

Almond, Philip C., "The Buddha in the West. From Myth to History", in: Religion, 16, 1986, pp. 305-322. [describing the construction of concepts and images of Shakyamuni Buddha in scholarly studies of the early 19th century: the mythological figure (1800) shifts to a historical person (1850)]

Ananda, W., Buddhism in Western Countries, World Buddhism Series No 15, Vidyalankara University, Sri Lanka, ca. 1960.

Baehler, Louis A., Het Boeddhisme en Europa, Berne 1911.

Batchelor, Stephen, The Awakening of the West: The Encounter of Buddhism and Western Culture, Berkeley, Cal.: Parallax Press and London: Aquarian, Harper & Collins 1994; 416 p. [detailed and broad overview of the encounter; from ancient times to the 1990's; very well informed and masterly written as a narrative; a standard study on Buddhism in the West]

Batchelor, Stephen, "Buddhism and European Culture in Europe", in: Sean Gill, Gavin D'Costa, Ursula King (eds.), Religion in Europe. Contemporary Perspectives, Kampen: Kok Pharos 1994, pp. 86-104. [competent and lively sketch of developments of Buddhism in Europe and its interplay with European culture]

Baatz, Ursula, "Zen-Buddhismus im Westen. Samurai-Zen oder Graswurzel-Zen?", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 159-172.

Baumann, Martin, "Creating a European Path to Nirvaana: Historical and Contemporary Developments of Buddhism in Europe", in: Journal of Contemporary Religion, 1, 1, 1995, pp. 55-70. [synoptic overview of both historical and contemporary developments of Buddhism and Buddhist activities in European countries; the appeal of Buddhism in Europe; Asian Buddhists in Europe; adaptation and creation of new Buddhist concepts; two charts]

Baumann, Martin, "Der Buddhismus im Abendland. Historische Entwicklung und gegenwaertige Praesenz", in: Religio. Revue pro Religionistku (Czech Republic), 3, 1, 1995, pp. 17-42. [survey of Buddhism in Europe; the contemporary appeal of Buddhism in Europe; 2 charts, 2 maps]

Baumann, Martin, "Il buddhismo in Occidente", in: Storia Generale delle Religioni, Vol. 4, direttà da Giovanni Filoramo, Rom: Gius. Laterza & Figli 1996, pp. 483-497; German version available, 16 p. [survey of historic and contemporary developments of Buddhism in Europe, the US, South Africa and Australia; includes a table on numbers of ethnic-Asian and Euro-American Buddhists]

Baumann, Martin, "Buddhism in the West: Phases, Orders and the Creation of a Integrative Buddhism", in: Internationales Asienforum, 27, 3-4, 1996.

Baumann Martin, "The Dharma has come West. A Survey of Recent Studies and Sources", Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 4, 1997, pp. 194-211; reprinted in Critical Review of Books in Religion, 10, 1997, pp. 1-14 [discussing recent studies on the historical development of Buddhism in European countries, the U.S. and Australia; table of estimated numbers of Buddhists; the resumee points to the heuristics of diaspora studies recommended for analysing Buddhism in the West; http://jbe.la.psu.edu/4/baum2.html;  ]

Baumann, Martin, "Le bouddhisme theravada en Europe: histoire, typologie et rencontre entre un bouddhisme moderniste et traditionnaliste", in: Recherches Sociologiques: Le bouddhisme en Occident: approches sociologiques et anthropologiques, 31, 3, 2000, pp.7-31.

Baumann, Martin, "Buddhism in Europe: Past, Present, Prospects", in: Charles S. Prebish and Martin Baumann (eds.), Westward Dharma. The Blossoming of Buddhisma outside Asia, Berkeley: University of California Press 2001 (in press). [sketching the historical development of Buddhism from the mid-19th century to the late 20th century; analysing the current state of affairs along the features of spread, institutionalization, form of organization, doctrinal standardization and representational issues of Buddhism in a country.]

Baumann, Martin, "Protective Amulets and Awareness Techniques, or How to Make Sense of Buddhism in the West", in: Charles S. Prebish, Martin Baumann (eds.), Westward Dharma. The Blossoming of Buddhisma outside Asia, Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press 2001 (in press). [discussing the analytical paradigma of "two Buddhisms" in the West and arguing for a new perspective which does not rest on the immigrant versus convert structuring but instead focuses on traditionalist and modernist forms and interpretation of Buddhism.]

Bechert, Heinz, "Buddhist Revival in East and West", in: Heinz Bechert, Richard Gombrich (eds.), The World of Buddhism, London: Thames and Hudson 1984, pp. 273-285: transl. as Die Welt des Buddhismus, Munich 1984, 1989, pp. 274-286, and Le monde de bouddhisme, Paris 1984. [good and substantial survey: Buddhist Modernism in South-Asia, Interrelations West-East; Buddhism in India, Indonesia, in Germany, U.K., U.S.A; Buddhist ecumenism]

Bell, Sandra, "Practice Makes Perfect - Symbolic Behaviour and Experience in Western Buddhism", in: Diskus, 2, 2, 1994 (http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb03/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/).

Benz, Ernst, Zenbuddhismus und Zensnobismus. Zen in westlicher Sicht, Weilheim/Obb. 1962. [detailed although polemical study of the development and adoption of Zen Buddhism in the West; focusses on Rinzai Zen tradition]

Benz, Ernst, "Buddhismus in der westlichen Welt", in: Heinrich Dumoulin, Buddhismus in der Gegenwart, Freiburg 1970, pp. 191-204; first published in: Saeculum, 20, 1969, pp. 355-368; transl. as H. Dumoulin, J. C. Maraldo (eds.), The Cultural, Political, and Religious Significance of Buddhism in the Modern World, New York: Collier Macmillan 1976. [good general survey, beginnings in U.S.A, U.K., 19th and 20th century Germany]

Bertholet, Alfred, Der Buddhismus und seine Bedeutung fuer unser Geistesleben, Tuebingen 1904, 65 p.

Bertholet, Alfred, Buddhismus im Abendland der Gegenwart, Tuebingen 1928, 40 p.

Berval, René de (ed.), Présence du Bouddhisme, Saigon 1959, 1024 p.; revised ed. Paris: Gallimard 1987.

Bishop, Peter, Dreams of Power. Tibetan Buddhism and the Western Imagination, London: Athlone Press 1993, 162 p. [on the Western construction and projection of images about Tibet as pure, original, unpolluted etc; very well analysed and contextualized; also on Jung, the 'Tibetan Book of the Dead' and the new monasticism in the West]

Brear, Douglas, "Early Assumptions in Western Buddhist Studies", in: Religion, 7, 1977, pp.136-159.

Brueck, Michael von, "Juengste Entwicklungen des Buddhismus in Europa", in: Zeitschrift fuer Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft, 70, 1, 1986, pp. 71-73. [short report on Kalacakra ritual performed in Switzerland; plus some general points on recent developments; interesting]

Clausen, Christopher, "Victorian Buddhism and the Origins of Comparative Religion", in: Religion, 5, 1975, pp. 1-15. [good, analytical article with regard to the image and presentation of Buddhism during 19th century]

Droit, Roger-Pol, Le culte du néant : les philosophes et le bouddhisme, Paris: Editions le Seuil, 1997. [Exhaustive survey of the discovery and the interpretations of Buddhism amongst the 19th philosophers. Focusing on Europe. L.O]

Eckert, Karl Hubertus, "Buddhismus in Europa - europaeischer Buddhismus?", in: Mitteilungen der BG Muenchen, 1/2, 1990, pp. 3-18. [detailed and instructive article on development and (mainly philosophical) adoption of Buddhism in Europe; outlines features of a 'European Buddhism'; typology of groups and members]

Ellwood, Robert S., "Buddhism in the West", in: Mircea Eliade (ed.), Encyclopedia of Religion, New York: MacMillan 1987, pp. 436-439. [mainly on North America, too one-sided; weak].

Faure, Bernard, Bouddhismes, philosophies et religions. Paris: Flammarion, 1998. [Comparative approach of rationality in Western and Buddhist thoughts. Many discussions on Western images and conceptions of Buddhism. L.O]

Gerlitz, Peter, "Die Rissho Kosei-kai und ihre Assimilation im Westen", in: Michael Pye, Renate Stegerhoff (eds.), Religion in fremder Kultur. Religion als Minderheit in Europa und Asien, Saarbruecken: Dadder 1987, pp. 111-122. [general on Rissho Kosei-kai and its spread outside Japan; the term 'assimilation' is mistakingly used to speak on processes of adapting some of the teachings to Western ideas und currents]

Govinda, Lama Anagarika, Lebendiger Buddhismus im Abendland - Vision und Vermaechtnis des grossen Mittlers zwischen Ost und West, Bern, Muenchen, Wien: Barth Verlag 1986, 207 p. posthum ed. by Advayavajra: transl. as A Living Buddhism for the West, Boston 1990. [collection of seven essays by the late AMM founder on various Buddhist topics]

Gunter-Jones, Roger, Buddhism and the West, London: Lindsay Press 1973.

Guruge, Ananda W. P., "Buddhism in Europe in the Twenty-first Century", in: Buddhism into the Year 2000: International Conference Proceedings (First International Conference 'Buddhism into the Year 2000', hosted by the Dhammakaya Foundation, Bangkok (Thailand), February 8th 1990), Bangkok: Dhammakaya Foundation 1994, pp. 211-118. [differentiating the Buddhist 'community' in Europe according to Asian immigrants, Europeans active in eclectic, new forms of Buddhist thought and practice and, non-sectarian 'seekers' or 'wayfarers'; outlining some challenges for the European Buddhist 'community' such as need for co-operation of Asian and convert Buddhists and support for Eastern Europe interest in Buddhism].

Hahlbohm-Helmus, Elke, "Buddhism as philosophy and psychology, Performance aspects of Tibetan Buddhism 'in the West' between 1959 and 1990", in: Recherches Sociologiques: Le bouddhisme en Occident : approches sociologiques et anthropologiques, 31, 3, 2000, pp.49-66.

Halbfass, Wilhelm, Indien und Europa: Perspektiven ihrer gesitigen Begegnung, Basel, Stuttgart: Schwab 1981, 550 p.; Engl transl. India and Europe. An Essay in Understanding, Albany: State University of New York Press 1988 [very comprehensive and detailed historico-philosophical survey of the encounter and the mutual interrelation of ideas and concepts; complements Schwab's seminal work La Renaissance Orientale, 1950]

Hutter, Manfred (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001.

Iggleden, R. E. "Short Survey of Buddhism in the West", in: The Maha Bodhi, 77, 11/12, 1969, pp. 366-370. [description entirely from the Theravada perspective, no naming of Mahayana- and Zen groups; biased towards the U.K.]

Introvigne, Massimo, "`L'ora di punta degli dei'. Nuove religioni giapponesi di origine buddhista e non buddhista in Europa" (`The Hour When the Goods Meet.' New Japanese Religions of Buddhist and Non-Buddhist Origin in Europe), in: Critica-Sociologica; 111-112, 1994-1995, pp. 102-118.

Jong, J. W. de, A Brief History of Buddhist Studies in Europe and America, 2dn ed. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publ. 1987; updated by "Buddhist Studies (1984-1990)", in: Memoirs of the Chuuoo Academic Research Institute, No. 20, Tokyo 1991, (1)-(60), divided equally between a survey (in 18 sections) and bibliography. [the most learned chronological survey of the academic research on Buddhism]

Kantowsky, Detlef, Buddhismus, Braunschweig Aurum, 1993, including "Buddhismus im Westen", pp. 135-188. [short, sometimes impressionistic and phenomenological overview; instructive]

Kantowsky, Detlef, "Buddhistischer Modernismus im Westen", in: Peisert, Hansgert; Zapf, Wolfgang (eds.), Gesellschaft, Demokratie und Lebenschancen. Festschrift fuer Ralf Dahrendorf, Stuttgart: DVA 1994, pp. 217-234; also in English in "Buddhist Modernism in the West/Germany", in: Everding, Ulrich (ed.), Buddhism and Christianity. Interactions between East and West, Proceedings of the Symposium 18.-20.12.1993 in Kandy (Sri Lanka), Colombo: Goethe Institut Colombo 1995, pp. 101-115. [on Buddhism in Germany; overview of current topics (female spirituality, social and ecological involvement, ecumenity) from the perspective of practicing Buddhists].

Ladner, Max, "Buddhistische Mission in Europa", in: Zeitschrift fuer Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft, 10. 1958, pp. 317-333. [history of Buddhism in Europe, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche; importance of the distribution of literature; Buddhism in various countries of Europe plus implicit advertising for Buddhism]

Lubac, Henri de, La Recontre du Bouddhisme et de l'Occident, Paris 1952; transl. as Buddhismo e Occidentale, Milan 1958..

Luzny, Dusan, "Strucné Dejiny Buddhismu na Západe", in: Edward Conze, Strucné Dejiny Buddhismu, transl. by Jolana Navrátilová of A Short History of Buddhism, Brno: Jota 1997, pp. 155-173 [sketch of the spread and dissemination of Buddhism in the West, starting from its first contacts in ancient times, 19th century to present situation; listing some major groups; the bibliography (p. 231-236) lists some 130 books (!) on Buddhism, available in Czech language].

Matsudo, Yukio, "Problems in the Reception of Nichiren in Europe", paper given at the conference of the 'European Association for Japanese Studies' (Berlin Sept. 1991), unpublished paper, 10 p. 1991. [learned study of the mainly negative presentation of Nichiren Buddhism by European scholars]

Nyanasatta Thera, "Buddhism in the West", serialised in Buddha Rasmi 15-16, Bambalapitiya 1956, offprinted by the Buddhist Brotherhood, Royal College, Colombo 1957, repr. in: Maha Bodhi, 75, 3 and 4, 1967, pp. 74-82 and pp. 105-110; repr. in: Basic Tenets of Buddhism, Colombo n.d., pp. 140-160. [first contacts since ancient times, 18th and 19th century, Schopenhauer, text editions; Schultze, Neumann, Nyanaponika; activities in Germany, Buddhism as a fashion; Western people in Asia; Buddhist monasteries in the West; although biased towards the Theravada, quite useful and full of information].

Nydahl, Ole, Entering the Diamond Way: My Path among the Lamas, Nevada City, Calif.: Blue Dolphin Pub. 1985, 251 p. (translation of Die Buddhas vom Dach der Welt, Duesseldorf, Koeln 1979).

Nydahl, Ole, Über alle Grenzen. Wie die Buddhas in den Westen kamen, Sulzberg: Joy-Verlag 1990, 421 p.; transl. as Riding the Tiger: Twenty Years on the Road: The Risks and Joys of Bringing Tibetan Buddhism to the West, Nevada City: Blue Dolphin Publ. 1992. [narrative story of the beginnings of Tibetan, especially Karma-Kagyu Buddhism in the West; Nydahl's and Karmapa's journeys, foundings of centres; entertaining reading]

Peiris, William, The Western Contribution to Buddhism, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 1973, 287 p., 48 plates. [contains life-sketches of Western scholars and Buddhists]

Pickering, John (ed.), The Authority of Experience: Essays on Buddhism and Psychology, London: Curzon Press 1997.

Pickering, John, "Buddhism and Cognitivism: A Postmodern Appraisal", in: Asian Philosophy, 5, 1, 1995, pp. 23-38.

Piyadassi, Buddhism in the Western World, Lincoln Forum Series No. 2, U.S.I.S., Colombo 1967.

Polichetti, Massimiliano A., "The Spread of Tibetan Buddhism in The West", in: The Tibet Journal, 18, 3, 1993, pp. 65-67. [short and general, emphazising the importance of translations and personal encounters with lamas]

Rahula, Sri Walpola, "The Problem of the Prospect of the Sangha in the West", in: The Mahaa Bodhi, 82, 4/5, 1974, pp. 118-128. repr. in: World Buddhism (Colombo), July 1974, pp. 328-331, Aug. 1974, pp. 7-10; Voice of Buddhism (Kuala Lumpur), Dec. 1974, pp. 5-11; The Middle Way, Febr. 1975, pp. 170-180.

Rawlinson, Andrew, The Book of Enlightened Masters: Western Teachers in Eastern Traditions, Chicago and La Salle, Ill.: Open Court 1997, 650 p. [masterly account of Westerners as teachers in Buddhist, Hindu, Sufi and `Independent' traditions; on Western Buddhism (p. 3-13); brief historic overview; on the concept of "tradition"; portraits of some 150 spiritual teachers and groups/ movements plus 30 min-biographies; various lineage trees, tables and pictures; a mine of information, highly recommendable]

Rommeluere, Eric, Le Guide du Zen, Paris: Editions de Livre de Poche, Collection les Guides Selene, 1997, 315 p. [nicely arranged and informative guide to 247 Zen centres worldwide, emphasis is on Europe and the U.S., and the Sootoo school; many pictures]

Sangharakshita, New Currents in Western Buddhism, Glasgow: Windhorse 1990, 93 p. [on the form and structure of a variety of Western Buddhism, portrayed by the founder of the FWBO]

Schwab, Raymond, La Renaissance Orientale, Paris: Payot 1950; Engl. transl. The Oriental Renaissance. Europe's Rediscovery of India and the East, 1680-1880, New York: Columbia University Press 1984. [the seminal work on the impact of the discovery of Indian religious thought on the cultural life of the West from the 18th century. Compendious and authoritative in its coverage. Includes discussion of Burnouf's inauguration of Buddhist studies, Indic ideas in work by authors as varied as Novalis and Flaubert, and the "Buddhism" of Wagner. Schwab is complemented, not superseded, by Halbfass’s, India and Europe, 1988; IH]

Schweidlenka, Roman, "Buddhismusrezeption der Gegenkultur und Alternativbewegung im deutschen Sprachraum seit 1968", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 199-211.

Snelling, John, The Buddhist Handbook: A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practise, London: Century Hutchinson 1987; German edition: Buddhismus Ein Handbuch fuer den westlichen Leser, Muenchen: Diederichs 1991; including "Der Buddhismus im Westen", pp. 255-344. [general overview of Buddhist developments and teachings; plus the spread of Buddhism to the West; focussed very much much on British developments; contains a very good and useful "Who's Who in Buddhism", pp. 345-430]

Stuetzer, Lionel, "Der europaeische Buddhismus und seine Bekenner", in: Vaisakha (Hamburg), 1948, pp. 8-10, reprinted in: Buddhistische Monatsblaetter, 31, 10, 1985, pp. 207-212. [entertaining and self-critical article on the particularities of how Buddhism has been adopted by the majority of Western converts]

Takugai, S., The Buddhist Scholars of Europe and America, Obei-Bukkyoo-Gakusha-Den, Japan 1942.

Watanabe, Kaigyoku, Buddhism in Europe and America, Obei-no-Bukkyoo, Japan 1922.

Watson, Gay, The Resonance of Emptiness: A Buddhist Inspiration for a Contemporary Psychotherapy, London: Curzon l998.

Webb, Russell, A K, "Buddhist Studies in the West", in: Buddhist Quarterly (London Buddhist Vihaara), 6, 4, 1974, pp. 10-17. [critical review of Peiris' The Western Contribution, 1973; plus a bibliography on 'Buddhism and the West' with about 85 titles]

Welbon, Guy Richard, The Buddhist Nirvana and Its Western Interpreters, Chicago 1968, repr. 1975.

Wilson, Bryan, "The Westward Path of Buddhism", in: Buddhism Today - A Collection of Views from Contemporary Scholars, Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Philosophy 1990, pp. 49-62. [general and well informed outline of Buddhism's coming to Europe and the US; on the presence of Zen, Theravaada, Tibetan Buddhism, Soka Gakkai and FWBO in the West]

Winter, Franz, "Die Buddhismusrezeption bei Intellektuellen im 20. Jahrhundert am Beispiel des Emile M. Cioran (1911-1995)", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 213-231.

Yamamoto, Kosho, Buddhism in Europe, Ube City: Karinbunko 1967, 81 p. [very sketchy overview, based on the account of 5 months travel through Western Europe; interesting observations of the mid 1960s: ethnic and European Buddhists; lack of a well-organized sangha; Zen becoming en vogue in Europe]

Journals and websites (selection)

Journal of Global Buddhism, online journal (http://www.globalbuddhism.org), started in 2000, ISSN: 1527-6457

Contemporary Buddhism: An Interdisciplinary Journal, published by Curzon Press, London, UK. started in 2000, ISSN: 1463 - 9947

Addresses of Buddhist unions, groups, centers and organisations in Europe at
http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/ethg/ducor/europe.htm

Université Bouddhique Européenne at http://perso.club-internet.fr/ube/

 

2. Geographical studies TOP

2.1. Great Britain

Almond, Philip C., The British Discovery of Buddhism, Cambridge 1988. [detailed and well grounded description, how Victorian scholars in the 19th century discovered what they termed 'Buddhism']

Batchelor, Stephen, "A Thai tradition grows in England", in: Tricycle: The Buddhist Review, 3, 4, 1994, pp. 39-44. [nice, narrative description of Ajahn Sumedho's Buddhist activities in England; on Ajahn Cha and the Chithurst Monastery in West Sussex]

Baumann, Martin,"'Working in the Right Spirit'. The Application of Buddhist 'Right Livelihood' in the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order", in: Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 5, 1998, pp. 120-143, (http://jbe.la.psu.edu/5/baum1.html). [on ethics and the fifth part of the Noble Eightfold Path (Right Livelihood), as this is taken by Western FWBO Buddhists to create Buddhist businesses; briefly on the FWBO; contextualizing the account within Weber's discussion of the work ethos of 'world religions' and his image of the 'world with-drawn Buddhist'; contrary to Weber's image it is shown that Buddhism can be taken as "an inner connection of achievements in the world with an extra-wordly soteriology"]

Baumann, Martin, "Work as Dharma Practice: Right Livelihood Cooperatives of the FWBO", in: Christopher S. Queen (ed.), Engaged Buddhism in the West, Boston: Wisdom Publ. 2000, pp. 372-393 [updated and amended version of the article published in the Journal of Buddhist Ethics.]

Bell, Sandra, "Change and Identity in the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order", in: Scottish Journal of Religious Studies, 17, 1, 1996, pp. 87-107. [on individual and community identity shaped through personal and social changes, exemplified by the case of the FWBO; FBWO's concepts of personal growth, identity and the 'true individual'; on FBWO's business attitudes and monk/nun versus lay people distinction; contextualization within discussion of Giddens' concept of 'high modernity'; interesting contribution]

Bell, Sandra, "British Theravada Buddhism: Otherworldly Theories, and the Theory of Exchange", in: Journal of Contemporary Religion, 13, 2, 1998, pp. 149-170 [The article explores the development of the relationship between monks and lay people within the newly established context of British Theravaada Buddhism. Unlike their Asian counterparts, the British laity appear not to be interested in the traditional practice of 'making merit'. The article draws out the implications of this feature of British Buddhism for a more general understanding of reciprocity in Theravaada monk/lay relationships; journal's abstract]

Bell, Sandra, "Being Creative With Tradition: Rooting Theravada Buddhism in Britain", in: Journal of Global Buddhism, 1, 2000, pp. 1-30, (http://www.globalbuddhism.org/1/bell00.html).

Bell, Sandra, "A Survey of Engaged Buddhism in Britain", in: Christopher S. Queen (ed.), Engaged Buddhism in the West, Boston: Wisdom 2000, pp. 397-422.

Buddhist Society, The, The Buddhist Directory, London 1979, 2nd ed. London 1981, 3rd ed. London 1983, 4th ed. London 1987, 5th ed. London 1991, 6th ed. London 1994, 7th ed. London 1997, 8th ed. London 2000. [list of Buddhist centres, groups and organisations in the U.K. (in 1997 about 340, in 2000 about 400) plus their addresses and a short comment; very useful tool and compilation, although not complete (e.g. not refering to Soka Gakkai)]

Connolly, Peter, "Buddhism in Britain", in: Religion Today, 2, 2, 1985, pp. 3-6. [a short and general overview]

Connolly, Peter, "Buddhism in Britain: History, Variety and Prospects", in: Peter Connolly, Clive Erricker (eds.), The Presence and Practice of Buddhism, West Sussex Institute of Higher Education, 1985.

Cousins, L. S., "Theravaada Buddhism in England", in: Buddhism into the Year 2.000: International Conference Proceedings (First International Conference 'Buddhism into the Year 2000', hosted by the Dhammakaaya Foundation, Bangkok (Thailand), February 8th 1990), Bangkok: Dhammakaya Foundation 1994, pp. 141-150. [detailed and stimulating paper on British Buddhists of the Theravaada affiliation; instructive chronology from 19th century to 1990s; sevenfold differentiation of the membership of the first Buddhist society according to motivations and backgrounds]

Cush, Denise, Buddhists in Britain Today, Norwich: Hodder& Stoughton 1990. [very short overview; contains ten interviews with British Buddhists of various affiliations; book designed for use in school]

Cush, Denise, "British Buddhism and the New Age", in: Journal of Contemporary Religion, 11, 2, 1996, pp. 195-208. [on the interrelation of Buddhism and New Age, based on interviews; outline of attitudes with a short section on importance of Theosophy; mainly descriptive, little analysis]

Humphreys, Christmas, The Development of Buddhism in England, London: Buddhist Society 1937. repr. in: A Buddhist Student's Manual, 1956, pp. 15-88 and "Part Two. The Period 1937-54", pp. 89-115.

Humphreys, Christmas, "Looking Back on Thirty Years of Buddhism in England", in: Présence du Bouddhisme, Saigon 1959, p. 947-951.

Humphreys, Christmas, Sixty Years of Buddhism in England (1907-1967). A History and a Survey, London: Buddhist Society 1968, 84 p. [detailed chronological survey, focusing on the Buddhist Society]

Humphreys, Christmas, "Britain, Buddhism in", in: Encyclopaedia of Buddhism III, 2, 1972, pp. 341-348.

Kay, David, "The New Kadampa Tradition and the Continuity of Tibetan Buddhism in Transition", in: Journal of Contemporary Religion, 12, 3, 1997, pp. 277-293. [instructive account of the historic background of the controversy related to the protector deity Dorje Shugdaen, creating disunity among the Gelugpa and Tibetan Buddhists; good on internal disputes within Tibetan Buddhism and the Gelugpa; contextualizing the emergence of the New Kadampa Tradition and the role of its spiritual authority, Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, within this wider perspective; fine study] 

Law, Judith, The religious beliefs and practices of the Vietnamese community in Britain, Community Religions Project Research Papers (NS) No. 9, University of Leeds 1991, 67 p. [overview on Vietnamese refugees in Britain (22,000); short descriptive account of the only Vietnamese Buddhist temple, Linh Son in London; impressionistic]

Mackenzie, Donald A., Buddhism in Pre-Christian Britain, London, Glasgow: Blackie & Son Ltd., 1928, 177 p.

Mellor, Philip A., "Protestant Buddhism? The Cultural Translation of Buddhism in England", in: Religion, 21, 2, 1991, pp. 73-92. [on the processes of adaptation of the FWBO and British Forest Sangha; analytical and innovative article, although not without counter arguments; see Kulananda and Mellor in: Religion, 22, 2, 1992, pp. 101-107 and Sangharakshita, The FWBO and 'Protestant Buddhism', Glasgow: Windhorse 1992]

Morgan, Reverend Daishin, "Soto Zen Buddhism in Britain", in: Peter B. Clarke, Jeffrey Somers (eds.), Japanese New Religions in the West, Folkestone: Curzon Press 1994, pp. 132-148.

Nakano, T., "Soka Gakkai and its Peace Movements", in: Religion Today, 7, 2, 1992, S. 5-8. [useful and instructive description]

Oliver, Ian, Buddhism in Britain, London: Rider & Company 1979, 223 p. [good overview, rich in information; descriptive studies of particular groups/ schools; see also, however, Webb's critical review in Buddhist Quaterly, 12, 1980, pp. 99- 102]

Puttick, Elisabeth, "'Why has Bodhidharma left for the West?' The Growth and Appeal of Buddhism in Britain", in: Religion Today, 8, 2, 1993, pp. 5-10. [general overview and some analysis]

Ratnaprabha, Dharmachari, "A re-emergence of Buddhism: the Case of the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order", in: Peter Clarke (ed.), The New Evangelists, London 1987, pp. 57-75. [valuable account of missionary concept in Buddhism; on the FWBO and its 'missionary' activities]

Rawlinson, Andrew, "The Transmission of Theravaada Buddhism to the West", in: Peter Masefield, Donald Wiebe (eds.), Aspects of Religion: Essays in Honour of Ninian Smart, New York et al.: Lang, Toronto Studies in Religion, Vol. 18, 1994, pp. 357-388. [detailled analysis of the Buddhist interpretations conducted by the British monks Nanavira (Harold Musson) and Kapilavaddho (Richard Randall)]

Sangharakshita, The FWBO and 'Protestant Buddhism'. An Affirmation and a Protest Glasgow: Windhorse 1992, 187 p. [detailed response by the FWBO's founder to Mellor's article "Protestant Buddhism?", pointing out Mellor's misinterpretations, selected use of sources etc.; at the same time affirming specificies of the FWBO and its understanding of Buddhism; entertaining reading]

Scott, David, "Modern British Buddhism: Patterns and Directions", seminar paper presented at the SOAS 'Buddhist Forum', Nov. 1995; to be printed in The Buddhist Forum (SOAS, London), manuscript 14 p. [on general/ national and specific organisations; traditions of Buddhism in UK; on FWBO, the New Kadampa Tradition, English Sangha, Serene Reflection Meditation, Soka Gakkai]

Scott, David, "Ecumenical Convergence across Modern British Buddhism: Fact or Fiction?", Dec. 1996, manuscript 13 p. [on Network of Buddhist Organisations, Buddhist Society, some Buddhist and academic associations; on various joint Buddhist activities in UK; setting these patterns into international, Western comparative context]

Sheng, Yen, Chan Retreat in the US and UK, Taipei: Tungchu chu pan she 1993, 124 p.

Silk, Jonathan A., "The Victorian Creation of Buddhism. Philip C. Almond, The British Dis-covery of Buddhism, Cambridge 1988", in: Journal of Indian Philosophy, 22, 1994, pp. 171-196.

Somers, Jeffrey, "Japanese Buddhism in Britain", in: Religion Today, 6, 1, 1990, pp. 1-4. [Buddhism in Japan; just a bit on Japanese Buddhism in the U.K.]

Somers, Jeffrey, "Tibetan Buddhism in Great Britain", in: Religion Today, 6, 2, 1990, pp. 1-3. [Buddhism in Tibet; development of Tibetan Buddhism in the U.K.]

Somers, Jeffrey, "Theravada Buddhism in Great Britain", in: Religion Today, 7, 1, 1991, pp. 4-7. [Buddhism in South Asia; beginnings and state of affairs of Theravada Buddhism in the UK]

Somers, Jeffrey, "Chinese Buddhism in Great Britain", in: Religion Today, 8, 2, 1992, pp. 14-16. [Buddhism in China; on the rare occurrences of Chinese Buddhism in the U.K.]

Somers, Jeffrey, "Japanese New Religious Movements in Britain", in: Peter B. Clarke, Jeffrey Somers (eds.), Japanese New Religions in the West, Folkestone: Curzon Press 1994, pp. 54-76 [on six Japanese religions, their history, contents, practices and presence in Britain (Seicho- No-Ie, Soka Gakkai, and others); highlighting the healing aspects of these religions].

Sucitto, Bhikkhu, "Tore zum Todlosen. Gegenwaertige Entwicklung des Theravada-Buddhismus in England", in: Bodhi Baum, 1, 1987, pp. 35-37. [short report on the development of the English Forest Sangha; on Amaravati]

Subhuti, Dharmachari (Kennedy, Alex), Buddhism for Today. A Portrait of a new Buddhist Movement, Glasgow: Windhorse 1983, 2nd ed. 1988, 234 p. [descriptive outline of the growth and development of the 1967 founded Friends of the Western Buddhist Order, done by one of its leading order members]

Subhuti, Dharmachari, Bringing Buddhism to the West: A Life of Sangharakshita, Birmingham: Windhorse 1995, 202 p.

Waterhouse, Helen, "Who is the Karmapa? Western Buddhist Responses to a Challenge to Traditional Religious Authority", in: Diskus, 3, 2, 1995, pp. 59-73. (http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb03/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/).

Waterhouse, Helen, Authority and Adaptation: A Case Study in British Buddhism, Monograph Series Community Religions Project, Leeds: Department of Theology and Religious Studies 1997.

Waterhouse, Helen, Buddhism in Bath: Authority and Adaptation, Monograph Series Community Religions Project, Leeds: Department of Theology and Religious Studies 1997, 250 p. [taking Bath's five Buddhist groups as a case study for Britain's plurality of Buddhist traditions; very good and detailed description and analysis of the groups (such as the Soka Gakkai, the New Kadampa Tradition); including theoretical considerations relating to adaptation and authority maintenance]

Waterhouse, Helen, "Who says so? Legitimacy and Authenticity in British Buddhism", in: Scottish Journal of Religious Studies, 20, 1, 1999, pp. 19-36.

Webb, Russell, "Short History of the Sangha in Britain", in: World Buddhism, 18, 3, 1969, S. 63-65 u. S. 82. [short and useful overview].

Weller, Paul (ed.), Religions in the UK: A Multi-Faith Directory, University of Derby 1993, pp. 73-138. [short overview; listing about 302 Buddhist groups, centres and organisations in the UK]

Wilson, Bryan; Dobbelaere, Karel, A Time to Chant: The Soka Gakkai Buddhists in Britain, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1994, 278 p. [detailed study by two outstanding sociologists; interviews, analysis etc.; very good]

University theses:

Bell, Sandra, "Buddhism in Britain: Development and Adaptation", unpubl. Ph. D. thesis, Department of Anthropolgoy, University of Durham 1991. [general overview on Buddhism in the U.K. and in South Asia; plus a detailed description and analysis of the FWBO and British Forest Sangha; a bit lengthy]

Benedict, Burton, "Muslim and Buddhist Associations in London", M.A thesis (?), London 1954.

Church, Alison, "Buddhist Groups in Britain: Adaptation and Development of Traditional Religious Forms within a Western Environment", unpubl. M.A. thesis, University of Manchester 1982. [good and comprehensive survey of Buddhism in England; field studies in 1980/81; good description and analysis of FWBO and British Forest Sangha]

Cresswell, Jamie, "Researching the Buddhist organisation of The Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition"(working title), Department for the History of Religions, SOAS, University of London, London, in progress in 2001.

Cush, Denise, "Buddhism in Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism in the West", unpubl. M.A. thesis, University of Lancaster 1977.

Ergardt, Jan, "Buddhismen i Vaesterlandet: Undersoekning av engelsk buddhism under 1900-talet", ('A survey of the histroy and ideas of Buddhism in England’) [based on the contents of The Buddhist Review, Buddhism in England and The Middle Way,]) unpubl. thesis, University of Lund 1970.

Goodman, R. J., "Conversion to a Western Buddhist Movement: Some Implications for Sociological Analysis". BA Honours Degree thesis, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Durham 1980.

Kay, David, "The Transformation, Development and Adaptation of Zen and Tibetan Buddhism in Britain", PhD thesis, Department of Religious Studies, Lancaster University - submitted in December 2000.

Kerr, G.R., "The Nature of Buddhism in Britain", unpublished M.Phil thesis, King's College, University of London, 1975, 160 p. [the thesis is based on a 61-question survey sent out to members of the Buddhist Society of Great Britain in 1974/75. 4 `Parts': Buddhist organizations in Britain; The backgrounds, beliefs and practices of british Buddhists; The distinctive features of British Buddhism; The invisible Religion: a case Study; P. Harvey].

Mellor, Philip A., "The Cultural Translation of Buddhism: Problems of Theory and Method Arising in the Study of Buddhism in England", unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Comparative Religion, University of Manchester 1990.

Tucker, Hilary, "Opening the Mind to a Closed Alternative: A Sociological Study of Western Commitment to a Tibetan Buddhist Group", [i.e. Manjushri Institute, Ulverston, Cumbria], unpubl. M.Litt.. thesis, University of Lancaster 1983.

Vorasak Candamitto, "Buddhist organisations in Great Britain", unpubl. M.A. thesis, University of Durham 1972. [sociological analysis; RW]

Waterhouse, Helen, "Authority and Adaptation: A Case Study in British Buddhism", unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Study of Religions Department, Bath College 1997 [published in 1997, see above]

Journals (selection)

The Middle Way (Buddhist Society, London)
dharma life (FWBO, successor of Golden Drum)
various journals by organisations of Tibetan Buddhism, Zen and Theravada

 

2.2. Germany TOP

Auster, Guido; Gnanawimala, A. Sri; Leu, Ralf (eds.), 50 Jahre Buddhistisches Haus, Berlin 1974. [collection of various essays with regard to Paul Dahlke and the 'Buddhist House’ Berlin]

Baumann, Martin, "Vom 'Buddhistischen Katechismus' zum 'Buddhistischen Bekenntnis' - Die ersten hundert Jahre Buddhismus in Deutschland", in: Spirita - Zeitschrift fuer Religionswissenschaft, 4, 1, 1990, pp. 7-12. [short article on the historical development of Buddhism in Germany; brief analysis of the commonly agreed 'Buddhist confession']

Baumann, Martin, "Buddhists in a Western Country. An outline of recent Buddhist developments in Germany", in: Religion Today - A Journal of Contemporary Religions, 7, 1, 1991, pp. 1-4. [overview, information given on the German 'Buddhist confession']

Baumann, Martin, Deutsche Buddhisten: Geschichte und Gemeinschaften, Marburg: Diagonal 1993, 441 p.; 2nd enlarged ed. 1995, 465 p. [detailed and comprehensive study of the historical development of Buddhism in Germany, counting about 200 centres and groups in 1991; specialising on processes of adaptation; sociological analysis of the membership; theoretical contextualisation within the topic of religious change]

Baumann, Martin, Der buddhistische Orden Arya Maitreya Mandala: Religionswissenschaftliche Darstellung einer westlich-buddhistischen Gemeinschaft, series of Remid, Marburg: Diagonal-Verlag 1994, 38 p. [outline of the history and organisation, the doctrines and practices of the AMM with special reference to the German situation; includes an interview with Advayavajra]

Baumann, Martin, "The Transplantation of Buddhism to Germany - Processive Modes and Strategies of Adaptation", in: Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, 6, 1, 1994, pp. 35-61. [theoretical sketch of processes and patterns which occur while transplanting a religious tradition into an alien cultural milieu]

Baumann, Martin, "Ein buddhistisches Denkmal auf Sylt", in: Lotusblaetter, 2, 1994, pp. 24-26; English version available. [historical article on a former Buddhist monument, erected by Paul Dahlke, on the North Sea island of Sylt; one picture]

Baumann, Martin, "Adapting a Religion in a Foreign Culture: Rationalistic Interpretations of Buddhism in Germany", in: Everding, Ulrich (ed.), Buddhism and Christianity: Interactions between East and West, Proceedings of the Symposium 18.-20.12.1993 in Kandy (Sri Lanka), Colombo: Goethe Institut Colombo 1995, pp. 72-100, two charts. [sketch of historical and contemporary developments of Buddhism in Europe; analysis of rationalist interpretation of Buddhist teaching by German Buddhists; on conceptual interaction between East - West/ Buddhism - Christianity]

Baumann, Martin (ed.), Helmut Klar: Zeitzeuge zur Geschichte des Buddhismus in Deutschland, No. 11 of the series of the research project "Buddhist Modernism", Konstanz: University of Konstanz 1995, 158 p. (also entirely online available) [life portrait of a German Theravada-Buddhist, born 1914; collection of nine historical and 'Buddhist-practical' articles on Buddhism in Austria and Germany; interview, text of recitation; 11 old pictures]

Baumann, Martin, "Analytische Rationalisten und romantische Sucher: Motive der Konversion zum Buddhismus in Deutschland", in: Zeitschrift fuer Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft, 79, 3, 1995, pp. 207-225. [analyses the social background and the motives for conversion of German Buddhists around the turn of the century; likewise looks at the contemporary picture]

Baumann, Martin, "Die DBU in historischem Kontext und internationalem Vergleich", in: Lotusblaetter, 3, 1995, pp. 35-38. [historic outline of the predecessors of the German Buddhist Union, founded 1955; comparative survey of similar developments in Europe, USA and Australia]

Baumann, Martin, "Buddhismus als Beispiel von 'importierter Religion'", in: Lebensreform. Zur Kulturgeschichte deutscher Alternativbewegungen. Handbuch der Reformbewegungen, edited by Diethart Krebs, Juergen Reulecke, Wuppertal: Hammer 1998, pp 513-522. [on the interaction of 19th/ early 20th century Buddhists and socio-cultural reform movements in Germany]

Baumann, Martin, "Buddhismus", in: Remid (ed.), Religionen feiern. Feste und Feiertage religioeser Gemeinschaften in Deutschland, Marburg: Diagonal 1997, pp. 171-187. [outline of Buddhist traditions and their feasts and festivals celebrated in Germany]

Baumann, Martin, "Entsagung und Entselbstung. Eine Neuinterpretation des Lebens und Werkes des Buddhisten Paul Dahlke", in: Living Faith. Lebendige religioese Wirklichkeit. Festschrift fuer Hans-Juergen Greschat, edited by Reiner Mahlke, Renate Pitzer-Reyl, Joachim Suess, Frankfurt: P.Lang 1997, pp.263-282 [life portrait of Paul Dahlke, leading Buddhist during the 1920s; analyses his interpretation and practice of Buddhist doctrine in the light of the romantic ideals he favoured]

Baumann, Martin, "Culture Contact and Valuation: Early German Buddhists and the Creation of a 'Buddhism in Protestant Shape'", paper presented at the conference "Contemporary Buddhism: Text and Context", in: Numen, 44, 3, pp. 270-295. [outline of Buddhist developments in Germany; analysis of rationalist interpretation of Buddhist teaching by German Buddhists; theoretical considerations on the indigenisationof a foreign religious tradition]

Baumann, Martin, "Pfade zum Nirvana. Buddhistische Traditionen und Aktivitaeten in der Gegenwart Deutschlands", in Forum. Buddhistische Zeitschrift fuer Frieden, Kultur und Erziehung, 11, 1996, pp. 32-38 and 12, 1996, pp. 31-34; repr. in Japanese transl. in: the Journal of Oriental Study (Tokyo), 36, 1, 1997; pp. 125-148, repr. updated and enlarged in Russian transl. in: Oriente (Moscow) (forthcoming). [history of Buddhism in Germany; appeal of Buddhism to early and contemporary Western followers; the 'German Buddhist Union' and its Buddhist confession; on 'German Buddhism' and contemporary interpretations (rational and sociopolitical Bud., democratisation, Buddhist ecumeny)]

Baumann, Martin, "Buddhismus in den 1990er Jahren in Deutschland. Statistische Beobachtungen", in: Festschrift zum Gedenken an den 100. Geburtstag von Lama Anagarika Govinda, ed. by the Order Arya Maitreya Mandala, Munich: Lama and Li Gotami Govinda Foundation 1998, p. 45-66. [stock-taking of developments of Buddhism in Germany during the 1990s: observable is a further rise of groups and centres, from 201 (1991) to 413 (1997); also briefly on the Arya Maitreya Mandala and its developments.]

Baumann, Martin, Buddhismus -   Buddhism, series Compass world Religions, Hannover: Lutherisches Verlagshaus, 1999, 70 p. [German and English portrayal of Buddhism, focusing on the current situation in Germany as Buddhism is practised and lived by immigrant and convert Buddhists; chart of the about 500 Buddhist groups and centers in Germany; numerous pictures]

Baumann, Martin, Migration, Religion, Integration. Vietnamesische Buddhisten und tamilische Hindus in Deutschland, Marburg: Diagonal-Verlag 2000. [describing and analysing the history of Vietnamese Buddhism in chapters 2 and 3., with maps and pictures]

Bechert, Heinz, "Neue Buddhismus-Literatur", in: Theologische Rundschau, 63, 1998, pp. 159-191. [presentation and evaluation of some 58 German titles on Buddhism and studies of Buddhism published between 1988-1995]

Behler, E., "Das Indienbild der deutschen Romantik", in: Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift, 49, 1968, pp. 21-37.

Bergler, Manfred, Die Anthropologie des Grafen Karlfried von Duerckheim im Rahmen der Rezeptionsgeschichte des Zen-Buddhismus in Deutschland, Erlangen 1981. [detailed study of Duerckheim and his special approach to Zen]

Bergler, Manfred, "Zen-Buddhismus in Deutschland", in: Zeitschrift fuer Religions- und Geistesgeschichte, 36, 1, 1984, pp. 39-52; reprinted as well in: Materialdienst, 47, 12, 1984, pp. 356-366. [non-chronological overview; strange typology and interpretation]

Bitter, Klaus, Konversionen zum tibetischen Buddhismus: Eine Analyse religioeser Biographien, Goettingen: E. Oberdieck Verlag 1988, 355 p. [Tibetan Buddhism in exile; outline of empirical methods: interview strategies; very interesting narrative interviews, how converts became involved in Tibetan Buddhism; unfortunately, contains no generalisation of conversion patterns; well grounded and useful study]

Blume, Michael; Kantowsky, Detlef (eds.), Assimilation, Integration, Isolation: Fallstudien zum Eingliederungsprozess suedostasiatischer Fluechtlinge in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 2 Vols., Koeln 1988. [very detailed study; also some interviews with Vietnamese Buddhist refugees in Germany]

Buttler, Paul-Gerhardt, "Die buddhistische Bewegung in Deutschland", in: Kurt Hutten, Siegfried von Kortzfleisch, (eds.), Asien missioniert im Abendland, Stuttgart: Kreuz-Verlag 1962, pp. 73-120. [good and fair overview of the history of Buddhism in Germany up to the early 1960's, mine of information]

Colpe, Carsten; Sommer, Bert, "Aus 20 Jahren buddhistischer Literatur in Deutschland", in: Verkuendigung und Forschung, 42, 1997, pp. 19-54. [listing some 112 monographic titles, published between 1976-1995 in German language: literature covering the historical Buddha and early Buddhism, central Asia and Tibetan Buddhism, on Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, Buddhism in Germany, Christian-Buddhist dialogue, encompassing surveys of Buddhism. A selection of these publications is briefly portraited]

Deutsche Buddhistische Union, Die Deutsche Buddhistische Union (DBU) und ihre Mitglieder in Selbstdarstellungen, Muenchen: DBU 1991, 71p. [self-presentation of the 27 members of the 'German Buddhist Union', in 1991; much information on the groups themselves]

Dumolin, Heinrich, "Das Buddhismusbild deutscher Philosophen des 19. Jahrhunderts", in: Zeitschrift fuer katholische Theologie, 101, 1979, pp. 386-401; Engl. translation as "Buddhism and Nineteenth Century German Philosophy", in: Journal of the History of Ideas, 92, 3, 1981. [outline of perception and interpretation of Buddhism by Schopenhauer, Nietzsche etc.]

Falke, Robert, Der Buddhismus in unserem modernen deutschen Geistesleben: Eine Studie, Halle an der Saale 1903. [portrait of Buddhist activities by a Christian apologetic]

Gennrich, Paul, Moderne buddhistische Propaganda und indische Wiedergeburtslehre in Deutschland, Leipzig: A Deichertsche Verlagsbuchhandlung W. Scholl 1914, 52 p. [Protestant apologetical treatment of early Buddhist activities in Germany].

George, Kirsten; Kaufmann, Matthias; Kehrer, Guenter; Kuczera, Natalie; Spieth, Anke; Sturm, Daniel, "Das Bild des Islam und des Buddhismus. Eine empirische Untersuchung", in: Zeitschrift fuer Religionswissenschaft, 4, 1, 1996, pp. 55-82 [quantitative research, based on a questionaire, of the popular knowlegde and image of Islam and Buddhism in Germany; Buddhism is much more positive perceived than Islam, people associate with Buddhism items as 'spirituality' and 'peacefulness']

Glasenapp, Helmuth von, "Schopenhauer und Indien", in: 36. Schopenhauer-Jahrbuch fuer das Jahr 1955, Frankfurt am Main 1955, pp. 32-48.

Glasenapp, Helmuth von, Das Indienbild deutscher Denker, Stuttgart 1960, 241 p. [detailed and learned study]

Glashoff, Max, "40 Jahre Deutsche Buddhistische Union", in: Lotusblaetter, 3, 1995, pp. 11-15. [personal look back at 40 years development of the German Buddhist Union by the former president of this umbrella organisation; includes 7 pictures]

Glawe, Walther, "Buddhistische Stroemungen der Gegenwart", in: Biblische Zeit- und Streitfragen zur Aufklaerung der Gebildeten, VIII, 12, Berlin-Lichterfelde 1913, pp. 419-456. [Christian apologetical account of Buddhist activities around the turn of the century]

Gupta, N., "The Influence of Buddhism on German Literature", in: India and World Literature, proceedings of an international symposium new Delhi 1985, New Delhi: ICCR 1990, pp. 322-326.

Hahlbohm-Helmus, Elke, "Geshes, Lamas, Dharmalehrer oder Buddhologen und freizeit-kompatible Fortbildungskonzepte zum Thema Buddhismus", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 79-97.

Hecker, Hellmuth, Chronik des Buddhismus in Deutschland, 3rd extended edition, Plochingen: Deutsche Buddhistische Union 1985 134 p. [very detailed historical survey; mine of information]

Hecker, Hellmuth, "Der erste deutsche Buddhist - Leben und Werk Karl Eugen Neumanns", in: Bodhi Baum, 10, 5, 1985, pp. 195-216. [detailed study of Neumann; best informed author on the topic]

Hecker, Hellmuth, Karl Eugen Neumann, Erstuebersetzer der Reden des Buddha, Anreger zu abendlaendischer Spiritualitaet, Wien: Octopus 1986. [very detailed and well informed study of Neumann; his life and writings]

Hecker, Hellmuth, Lebensbilder deutscher Buddhisten: Ein bio-bibliographisches Handbuch, 2 Vols., No. 1 and No. 5 of the series of the research project "Buddhist Modernism", Konstanz: University of Konstanz 1990 und 1992, 179 p. and 311 p.; reprint of No. 1 as No. 13 in 1996, 214 p. [most interesting and detailed biographies of 128 German Buddhists plus their publications; absolute mine of information!]

Hecker, Hellmuth, "40 Jahre Deutsche Buddhistische Union. Beitrag zum Konvent der Deutschen Buddhistischen Union in Muenchen am 28. Oktober 1995", in: Internationales Asienforum, 27, 1-2, 1996, pp. 143-158. [detailed historic outline of the founding and establishment of the Buddhist umbrella organisation 'German Buddhist Union']

Ho, Loc, Vietnamesischer Buddhismus in Deutschland. Darstellung der Geschichte und Institutionalisierung, Hannover: Pagode Vien Giac 1999, 155 p. [Vietnamese Buddhism in Vietnam and in exile; history and development of Vietnamese Buddhism in Germany, focusing on the main pagoda in Hannover; describing worship and festivals and intra-Buddhist activities; strong on descriptiv-historic material]

Hoppe, Max, "Buddhism in Germany", in: Présence du Bouddhisme, ed. by René de Berval, Saigon 1959, rev. ed. Paris: Gallimard 1987, pp. 917-922.

Kantowsky, Detlef, "Buddhismus in Deutschland heute", in: Spirita - Zeitschrift fuer Religionswissenschaft, 5, 1, 1991, pp. 22-32. [good descriptive and analytical article on Buddhist developments during the 1980's; focusing on developments of the 'German Buddhist Union']

Kantowsky, Detlef, Wegzeichen - Gespraeche ueber buddhistische Praxis mit: Nyanaponika Mahathera, Karl-Heinz Gottmann, ..., No. 4 of the series of the research project "Buddhist Modernism", Konstanz: University of Konstanz 1991, 235 p.; enlarged reprint as No. 2 in series of the University of Ulm, Ulm: UKAS 1994, 267p. [interesting interviews with ten leading Buddhists, all (except Nyanaponika) living in the West; their adoption of Buddhism, their activities and plans; reprint enlarged with an essay on 'Buddhist Modernism in the West' and interview with Kantowsky]

Kantowsky, Detlef, Der Weg der weissen Wolken: Texte, Bilder und Dokumente aus Dem Leben von Lama Anagarika Govinda (1898-1985), No.12 of the series of the research project "Buddhist Modernism", Konstanz: University of Konstanz 1996, 233p., 10 b/w pictures, reprint of documents [life portrait of Govinda by Advayavajra, reprint of ten articles, bibliography; personal documents and letters. The volume offers some hitherto unknown facts and details of the rich life of Govinda, founder of the order Arya Maitreya Mandala]

Kantowsky, Detlef (ed.), "nicht derselbe und nicht ein anderer". Beschreibungen und Gespraeche, Texte, Bilder und Dokumente zum 90. Geburtstag des Ehrwuerdigen Nyanaponika Mahaathera, No. 3 of the series of the research project "Buddhist Modernism", Konstanz: University of Konstanz 1991, 168 p. [life sketches on and interviews with the German born Theravada monk Nyanaponika; 8 texts by Nyanaponika; several pictures and documents]

Kantowsky, Detlef, "Ursprünge und Entwicklungen des Buddhismus im deutschsprachigen Bereich", in: Festschrift zum Gedenken an den 100. Geburtstag von Lama Anagarika Govinda, ed. by the Order Arya Maitreya Mandala, Munich: Lama and Li Gotami Govinda Foundation 1998, pp. 93-112. [sketchy on Wagner's and Schopenhauer's encounter with Buddhism as the start of rezeption of Buddhism in the German speaking area; rest of the contribution is taken from Kantowsky's 1993/94 article "Buddhist Modernism in the West/Germany"]

Legelli, Rainer, "Autobiographische Erzaehlungen von Westlern ueber ihre Konversion zum Buddhismus", in: Spirita, 1-2, 1994, pp. 14-23. [sociologically contextualized analysis of the conversion of Ole Nydahl, Janwillem van de Wetering and Friedrich-Karl Heckmann to Buddhism]

Litsch, Franz-Johannes, "Engaged Buddhism in German-Speaking Europe", in: Christopher S. Queen (ed.), Engaged Buddhism in the West, Boston: Wisdom 2000, pp. 423-445.

Mildenberger, Michael, Hinduismus - Buddhismus - Islam in Deutschland, Information No. 53, Stuttgart: Ev. Zentralstelle fuer Weltanschauungsfragen 1973, 28 p.

Mildenberger, Michael, "'Religioeser Humanismus'. Zum europaeischen Erbe im deutschen Buddhismus", in: Guenter Kehrer (ed.), Zur Religionsgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Muenchen: Koesel 1980, pp. 49-76. [instructive, sometimes critical article on Buddhists in Germany; useful typologies and differentiations of membership and waves of adoption]

Mode, Heinz, "Buddha, der Rebell", in: Siegfried Lienhard, Irma Piovano (eds.), Lex et Litterae. Studies in Honour of Professor Oscar Botto, Turin: Edizioni dell'Orso 1997, pp. 361-371. [quoting at length from the two volume studies by Carl Friedrich Koeppen about 'The Religion of the Buddha and its Origin' (1857/59, in German), demonstrating that Koeppen opted to understand Buddha as an anti-brahmanical and social "rebel". Koeppen's work should not be forgotten, acc. to the author]

Mürmel, Heinz, "Buddhismus und Theosophie in Leipzig vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 123-136.

Neumann, Karl Eugen, Fluechtige Skizzen und Notizen aus Zeilon und Indien im Sommer 1894, ed. by Detlef Kantowsky, No. 9 of the series of the research project "Buddhist Modernism", Konstanz: University of Konstanz 1994, 120 p. [publication of Neumann's diary written during his travel in India and Sri Lanka in 1894, added with explanations given by the editor; with pictures and hand written documents]

Notz, Klaus-Josef, Der Buddhismus in Deutschland in seinen Selbstdarstellungen: Eine religionswissenschaftliche Untersuchung zur religioesen Akkulturationsproblematik, Frankfurt am Main, Bern, New York: Peter Lang 1984. [detailed historical description based on archival material; analysis of the creation of a Western-Buddhist linguistic territory]

Onken, Kurt (ed.), Des Geistes Gleichmass. Festschrift zum 75. Geburtstag von Nyanaponika, Konstanz: Christiani 1976.

Onken, Kurt (ed.), Zur Erkenntnis geneigt. Festschrift zum 85. Geburtstag von Nyanaponika, Konstanz: Christiani 1976.

Roemer, Hermann, "Die Propaganda fuer asiatische Religionen im Abendland", in: Basler Missions-Studien, Heft 36, Basel 1910, S. 153-205.[rich on information, nevertheless a Christian apologetical discussion of Buddhist activities around the turn of the century]

Saalfrank, Eva Sabine, Geistige Heimat im Buddhismus aus Tibet. Eine empirische Studie am Beispiel der Kagyuepas in Deutschland, Ulm: Fabri 1997, 529 p. + xxx, 20 coloured pictures. [detailed ethnographic study of the Kagyu tradition and its rise in Germany; analyzing the Kagyu centres and the conversion to Tibetan Buddhism as a sub-cultural phenomenon, plus analysis along intellectual, experiential and ritual dimensions; very detailled, although bit length study]

Schmiedel, Michael A., "Theravada-Buddhismus in Bonn und Rösrath", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 137-156 [a historic-descriptive portrayal of Theravada groups and institutions in the regional area of Bonn; based on the author's M.A. thesis].

Schumann, Hans Wolfgang, Buddhism and Buddhist Studies in Germany, Rangoon: West German Embassy 1970, 44 p.; in German: Buddhismus und Buddhismusforschung in Deutschland, Godesberg 1972, Vienna 1974. [overview of historical developments plus the scholarly study of Buddhism in Germany]

Schmidt, Walter, Die "Fremdreligion" in Deutschland: Hinduismus - Buddhismus - Islam, Stuttgart: Ev. Zentralstelle fuer Weltanschauungsfragen 1971, 24 p.

Seidenstuecker, Karl, "Die Weltmission des Buddhismus und das Abendland", in: Buddhistische Warte, 3. Jhg., 1/2, 1911, S. 2-34. [portrait of Buddhism as most approriate to fill the philosophical and religious gap in Europe]

Slepcevic, Pero, Buddhismus in der deutschen Literatur, Vienna 1920.

Usarski, Frank, "Das Bekenntnis zum Buddhismus als Bildungsprivileg. Strukturmomente 'lebensweltlicher' Theravaada-Rezeption in Deutschland waehrend des Zeitraums zwischen 1888 und 1924", in: Peter Antes, Donate Pahnke (eds.), Die Religion von Oberschichten, Marburg: Diagonal-Verlag 1989, pp. 75-86. [study of early German Buddhists; useful differentiation of five phases of adaption from late 19th century to late 1980s]

Usarski, Frank, "Hinduistische und buddhistische Stroemungen in Deutschland - Ein historischer Ueberblick", in: Christliches ABC, Ergaenzungslieferung 6/1991, Gruppe 4, 1991, pp. 33-47. [historical overview of Buddhist and Hindu movements and groups in Germany; using a five-phase model to differentiate the chronological developments]

Waldschmidt, Ernst, "The Influence of Buddhism on German Philosophy and Poetry", in: University of Ceylon Review, 22, 1, 1963, pp. 1-13.

Zotz, Volker, "Einige Anmerkungen zum Buddhismus-Bild deutschsprachiger Denker", in: Bodhi Baum, 11, 2/3, 1986, pp. 72-82. [detailed and well grounded description and analysis of 18th and 19th century philosophers and their encounter with/ perception of Buddhism]

Zotz, Volker, "'Das Erzeugnis warmer Klimate'. Zum Werden des Buddhismus-Bildes deutscher Philosophen und Historiker", in: Hoorin. Vergleichende Studien zur japanischen Kultur, 1, 1994, pp. 169-183. [description and analysis of 18th century philosophers and their perception of Buddhism; also of 19th and early 20th century historians: Koeppen, Chamberlain, Spengler, Steiner, Schopenhauer]

Zotz, Volker,Auf den glückseligen Inseln. Buddhismus in der deutschen Kultur, Berlin: Theseus 2000, 400 p. [about the adoption of Buddhist ideas and concepts by German speaking philosophers and intellectuals in the 19th century, 22 b/w pictures]

University theses:

Firnkes, Marc M., "Zen-Centre for Oriental Studies and Culture", unpubl. B.A. thesis, Roger Williams College 1991, 83 p. [on the Zen Centre for Oriental Studies and Culture in Munich, Germany; contains designs and plans; IH]

Halbohm-Helmus, Elke, "Marktstrategien des Tibetischen Buddhismus in Deutschland", Ph.D. thesis in progress in 2001, Department of Religious Studies, University of Bonn, Germany.

Henkel, Rolf, "Die Neubuddhistische Bewegung in Deutschland und Europa und ihre europaeischen Vertreter im Osten", unpubl. MA thesis, University of Washington 1930, 80 p.

Ho, Loc, "Vietnamesischer Buddhismus in Deutschland. Darstellung der Geschichte und Institutionalisierung",. M.A. thesis, Department for the History of Religions, University of Hannover, Germany, 1998, 102 p. [published, please see above]

Legelli, Rainer, "Wie der Dharma in den Westen kam. Analyse von Konversionen und des Zugangs zum Buddhismus", unpubl. M.A. thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Konstanz 1992, 112 p. [on theories of conversion; analysis of the biographies and conversions of Rahula, Ole Nydahl, F.K. Heckmann and Janwillem van de Wetering; study carried out in a too technically and complicated based way than there is a need for]

Offermann, Juergen, "Entwicklung des Zenbuddhismus in Deutschland", Ph.D. thesis in progress in 2001, at the Department of History of Religions, University of Lund, Sweden.

Saalfrank, Eva, "Buddhismus aus Tibet in Deutschland? Eine empirische Studie am Beispiel der Kagyue-Schule", unpubl. Ph. D. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Ulm 1994, 416p. [detailed ethnographic study of Karma-Kagyu tradition in Germany; Karma-Kagyue portraited and analysed as a subcultural phenomenon; interviews and field studies]

Schmiedel, Michael A., "Buddhismus in Bonn. Empirische Studie über buddhistisch orientierte Gemeinschaften in Bonn", M.A. thesis, Bonn University, May 2000, 279 p. (incl. appendix) [stock-taking and detailed description of founding, development and current state of activity of the various Buddhist groups and centers in Bonn]

Steinke, Ulrich, "Karl Bernhard Seidenstuecker, Leben - Schaffen - Wirken", unpubl. M. A. thesis, Department of Religious Studies, Tuebingen 1989, also available and partly updated at http://users.aol.com/lolapayer/steink00.html. [interesting life sketch of an important early Buddhist; detailed biography; his Buddhist writings and activities; solid work]

Journals (selection)

Lotusblaetter (quarterly published by the German Buddhist Union, since 1987, Munich)

various journals of all traditions; a survey is provided in Hellmuth Hecker, Lebensbilder deutscher Buddhisten, Vol. 1, Konstanz: University of Konstanz 1990, pp. 164-178 and H. Hecker, "Deutsche Buddhistische Zeitschriften", supplement of Buddhistische Monatsblaetter, 11/12, 1993.

 

2.3. France TOP

Barbarin, E., "Le Bouddhisme en France: 'Les Amis du Bouddhisme'", in: Présence du Bouddhisme, ed. by Rene de Berval, Saigon 1959, rev. ed. Paris: Gallimard 1987, pp. 941-944.

Bernard, Berger, "Le bouddhisme, soutien des refugies khmers", in: Hommes et Migrations, No. 1171, 1993, pp. 30-32.

Bies, E., Literature francaise et pensee hindoue, des origines a 1950, Paris: C.Klincksieck 1974.

"Le bouddhisme en France", in: Hommes et Migrations, No. 1171, Déc. 1993. [most of the articles of this issue deal with Buddhism practised by Asian immigrants, see as listed; AK]

"Bouddhistes, exil et traditions", in: Migrations et Pastorale,No 198, March-April 1988, 42 p.

"Bouddhistes en France", in: Migrations et Pastorale, No 215, June 199O, 50 p. [two special issues of a Journal devoted to the study of religion and migration. Both of them focus on Asian Buddhists. Provide qualitative data on the resettlement of South-Asian Buddhism in France; LO]

Chelli, Norbert and Louis Hourmant, "Orientations axiologiques dans le bouddhisme du mouvement Soka Gakkaï France," Recherches Sociologiques: Le bouddhisme en Occident: approches sociologiques et anthropologiques, 31, 3, 2000, pp. 89-102. [A concise study of the norms and values of the French members of the Soka Gakkai movement, emphasizing on the correlation between the values supported by the Japanese organisation and the values of the host society, L.O.]

Choron-Baix, Catherine, Bouddhisme et migration: la reconstitution d'une paroisse bouddhiste Lao en banlieue parisienne, Paris: Ministère de la culture, conseil du patrimoine ethnologique, 1986, 171 p. [an ethnographic study of the settlement of a Lao community in France, focusing on the changes within the Lao religious practices in the Western context. L.O.]

Choron-Baix, Catherine, "De Forêts en banlieues. La Transplantation du Bouddhisme Lao en France", in: Archives de sciences sociales des religions, 36, 73, 1991, pp. 17-33. [good anthropological study of Laotian Buddhists living as refugees in France since 1975; on restoration of rites at the family and temple level plus founding of monasteries; states that 150,000 French Buddhists and about 40,000-50,000 Laotian (mainly Buddhists) live in France; 115,693 refugees from Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos lived in France in 1987]

Choron-Baix, Catherine, "Espace social et exil: les réseaux de sociabilité des Lao en France", in: Matras-Guin, Jacqueline; Taillard, Christian (eds.), Habitations et Habitat d'Asie du Sud-Est Continentale. Pratiques et Représentations de l'Espace, Paris: L'Harmattan 1992, pp. 257-283.

Choron-Baix, Catherine, "Pratiques religieuses et communautaires des Lao", in: Hommes et Migrations, No. 1171, 1993, pp. 26-29.

Chouléan, Ang; Tan, Yinh Phong, "Le monastère Khemararam espace identitaire de la communauté Khmère", in: Matras-Guin, Jacqueline; Taillard, Christian (eds.), Habitations et Habitat d'Asie du Sud-Est Continentale. Pratiques et Représentations de l'Espace, Paris: L'Harmattan 1992, pp. 285-302.

"Chroniques de l'union bouddhiste de France, Les", in: Dharma, 1, 1988. [appears in most issues since 1988]

Dhammarangsi, "A la rencontre de la communauté khmére de France", in: Sangha (Paris), 2, 1991, pp. 10-15. [short survey of the state of affairs of the about 90,000 Buddhist Cambodians in France; three main pagodas; several pictures; Ven. Samdech Bour Kry at Créteil]

Dhammarangsi, "Le bouddhisme khmère en Europe et en France", in: Sangha (Paris), 2, 1991, pp. 16-22. [brief survey of Buddhist Cambodians in France, Germany, Switzerland and Belgium; several pictures]

Etienne, Bruno and Raphaël Liogier, Etre bouddhiste en France aujourd'hui, Paris: Albin Michel, 1997. [The first political approach of Buddhism in France. Provide detailed accounts of the practice within communities, with emphasis on converts. Unfortunately few theoretical developments and a lack of consistency in the presentation. L. O.]

Gira, Dennis, Comprende le Bouddhisme, Paris: Ed. Centurion 1989, enclosing "La présence bouddhiste en France", pp. 186-197. [short and useful overview of Buddhist activities in France in late 1980's; listing about 70 Zen and 60 Tibetan centres and groups; about 400-500 small, local Sooka Gakkai groups (= 6.000 members); on South Asian Buddhists in France; gives no historical account].

Gira, Dennis, "Pour comprendre 'les bouddhismes' en occident", in: Lumière & Vie, 38, 193, 1989, pp. 5-17. [overview of Buddhist developments and teaching; nothing specially for France].

Gira, Dennis, "La Présence Bouddhiste en France (1991)", in: Documents Episcopat. Bulletin du secrétariat de la conférence des évègues de France, No. 13, Sept. 1991, 16 p. [survey of Buddhism in France with regard to the present day situation: on Asian and French Buddhists and the various schools; on Buddhism in general; gives concrete numbers]

Gira, Dennis, "Les bouddhistes français", in: Esprit, 233 , June 1997, pp. 130-148. [a reflection on the conditions of the adaptation of Buddhism in France, in an inter-religious perspective. Raises the issue of the "Asian memoir" of the Buddhism for converts. L.O.]

Hourmant, Louis, "Ascese, rationalité, modernité en contexte oriental: le bouddhisme de la Soka Gakkai", in: Social Compass, 36, 1, 1989, pp. 83-94. [being the first reliable sociological description of the Soka Gakai in France, the article sheds light on the meaning of the practice for the adepts leading for them to success in the world; AK]

Hourmant, Louis, "La relation a l'objet sacré dans un culte neo- bouddhique: la Soka Gakkai francaise", in: F. Champion, D. Hervieu-Leger (eds.), De l'emotion en religion, Paris: Centurion, 1990, pp. 71-119. [first account on the Soka Gakkai Buddhism in France. Detailed description of the forms and regulation processes of the practices and the beliefs among converts. L.O.]

Hourmant, Louis, "Les nouveaux mouvements religieux japonais en France entre laïcisation et euphémisation du sacré", in: Social Compass, 42, 2, 1995, pp. 207-220. [This sociological analysis of the new religious movements from Japan in France points out their two trends: a radical psychologization of religion illustrated by the Reiyukai group in France or, as exemplified by the Soka Gakkai, a classical conception of sacred but with a subjective relationship to belief. Both trends are seen as adaptation to a western context. Highly informative, with analytical perspectives; AK]

Hourmant, Louis, "La Soka Gakkai: un bouddhisme 'paria' n France?", in: Francoise Champion, Martine Cohen (eds.), Sectes et Démocratie, Paris: Le Seuil 1999, pp. 182-204. [A sociological perspective on the issue of the "sect" stigmatization of the Soka Gakkai movement in France. The author examines the difficulties encountered by the SG in the French ideological and political context. L.O.]

Koné-El-Adji, Alioune, "Le Bouddha cathodique: construction de l'image du bouddhisme à la télévision française", in: Pierre Bréchon and Jean-Paul Willaime (eds.), Médias et religions en miroir, Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 2000, pp.93-119. [a study of the images of Buddhism in the French medias, especially television. Convert Buddhism is much more media-covered and seen as "philosophic", while an Asian Buddhism is considered as exotic. L.O.]

Kalab, Milada, "Cambodian Buddhist Monasteries in Paris: Continuing Tradition and Changing Patterns", in: May M. Ebihara, Carol A. Mortland, Judy Ledgerwood (eds.), Cambodian Culture since 1975: Homeland and Exile, Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press 1994, pp. 57-71. [descriptive account and comparison of Cambodian Buddhism in France and in Cambodia: pagodas, organisation, supporters, donation and money, women, rituals and festivals; contrary to the title very little theoretical consideration]

Le Huu Khoa, "Le bouddhisme de France, entre l'ephemere et le visionnaire" in: Hommes et Migrations, No. 1171, 1993, pp. 13-17. [focus on the "rediscovery" of buddhism by South-East Asian refugees in identity, as shown in the expression, "avoir une pagode a soi" (have one's own pagode); AK].

Le Quéau, Pierre, La tentation bouddhiste, Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1998. [the appeal of Buddhism explained in the framework of French post-modern sociology. L.O.]

Lenoir, Frédéric, "France: la vague bouddhiste", in: L'Express, 2364, 24-30. Oct. 1996, p. 48-62. [on recent popularity of Buddhism in France; stating 600.000 Buddhists without providing any evidence, however; about the different traditions and schools present in France; various photos, one map]

Lenoir, Frédéric, Le bouddhisme en France, Paris: Fayard, 1999, 447 p. [a sociological study of convert Buddhists in France, proposing a tripartite typology of 'pratiquants', 'proches' and 'sympathisants'; use of questionaire to obtain the data; despite some interesting conclusions, the methodology is quite questionable; no coverage of Asian Budhists, unfortunately]

Lenoir, Frédéric, La rencontre du bouddhisme et de l'Occident, Paris: Fayard, 1999, 393 p. [on the history of encounter of Buddhism and 'the West']

Modehn, Christian, "Buddhismus in Frankreich", in: Udo und Monika Tworuschka (eds.), Religionen der Welt. Grundlagen, Entwicklung und Bedeutung in der Gegenwart, Muenchen, Guetersloh: Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag 1992, pp. 338. [short overview, numbers: about 600,000 Asian and French Buddhists; on Mahayana- und Theravada centres].

Modehn, Christian, Religion in Frankreich. Darstellung und Daten zu Geschichte und Gegenwart, Guetersloh: Guetersloher Verlags-Haus 1993 (GTB 632); on Buddhism see p. 145-149. [short and narrative]

Obadia, Lionel , "Des monastères tibetains a l'usage des Francais", in: Hommes et Migrations, No. 1171, 1993, pp. 17-20. [explains the change in Tibetan Buddhism in France since the movement is now directed toward French practitioners; AK]

Obadia, Lionel, "Bouddhisme, Diffusion et Migration. Le cas particulier de la Fracne", in: Migrations Société, 9, 54, Nov-Dec, 1997, pp. 73-81. [outlining the two main strands of diffusion of Buddhism to the West, i.e. migration and mission; opting to use approaches from the sociology of migration and sociology of religion to study the phenomenon of spread of Buddhism in the Occident]

Obadia, Lionel, "Bouddhisme et Diaspora. Rôle et effects du bouddhisme dans l'exile tibétain", in: Approches Asie, 15, 1997, pp. 151-165. [religion as an important source for identity maintenance in diasporic/exile situations; the 'Tibetan diaspora' in Asia is constituted by Tibetan (ethnic) refugees, whereas the diaspora in the Occident is made up of Western converts; emphasis on missionary impact and effect of Tibetan lamas in the West; plus methodological reflections]

Obadia, Lionel, Bouddhisme et Occident. La diffusion du bouddhisme tibétain en France, Paris: L'harmattan editions, 1999, 272 p. [a general historical and sociological/analytical account of the spread of Buddhism to the West (focussed on Europe); new: historic-descriptive and analytical material on Buddhism in France and specially on conversion of 'Westerners' to Tibetan Buddhism]

Obadia, Lionel, "Le bouddhisme: une religion 'moderne'? Le bouddhisme dans les sociétés occidentales: entre le réel et l'imaginaire, la tradition et la modernité", in: Actes du colloque GReSAS / EADI : " Modernités et recomposition locale du sens ", Mons, 20 & 21 mai 1999 [a discussion of the "modern" image of Buddhism in the light of the sociological conception of modernity. L.O]

Obadia, Lionel, "Le bouddhisme tibétain en Occident: entre l'individualisme et l'institutionnel", in : P. Servais (ed.), Individu et communauté, Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgique) : Academia-Bruylant, 2000, pp. 215-231, Série : rencontre Orient-Occident. [a discussion of the Western "individualistic" image of Buddhism with regard to the community practice. L.O.]

Obadia, Lionel (ed.), Le bouddhisme en Occident : approches sociologique et anthropologique, Recherches sociologiques (Belgium), 2000, 3 [special issue of a sociological journal on Buddhism in the West, including articles on Buddhism in Europe, Germany, Australia, and France. L.O.]

Obadia, Lionel, "Une tradition au delà de la modernité: l'institutionnalisation du bouddhisme tibétain en France", Recherches Sociologiques: Le bouddhisme en Occident: approches sociologiques et anthropologiques, 2000, 3, pp. 67-88. [a sociological examination of the reasons why Buddhism is considered in the French context as the opposite of an institutionalized religion. Focusing on Tibetan Buddhism in France. Critical reflections on the sociological approach of Buddhism in the West. L.O.]

Obadia, Lionel, "L'adhésion au bouddhisme en France", in: Dennis Gira, Jacques Scheuer (eds.), Vivre de plusieurs religions : promesse ou illusion?, Paris : éd. de l'Atelier, 2000, pp. 32-43 [the issue of double-belonging amongst French Buddhists (converts). The author suggests a scale of adherence to Buddhism in a community context from an heterodox to an orthodox poles. L.O.]

Pasadika, "Buddhist Monasticism in European Culture with special Reference to France", in: Sulak Sivaraksa et al. (eds.), Radical Conservatism. Buddhism in the Contemporary World, Articles in Honour of Bhikkhu Buddadasa's 84th Birthday Anniversary, Bangkok: Thai Inter-Religious Commission for Development and the International Network of Engaged Buddhists 1990, pp. 422-432; reprinted in: Buddhism into the Year 2.000. International Conference Proceedings, Bangkok: Dhammakaya Foundation 1994, pp. 131-140. [mainly on the Vietnamese Linh-Son monastery and its abbot Bhikkhu Thich Huyen-Vi]

Raphael, Liogier, "La pertinence contemporaine du bouddhisme", Revue des deux mondes, (Paris) 5-8, 1996 p. 50-61. [outline of the philosophical and ideological reasons to explain the interest in Buddhism in France; as main reasons are stated: Buddhism can be seen as a cure for the soul, a theory of action, an individualism that deny the ego, or a reaction to the "imagologie", the cult of images of the 1980's France; AK]

Raphael, Liogier; Etienne, Bruno, Etre Bouddhiste en France Aujourd'hui, Paris: Hachette Littératures 1997 [following the collection of titles on Protestant and Jews today, this issue focusses on contemporary Buddhists in France; AK]

Rommeluère, Eric, "Le bouddhisme en France: une lecture critique de Frédéric Lenoir", Recherches Sociologiques: Le bouddhisme en Occident : approches sociologiques et anthropologiques, 31, 3, 2000, pp.103-119. [a critical review of Frédéric Lenoir's sociological inquiry. Demonstrates the one-sidedness of the author and the weak points in the applied methodology. Interesting discussion on the notion of "Modern Buddhism". L.O.]

Ronce, Philippe, Guide des centres bouddhistes en France, Paris: Noêsis, 1998. [the first and most complete guide of Buddhist centers in France. Provides historical and practical details for each lineage and tradition. Includes non-affiliated groups. L.O.]

Schlegel, Jean-Louis, "Du christianisme au bouddhisme: les pratiques religieuses aujourd'hui", in: Esprit , 233 (June 1997), pp.20-30. [the appeal of Buddhism in the lens of the sociological and religious changes in the West. Focuses upon the failures of Christianity and the developments of new forms of religious commitment. L.O.]

Sillard, Alain, Bouddhismes: le guide des écoles du bouddhisme en France, Suisse, Belgique, Paris: Lesir / Nil, 1998. [detailed and illustrated description of the practice within a few major Buddhist traditions that have settled in France, Switzerland, and Belgium. L.O.]

Stanislas, Maillard, "La voie du zen en France", in: Informations catholiques internationales, No 851, 15.12.1982, pp. 29-42.

Tager, Djenane Kareh, "France, melting-pot bouddhiste", in: L'Actualite religieuse dans le monde, 93, 15.10.1991, pp. 16-17 [an interview with Denis Gira; on the diversity of Buddhist traditions in contemporary France; AK]

Tran Thi Nhung, "Aspects du bouddhisme viêtnamien en france", in: Lumière & Vie, 38, 193, 1989, pp. 19-30. [development of Buddhism in France with special reference to Vietnamese pagodas, their festivals and rites; a little general]

Trong Hieu Dinh, "La pagode, au Vietnam et dans l'immigration", in: Hommes et Migrations, No. 1171, 1993, pp. 21-25.

University theses:

Flach, Jeanette, "Untersuchung zum Buddhismus der Kagyue-Schule in Frankreich", unpubl. diploma thesis, Department of Linguistics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz 1990.

Le Huu Koa, "Les Viêtnamiens en France: la dialectique insertion/ identité. Le processus d'immigration depuis la colonisation jusqu'à l'implantation de réfugiés", thése de doctorat de l'université de Nice, Départment Lettres de Sciences Humaines, 1983, dactylographie, 405 p.

Journals (selection)

Dharma (journal of the Buddhist Union of France, published by Karma Ling, Arvillard)
Bulletin de l'Union Des Kalmouks En France. (Paris: 1964).
various journals by organisations of Tibetan and Zen tradtions.

 

2.4. Austria TOP

Bodhi Baum Jahrbuch, ed. by the 'Dr. Walter Karwath Society', Vienna: Octopus 1995, 1996, 1997, ca. 300 p. [annual handbook, giving information on Buddhist life and activities in the German speaking area: Buddhist reflections, articles and activities, calendar, addresses]

Dibelka, Peter, "Die Entwicklung des Buddhismus in Oesterreich", in: Ursache und Wirkung, 4, 1992, pp. 10-14. [useful as a first short overview]

Fenzl, Friedrich, "35 Jahre Shin-Buddhismus in Deutschland und Oesterreich", in: Bodhi Baum, 15, 4, 1990, pp. 32-35. [presentation of contents of Joodoo Shin-Shuu and its chronology in Germany and Austria]

Halbrainer, Heimo, "BuddhistInnen: Ein Stupa im Volksgarten", in: Stenner, Christian (ed.), Fremde Heimat Graz, Graz: Styria 1995, pp. 121-130. [essayistic description of Buddhist activities in Graz; on the Gelup and Kagyu centres; about the Austrian Karma-Kagyu nun Eleonore Dandl (born 1935), nun since 1988]

Hecker, Hellmuth, "Buddhisten im alten Oesterreich", in: Bodhi Baum, 18, 2, 1993, pp. 16-19. [interesting and instructive information on the initial adoption of Buddhism; on Karl Eugen Neumann]

Hutter, Manfred, "Nirwana statt Himmel. Buddhismus in Oesterreich", in: Die Furche, No. 49, 9.12.1993, pp. 25. [very short overview, mainly giving an outline of a symposium; stating the number of 5,000 Buddhists in Austria]

Hutter, Manfred, "Österreichische Buddhisten. Geschichte und Organisation", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 99-110.

Klar, Helmut, "Der Buddhismus in Oesterreich nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg", in: Bodhi Baum, 4, 1, 1979, pp. 17-19. [short, impressionistic overview]

Klell, Manfred, "Buddhismus in Graz", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 111-121.

Luzny, Dusan, "Buddhismus v Rakousku", in: Religio-Revue pro Religionsistiku, 3, 1, 1995, pp. 79-84. ('Buddhism in Austria', article in Czech). [general survey of development and adoption of Buddhism in Austria; listing main proponents and societies]

Ritter, Franz, "Austro-Buddhismus. Eine kleine Geschichte des Buddhismus in Oesterreich", in: Bodhi Baum, 18, 2, 1993, pp. 4-10. [good and interesting outline of Buddhist developments in Austria]

Zotz, Volker, see the entries under 'Germany'

University theses:

Dibelka, Peter, "Buddhisten in Oesterreich. Alltagsbewaeltigung und Sinnzusammenhang", unpubl. diploma thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Graz 1990, 272 p. [includes data from interviews and participant observation; although lengthy, many points are left out; needs better structuring]

Poier, Wolfgang, "Buddhismusrezeption in der oesterreichischen Moderne", unpubl. M. A. thesis, Department of History, University of Graz 1990, 115 p. [adoption of Buddhism in late 19th century by Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and Wagner; nothing new]

Prochaska, Christina:, "Die staatliche Anerkennung von Religionsgemeinschaften in Österreich am Beispiel des Buddhismus", Diplomarbeit, Vienna 1999 [Describing the development of "religious pluralism" in Austria, the thesis focuses on the ambitions of Austrian Buddhists to achieve an official recognition of Buddhism by the state in the 1970´s and 1980´s. Although the application was granted by the state in the end, the process is indicative of the problems which a small religious group faces in a state deeply impressed by Roman Catholicism. Well investigated, comprehensive work. Katharina Herzog].

Zotz, Volker, "Zur Rezeption, Interpretation und Kritik des Buddhismus im deutschen Sprachraum vom Fin de Siècle bis 1930", unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Vienna 1986. [detailed study of adoption of Buddhism in late 19th/ early 20th century; informative]

Journals (selection)

Ursache und Wirkung (quarterly published by the Austrian Buddhist Religion's Association, Vienna)
some journals of specific centres and groups

 

2.5. Switzerland TOP

Aeschimann, C., Aufnahme von Tibeter Kindern durch Schweizer Familien - Bericht vom Ende, Montreaux 1978.

App, Urs, Richard Wagner und der Buddhismus. Liebe - Tragik, Zürich: Musem Rietberg 1997, 44 p. (available for Fr. 15,- from Museum Rietberg, Gablerstr. 15, CH-8002 Zürich) [well researched account of Wagner's stay in Zuerich during the 1850s and his encounter with Buddhist ideas; on Wagner's processing of Buddhist items and motifs in the operas 'Tristan and Isolde', 'Parsifal'; about the never realized Buddhist opera 'Die Sieger', based on a Buddhist legend taken from E. Burnoufs masterpiece 1844]

Barloecher, Daniel, Testimonies of Tibetan Tulkus: A Research among Reincarnate Buddhist Masters in Exile, 2 Vols., Rikon bei Zuerich 1982.

Baumann, Martin, "Geschichte und Gegenwart des Buddhismus in der Schweiz,", in: Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft, 82, 4, 1998. pp. 255-280 [sketch of the historical development of Buddhism in Switzerland and presentation of the present state of affairs. As in other countries outside Asia an intra-Buddhist diversity is apparent with many different traditions and schools; this is analysed, also regarding the numbers of Buddhists, suggesting some 3,000-7,000 'convert'-Buddhists and some 17,000 to 21,000 Asian-born Buddhists living presently in Switzerland]

Baumann, Martin, "Buddhism in Switzerland", in: Journal of Global Buddhism, 1, 2000, pp. 154-159, (http://www.globalbuddhism.org/1/baumann001.pdf) [shortened English version of the extended paper done in German; updated with new information on the first Swiss Buddhist layman R.A. Bergier].

Brauen, Martin; Kantowsky, Detlef (Hg.), Junge Tibeter in der Schweiz. Studien zum Prozess kultureller Identifikation, Diessenhofen: Ruegger 1982.

Chokteng, K.P.; Gyaltag, G., 20 Jahre Tibeter im Pestalozzidorf Trogen, Trogen 1981.

Claes Corlin, "The Lama and the Jumbo-Jet: Report on a Tibetan Meditation-Group in Switzerland", in: Ethnos; 42, 3-4, 1977, pp. 149-155. [short field report on a group of Tibetan refugees, its members belonging to the Nyingma order. In Switzerland the majority of Tibetans adhere to the Gelug order and visiting Nyingma lamas have to come from abroad; description of a lama's visit and portrait of a family]

Gyaltsen Gyaltag, K. Gyaltag, Jugend im Exil, edited by 'Verein Tibeter Jugend in Europa' (Festschrift), Zuerich 1980.

Gyaltsen Gyaltag, Tibeter in der Schweiz, Baden 1981.

Gyaltsen Gyaltag, "Tibet heute-Leben zwischen Anpassung und Selbstbestimmung", in: Mueller, Claudius C.; Raunig, Walter (eds.), Der Weg zum Dach der Welt, Innsbruck: Pinguin 1982, pp. 398-406, esp. p. 402-406. [short, but instructive survey of Tibetan refugees in Switzerland].

Lindegger, Peter, 20 Jahre Klösterliches Tibet-Institut Rikon/Zürich. Eine Bestandsaufnahme, Zürich: Monastic Tibetan Institut Rikon 1988, 105 p. [historic sketch of the Tibetan monastery and academic institute, founded in 1968; extended roles and duties of the Tibetan monks in the Swiss environment; the academic work of the monastery/institute; the monastery's chronicle in pictures]

Ott-Marti, Anna-Elisabeth, Tibeter in der Schweiz: Kulturelle Verhaltensweisen im Wandel, Erlenbach-Zuerich 1971.

Ott-Marti, Anna-Elisabeth, "Problems of Tibetan Integration in Switzerland," in: Ethnologia Europaea, 9, 1, 1976, pp. 43-52.

Ott-Marti, Anna-Elisabeth, "Probleme der Integration von Tibetern in der Schweiz", in: Opuscula Tibetana Fasc. 11, Zuerich-Rikon 1980.

Rathgeb, Ursula, Vom Dach der Welt. Tibeter in der Schweiz, Zürich: Alber and Fuchs, 1993.

Répertoire des Centres Bouddhistes en Suisse, ed. by Marianne Périer-Chappuis, Yverdon: Fleury 1993. [list of the about 80 Buddhist centres in Switzerland; arrangement according to geographical distribution, i. e. cities and towns; contact address: Mme Marianne Périer-Chappuis, avenue de la Harpe 17A, 1007 Lausanne]

Van Dyke, Mary, "Grids and Serpents: A Tibetan Foundation Ritual in Switzerland ", in: Frank J. Korom (ed.), Constructing Tibetan Culture: Contemporary Perspectives, Montreal: World Heritage Press 1997, pp. 178-227.

Journals

A few regular letters of specific centres and groups

 

2.6. The Netherlands and Belgium TOP

Gemert, Victor van, Boeddhisme in Nederland: overzicht van boeddhistische stromingen in Nederland en Belgi, Nijmegen: Zen-uitgeverij Theresiahoeve 1990, updated 1993. [most detailed and comprehensive study of the various groups; mine of information]

Janssen, R. H. C., "Buddhism in the Netherlands: History and Present Status", in: Buddhism into the Year 2.000. International Conference Proceedings (First International Conference 'Buddhism into the Year 2000', hosted by the Dhammakaya Foundation, Bangkok (Thailand), February 8th 1990), Bangkok: Dhammakaya Foundation 1994, pp. 151-156. [useful survey of Buddhism's history in the Netherlands; on the various Buddhists traditions having founded centres; stating about 12,600 Asian and 1,800 Dutch Buddhists plus some 2,300 sympathizers]

Kranenborg, R., "Boeddhisme in Nederland: een overzicht", in: Religieuze bewegingen in Nederland: Feiten en visies, 23, 1991, pp. 121-136. [short overview, based on van Gemert's study of 1990; names 38 groups, addresses plus short description; no history or contextualisation, however]

Peel, Adrian, "Past, present and future of Buddhism in Belgium", in: Présence du Bouddhisme, ed. by Rene de Berval, Saigon 1959, rev. ed. Paris: Gallimard 1987, pp. 925- 931.

Schuur, Margje, "Buddhismus in den Niederlanden", in: Lotusblaetter, 3/1992, pp. 46-48. [brief overview, giving some interesting information; based on van Gemert's study of 1990]

Stoffels, H. C., "Wegwijzer in boeddhistisch Nederland", in: Religieuze bewegingen in Nederland: Feiten en visies, 7, 1983, pp. 77-83. [lists 22 Buddhist groups]

Tydeman, N., "Zen-Boeddhisme in Nederlande. Enkele persoonlijke indrukken", in: Religieuze bewegingen in Nederland, 7, 1983, pp. 25-38.

Journals

Some journals of specific centres and schools

 

2.7. Italy TOP

Benavides, Gustavo, "Guiseppe Tucci, or Buddhism in the Age of Fascism", in: Donald S. Lopez , Jr. (ed.), Curators of the Buddha, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1995, pp. 161-196. [a detailed and comprehensively documented analysis of Tucci's fascination for the Zen warrior ethic set against the fascist background of Italy in the early 1940s; IH]

Botto, Oscar, "Appunti per una storia degli studi buddhisti in Italia", in: Orientalia Iosephi Tucci Memoria Dicata, ed. by G. Gnoli, Rome 1985 (SOR 56), pp. 175-189.

Cornolli, Giampiero, Buddisti d'Italia. Vaggio tra nuovi moviventi spirituali, Rome, Napoli: Theorie 1995. [journalistic-essayistic account of recent interest in Buddhism in Italy]

Dobbelaere, Karel, La Soka Gakkai. Un movimento di laici diventa una religione, Torino: Elle Di Ci, Leumann, 1998.

Falà, Maria Angela, "Buddhismus in Italien", in: Lotusblaetter, 3/1992, pp. 44-46. [short overview with much information]

Falà, Maria Angela, "Buddhism in Italy", unpubl. draft, 13 p., no date (about early 1990s). [useful survey of historical and contemporary developments; gives the figure of 10,000 Buddhists from Asia and 30,000 Italian Buddhists for the late 1980s]

Falà, Maria Angela, "Il Buddhismo in Italia", in: Rahula, Walpola, L'insegnamento del Buddha, transl. by Maria Angela Falà (What the Buddha Taught, London 1959), 2nd ed. Rome: Edizioni Paramita 1994 (1st ed. 1984), Appendix: pp. 121-131. [broad and informative overview, gives a figure of 20,000 Buddhists from Asia; plus addresses of 51 centres and organisations]

Falà, Maria Angela, "Italy, Buddhism in", in: Encyclopaedia of Buddhism V, 4, 1993, pp. 600-604.

Lena, Vicenzina, "Il più insigne studioso di culture orientali. Giuseppe Tucci", in: Occidente Buddhista, 1, 2, 1996, pp. 48-55. [a short but meaningful outline of the life of a world-renown orientalist, fond of travelling and founder of IsMEO; comment given by the journal]

Nanajivako, Bhikkhu, "The Technicalisation of Buddhism: Fascism and Buddhism in Italy, Giuseppe Tucci - Julius Evola", in: Buddhist Studies Review, 6, 1, 1989, pp. 27-38 and pp. 102-115 and 7, 1-2, 1990, pp. 3-17. [extended discussion of Evola's Doctrine of Awakening as a 'technicalisation' of Buddhism; in part I little bit on Tucci on his ambivalent role within Italian Fascism]

Journals (selection)

Paramita (quarterly published by the Maitreya Foundation in association with the Italian Buddhist Union (homepage at: http://www.buddhismo.it/), Rome)
Occidente Buddhista (monthly, new 'glossy magazine' with a wide distrubution, since 1996)
various journals of specific centres, schools and traditions.

 

2.8. Portugal, Spain, Greece TOP

Spain: Up to now, no studies on the history of Buddhism in Spain are available. Please contact, however, the web page provided by Joaquín Pérez Arroyo, listing addresses of some 20 Buddhist temples, centres and groups (Sept. 1997). Please refer to: http://www.arrakis.es/~jp.arroy/index.htm

Stingo, Sergio,"Budistas em Loule", in: Expresso (Lisbon), 18.03.1989, pp. 27-30. [magazine's essay with seven pictures of the Buddhist centre 'Hungkara Dzong' of Lama Kunzang (Nyingma tradition) at the Algarve (South coast of Portugal); the centre has become an attractive place for Western tourists, combining their holidays with meditative and liturgical practice]

Torres, Maria, Sobre la cola del cometa Osel: Memorias de la madre de un lama reencarnado, Barcelona: Plaza & Janes 1994, 310 p.

Uniao Budhista Portuguesa, URL: http://www.uniaobudista.com/ [homepage of the 1997 established Buddhist Union of Portugal; the organisation publishes three times a year a newsletter/journal called Sangha; the Union's seat is in Lisbon since April 1999, contact: uniaobudista@ip.pt]

 

2.9. Yugoslavia and Hungary TOP

Baumann, Martin "Gegenwärtige Entwicklungen des Buddhismus in Ungarn", in: Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft, 78, 1, 1994, pp. 38-46; transl. as "Buddhism in Hungary", in: Buddhist Studies Review (forthcoming in the next kalpa). [historic-descriptive overview of Buddhist activities in Hungary since the turn of the century; giving a survey of the state of affairs in 1993; stating 12 different groups, all localized in Budapest]

Duka, Theodore, Life and Writings of Alexander Csoma de Koeroes, London 1885.

Klar, Helmut, "Kalmucks and the Wheel", in: Middle Way, 29, 3, 1954, pp. 136-137; also in German translation as "Vom Ganges zur Donau. Das 'Rad der Lehre' am Buddhatempel der Kalmueckengemeinde in Belgrad", in: Die Einsicht, 3, 1, 1950, pp. 28-30. [brief report on Klar's visit to the former Kalmyk-Buddhist Temple in Belgrad in 1944; about the temple and its religious life]

Kodytek, Werner, "Pilgerreise nach Ungarn, 16.-17. August 1997, Zalaszanto und Kshitigarbha", in: Ursache & Wirkung, 7, 21, 1997, pp. 59-62. [information about the stupa at Zalaszanto (Southwest Hungary), one of Europe's biggest Buddhist monument]

Lenard, Eugen (Lénard, Jenoe), "Buddhismus in Ungarn", in: Die Buddhistische Welt (Breslau), 4, 10/11, 1911, pp. 220-226. [early, vague account]

Lenard, Eugen (Lénard, Jenoe), "Buddhistische Spuren in der Literatur des Balkan", in: Die Buddhistische Welt (Breslau), 5, 1911/ 1912, pp. 51-63.

Pekic, Mile, Kalmyk Buddhist Temple in Belgrade (1929 - 1944). An exhibition, online at http://members.tripod.com/kakono [very well done exhition, with an introduction, many instructive pictures of people and the site, construction plans and bibliography; very well worth to take a look at]

Raju, R.K., A Mystic Link with India: Life Story of two Pilgrim Painters of Hungary, New Delhi: Allied Publishers 1991, 71 p., 32 p. of plates. [on the lives and works of Elizabeth Sass Brunner, 1890-1950, and her daughter Elizabeth Brunner, b. 1910; IH]

Webb, Russell, "Buddhism in Hungary", in: Buddhist Quarterly, 2, 2, 1969, pp. 7-10, The Buddhist YMBA, Sept. 1969; [first and instructive account of Buddhism in Hungary]

 

2.10. Poland and Czech Republic TOP

Ablamowicz-Borri, Malgorzata, "L'introduction du bouddhisme en Pologne", in: Buddhist Studies: Present and Future, ed. by. Ananda W.P. Gurugé, Paris 1992, pp. 6-8.

Doktór, Tadeusz, "Buddhism in Poland", in: Eileen Barker, Margit Warburg (eds.), New Religions and New Religiosity, Aarhus: Aarhus University Press 1998, pp. 83-94. [short survey and sociological analysis of membership]

[no author]: "Poland", in: The Middle Way, 64, 3, 1989, pp. 191-192. [brief mention of present day activities; gives the figure of 5.000 Buddhists]

Luszny, Dusan, "The Influence of Asian Religions in Czechoslovakia after 1989", in: Dai Kangsheng, Zhang Xinying, Michael Pye (eds.), Religion and Modernization in China. Proceedings of the Regional Conference of the IAHR held in Beijing, China, April 1992, Cambridge: Roots and Branches 1995, pp. 161-166.

Luzny, Dusan, "Friends of the Western Buddhist Order. Novy západní buddhismus", in: Religio. Revue pro Religionistiku, 4, 2, 1996, pp. 183-190. [portrait of Sangharakshita and the FWBO; one picture].

Luzny, Dusan, "Strucné Dejiny Buddhismu na Západe", in: Edward Conze, Strucné Dejiny Buddhismu, transl. by Jolana Navrátilová of A Short History of Buddhism, Brno: Jota 1997, pp. 155-173 [sketch of the spread and dissemination of Buddhism in the West, starting from its first contacts in ancient times, 19th century to present situation; listing some major groups; the bibliography (p. 231-236) lists some 130 books (!) on Buddhism, available in Czech language].

Ratnajinendra, M. R., "Czechoslovakia's Growing Interest in Buddhism", in: World Buddhism, (Dehiwala), 17, 2, 1968, p. 50.

Werner, Karel, "Buddhism in Czechoslovakia: Attempt to form Group", in: World Buddhism, (Dehiwala), 13, 1, 1964, pp. 5-6.

Werner, Karel, "Problems of Buddhism in Czechoslovakia", in: World Buddhism, (Dehiwala), 13, 6, 1965, pp. 7-8.

Werner, Karel, "Interest in Buddhism in Czechoslovakia", in: The Middle Way, 15, May, 1965, 1 p.

 

2.11. Russian Federation TOP

Andreev, Aleksandr Ivanovich, Buddiiskaia sviatynia Petrograda (Buddhist Shrine of Petrograd), Ulan-Ude: Agentstvo Eco Art 1992, 124 p. [in Russian and English; brief historical account of the Gelug temple, built in St. Petersburg in early 20th century, instructive pictures]

Andreev, Alexandr, "Soviet Russia and Tibet: A Debacle of Secret Diplomacy", in: The Tibet Journal, 3, 1996, pp. 4-34.

Batchelor, Stephen, "Bidiya Dandaron: Russian Connections", in: Stephen Batchelor, The Awakening of the West: The Encounter of Buddhism and Western Culture, Berkeley, Cal.: Parallax Press and London: Aquarian, Harper & Collins 1994, pp. 283-302. [good and informative account of historic developments of Buddhism in Russia: Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism of Buryatian and Kalmykian people; on persecution of Buddhists and scholars during the 1930s and 1940s; on the state of affairs in the early 1990s]

Belka, Lubos, "The Restoration of Buryat Buddhism: Some Notes about Monasteries", in: Religio - Revue pro Religionsistiku, 2, 1, 1994, pp. 92-106. [outline of early history of Buddhism in Russia with special reference to Buryatia (South and East of Lake Baikal); report on an expedition to Buryatia and its Buddhist monasteries in 1993, short portraits of 20 Buryat monasteries (datsan and dugan); listing 56 centres and monasteries in total; four pictures, three charts, one map; instructive overview and many references to Russian literature]

Belka, Lubos, "Buddhismus v Estonsku", in: Religio - Revue pro Religionsistiku, 4, 1, 1996, pp. 89-94. [listing of scholard researching and teaching Buddhism at Taru university, briefly on Buddhist activities in Estonia]

Belka, Lubos, "The Restoration of Buddhism in Buryatia: The Current State", in: Religions in Contact, selected proceedings of the special IAHR conference held in Brno, August 1994, ed. by Iva Dolezalová, Bretislav Horyna, Dalibor Papousek, Brno: DaTaPrint 1996, pp. 163-177 [focusses on the resurrection of Buddhism in Buryat region; study based on two expeditions done to Buryatia in 1993 and 1994; list of 29 dugans (shrines) and datsans (monasteries); one map]

Belka, Lubos, "Oriental and Buddhist Studies in Estonia", in: Archiv Orientální, 64, 1996, pp. 399-404. [sketching the tradition of Estonian Oriental studies at the university of Tartu (established 1630), pointing to scholars and listing relevant studies]

Belka, Lubos, "Buddhism in Estonia", in: Religion, State and Society, 17, 2, 1999, p. 245-248.

Bormanshinov, Arash, Lama Arkad Chubanov, his Predesessors and Successors: A Study of the History of the Kalmyk Lamaist Church in the Don Cossacks Region of Russia, College Park, Md: Birchbark Press 1980, 41 p.

Braeker, Hans: Der Buddhismus in der Sowjetunion im Spannungsfeld zwischen vernichtung und UEberleben, Bericht No. 36, Cologne: Bundesinstitut fuer ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 1982, 94 p. [the Dalai Lama's second vist to Moscow, Buryatia and Mongolia in 1982; estimating some 660,000 Buddhists in Buryatia, Tuva and Kamykia; on 'Lamaist Modernism' and its interpreted congruence with atheistic, materialist Communist ideology in 1917-19; persecution of Buddhism during 1930s; on situation and state of affairs of Buddhists in 1980s in the Soviet Union; 60 p. appendix with extracts from official, Communist presentation of Buddhism and its doctrines]

Candle in the Wind: Religion in the Soviet Union, Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center 1989, 328 p. [contains various articles on persecution of religious bodies in Soviet Union, among them Buddhist, Islamic and Jewish organisations]

Dandaron, Bidiia Dandarovich, , 99 pisem o buddizme i liubvi 1956-1959, Sankt Petersburg: Datsan Gunzechoinei 1995, 347 p.

Ermochkine, Nikolai, Le Bouddhisme en U.R.S.S., Moscow: Presse Novosti 1966; transl. as Yermoshkin, Nikolai, Buddhism and Buddhists in the USSR, Moscow: Novosti Press 1966, 54 p.

Kolarz, Walter, Religion in the Soviet Union, including as chapter 14 "Buddhism", London 1961; abridged repr. as "Buddhism in the Soviet Union", in: World Buddhism, 11, 7, 2, 1963, 7-22.

Lamaizm v Buriatii XVII-nachala XX veka: struktura i sotsialnaia rol kultovoi sistemy (Lamaism in Buryatia from 17th to early 20th Century: Structure and Social Role of the Cult System), Novosibirsk: Izd-vo "Nauka", Sibirskoe otd-nie 1983, 232 p. [on history of Buddhism in the Russian Federation, esp. in Buriatia; IH]

Nikitin, Archimandrite Avgustin., "Buddhism in the Soviet Union", in: Bulletin Secretarius pro non christianis, 25, 1, 1990, pp. 32-39. [not yet confirmed]

Norbu, Thupten J., "Dorjiev: Memoirs of a Tibetan Diplomat", in: Hokke-bunka kenkyuu 17, 1991, pp. 1-105.

Poppe, N., "The Destruction of Buddhism in the USSR", in: Bulletin of the Institute for the Study of the USSR, 1956.

Roth, Paul, "Neue Lebendigkeit. Buddhisten in Russland gestern und heute", in: Herder Korrespondenz, 9, 1998, pp. 470-475 [chronological description of Buddhism in Russia: Buddhism during Tsarist time; persecution under Stalin since 1929; revival since 1989]

Sarkisyanz, Emanuel, Russland und der Messianismus des Orients. Sendungsbewusstsein und politischer Chiliasmus des Ostens, Tuebingen: Mohr Siebeck 1955; including "Russland und der lamaistische Messianismus", pp. 378-391. [on politics in Mongolian Buryatia and the mutual relationships with Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism; on forceful integration and destruction of Tibetan Buddhism during the Stalin period]

Schilling, Heinz-Dieter, Religionen unterm roten Stern: Christen, Moslems, Juden und Buddhisten in der Sowjetunion, Koeln 1988.

Sharpor, E. D., "Buddhism in the Soviet Union, in: World Buddhism, 10, 1, 1961, Aug.; also in: The International Buddhist News Forum, 1, 10, 1961. [not yet confirmed]

Snelling, John, Buddhism in Russia: The Story of Agvan Dorzhiev - Lhasa's Emissary to the Tsar, Shaftesbury, Dorset 1993.

Talts, Mait, "Friedrich Voldemar Lustig (Ashin Ananda), 26.04.1912- 04.04.1989", online at http://gaia.gi.ee/~talts/lustig/ [life portrayal of the Estonian Buddhist monk F.V. Lustig and the "Archbishop and Head of Buddhists in the three Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania", Karlis A.M. Tenisons; information given in Estonian and Russian; instructive pictures of these two early Buddhist monks and their work]

Terentyev, Andrey, "News and Buddhist Centres in Russia", in: Narthang Bulletin, contained in each issue.

Terentyev, Andrey, "Tibetan Buddhism in Russia", in: The Tibet Journal, 3, 1996, pp. 60-70.

Terentyev, Andrey, Photo History of Buddhism in Russia, Part 1: The Rise and Distruction, Russian and English (with 300 historical photographs), St. Petersburg 1997.

Volkova, O., "Studies of Buddhism in the Soviet Union", in: World Buddhism, Vesak Annual 2502, 1961.

Journals and websites (selection)

Russian Buddhism on the Internet Associationhttp://www.assoc.emts.ru/welcome/russia.htm.  [in English; with a history on Buddhism in Russian states, esp. those of Kalmykia, Buryatia and Tuva (map is provided); a list of addresses of Buddhist groups and monasteries as well as Russian Buddhist magazines; professionally done and splendidly set-up websites]

Narthang Bulletin. Buddhism of Russia (twice yearly journal, published in Russian with an English summary by the St. Petersburg Buddhist Union)

some regional journals of various traditions, mainly of Tibetan Buddhism, e.g. Garuda (journal of the Dzogchen Group), Kagju-Life (Karma-Kagyu tradition, affiliated to Ole Nydahl)

Websites regarding Buddhism in Estonia (selection)

Basic Buddhist texts in Estonian, at http://kodu.neti.ee/~ok003a/buddhism/sisub.html

Estonian-Tibetan Cultural Society, homepage in English at http://www.ida.ee/etks/etcs.html

Estonian group of FWBO; homepage in Estonian, at http://www.online.ee/~ttt/fwbo/

 

2.12. Denmark and Scandinavia TOP

Alternativ tro: en antologi, 2 Vols., Stockholm: Proprius 1976 [in Vol. 1, some notes on Buddhism and other 'Asian' religions in Sweden]

Andersen, Jens Hjort, "Tibetansk Buddhisme i Danmark", in: Chaos (Copenhagen), No. 21, 1994, 14 p. [survey of Tibetan Buddhism, esp. Karma Kagyu and Ole Nydahl, in Denmark; on state granting of 'marriage right' to Kagyu tradition, which allows tax exemption; this analysed as an organisational adaptation of Tibetan Buddhism: from continuity to change]

Andersen, Jens Hjort, "State, Marriage and Buddhism - Buddhism in Denmark with special reference to the Karma Kagyu School", 6 p. (unpublished paper). [similar to article in Chaos; plus giving a figure of about 7.500 Buddhists in Denmark]

Gaellmo, Gunnar, "Buddhism in Ceylon and Sweden", in: Studia Orientalia 50, 1980, pp. 43-49.

Holmboe, Christopher Andreas (1796-1882), Traces de buddhisme en Norvege avant l'introduction du christianisme, Paris: Impr. de S. Racon 1857, 74 p. [on mythology, Norse, influence of Buddhism on Norwegian civilization; IH]

Krogsboel, Thomas, "Munkeliv pa skippergarden", in: Kulturavis for Amar (Copenhagen), No. 22, August 1994, pp. 9. [description of the Sunnataram Thai Buddhist centre in Copenhagen by a journalist; on life and practice of the seven residential monks]

Reventlow, Chr., Buddhismen i dansk Litteratur, Copenhagen, ca. 1940.

University theses

Andersen, Jens Hjort, "En religionssociologisk unders¿gelse of tibetansk Buddhisme, som den praktiseres inden for Kadjypaskolen i Danmark, i perioden 1972-1994", (A sociological study of Tibetan Buddhism as practised by members of the Kagyupa school in Denmark in 1972-94), seminary thesis of the Department of the Sociology of Religion at the Institute of History of Religion, University of Copenhagen, 1994, 27 p. (unpublished). [history of Tibetan Buddhism, esp. Ole Nydahl followers, in Denmark; state regulations for acknowledgement of Buddhism as worthy for tax exemption; criteria being well defined organisational structures, religious offices, marriage ritual; statistics, patterns of recruitment].

 

3. Added titles since January 1998 TOP
3.1. General overviews and surveys

Baatz, Ursula, "Zen-Buddhismus im Westen. Samurai-Zen oder Graswurzel-Zen?", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 159-172.

Baumann, Martin, "Le bouddhisme theravada en Europe: histoire, typologie et rencontre entre un bouddhisme moderniste et traditionnaliste", in: Recherches Sociologiques: Le bouddhisme en Occident: approches sociologiques et anthropologiques, 31, 3, 2000, pp.7-31.

Baumann, Martin, "Buddhism in Europe: Past, Present, Prospects", in: Charles S. Prebish and Martin Baumann (eds.), Westward Dharma The Blossoming of Buddhisma outside Asia, Berkeley: University of California Press 2001 (in press). [sketching the historical development of Buddhism from the mid-19th century to the late 20th century; analysing the current state of affairs along the features of spread, institutionalization, form of organization, doctrinal standardization and representational issues of Buddhism in a country.]

Baumann, Martin, "Protective Amulets and Awareness Techniques, or How to Make Sense of Buddhism in the West", in: Charles S. Prebish, Martin Baumann (eds.), Westward Dharma. The Blossoming of Buddhisma outside Asia, Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press 2001 (in press). [discussing the analytical paradigma of "two Buddhisms" in the West and arguing for a new perspective which does not rest on the immigrant versus convert structuring but instead focuses on traditionalist and modernist forms and interpretation of Buddhism.]

Droit, Roger-Pol, Le culte du néant : les philosophes et le bouddhisme, Paris: Editions le Seuil, 1997. [Exhaustive survey of the discovery and the interpretations of Buddhism amongst the 19th philosophers. Focusing on Europe. L.O]

Faure, Bernard, Bouddhismes, philosophies et religions. Paris: Flammarion, 1998. [Comparative approach of rationality in Western and Buddhist thoughts. Many discussions on Western images and conceptions of Buddhism. L.O]

Gerlitz, Peter, "Die Rissho Kosei-kai und ihre Assimilation im Westen", in: Michael Pye, Renate Stegerhoff (eds.), Religion in fremder Kultur. Religion als Minderheit in Europa und Asien, Saarbruecken: Dadder 1987, pp. 111-122. [general on Rissho Kosei-kai and its spread outside Japan; the term 'assimilation' is mistakingly used to speak on processes of adapting some of the teachings to Western ideas und currents]

Hahlbohm-Helmus, Elke, "Buddhism as philosophy and psychology, Performance aspects of Tibetan Buddhism 'in the West' between 1959 and 1990", in: Recherches Sociologiques: Le bouddhisme en Occident : approches sociologiques et anthropologiques, 31, 3, 2000, pp.49-66.

Hutter, Manfred (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001.

Pickering, John (ed.), The Authority of Experience: Essays on Buddhism and Psychology, London: Curzon Press 1997.

Pickering, John, "Buddhism and Cognitivism: A Postmodern Appraisal", in: Asian Philosophy, 5, 1, 1995, pp. 23-38.

Schweidlenka, Roman, "Buddhismusrezeption der Gegenkultur und Alternativbewegung im deutschen Sprachraum seit 1968", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 199-211.

Spuler, Michelle, "Qu'est-ce que le zen? La reformulation du zen à l'attention de l'Occident", in: Recherches Sociologiques: Le bouddhisme en Occident : approches sociologiques et anthropologiques, 31, 3, 2000, pp.33-47.

Watson, Gay, The Resonance of Emptiness: A Buddhist Inspiration for a Contemporary Psychotherapy, London: Curzon l998.

Winter, Franz, "Die Buddhismusrezeption bei Intellektuellen im 20. Jahrhundert am Beispiel des Emile M. Cioran (1911-1995)", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 213-231.

Journals and websites (selection)

Journal of Global Buddhism, online journal (http://www.globalbuddhism.org), started in 2000, ISSN: 1527-6457

Contemporary Buddhism: An Interdisciplinary Journal, published by Curzon Press, London, UK. started in 2000, ISSN: 1463 - 9947

Addresses of Buddhist unions, groups, centers and organisations in Europe at
http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/ethg/ducor/europe.htm

Université Bouddhique Européenne at http://perso.club-internet.fr/ube/

3.2. Geographical studies

3.2.1. Great Britain

Baumann, Martin,"'Working in the Right Spirit'. The Application of Buddhist 'Right Livelihood' in the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order", in: Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 5, 1998, pp. 120-143,( http://jbe.la.psu.edu/5/baum1.html.) [on ethics and the fifth part of the Noble Eightfold Path (Right Livelihood), as this is taken by Western FWBO Buddhists to create Buddhist businesses; briefly on the FWBO; contextualizing the account within Weber's discussion of the work ethos of 'world religions' and his image of the 'world with-drawn Buddhist'; contrary to Weber's image it is shown that Buddhism can be taken as "an inner connection of achievements in the world with an extra-wordly soteriology"]

Baumann, Martin, "Work as Dharma Practice: Right Livelihood Cooperatives of the FWBO", in: Christopher S. Queen (ed.), Engaged Buddhism in the West, Boston: Wisdom Publ. 2000, pp. 372-393 [updated and amended version of the article published in the Journal of Buddhist Ethics.]

Bell, Sandra, "British Theravada Buddhism: Otherworldly Theories, and the Theory of Exchange", in: Journal of Contemporary Religion, 13, 2, 1998, pp. 149-170 [The article explores the development of the relationship between monks and lay people within the newly established context of British Theravaada Buddhism. Unlike their Asian counterparts, the British laity appear not to be interested in the traditional practice of 'making merit'. The article draws out the implications of this feature of British Buddhism for a more general understanding of reciprocity in Theravaada monk/lay relationships; journal's abstract]

Bell, Sandra, "Being Creative With Tradition: Rooting Theravada Buddhism in Britain", in: Journal of Global Buddhism, 1, 2000, pp. 1-30, ( http://www.globalbuddhism.org/1/bell00.html).

Bell, Sandra, "A Survey of Engaged Buddhism in Britain", in: Christopher S. Queen (ed.), Engaged Buddhism in the West, Boston: Wisdom 2000, pp. 397-422.

Mackenzie, Donald A., Buddhism in Pre-Christian Britain, London, Glasgow: Blackie & Son Ltd., 1928, 177 p.

Waterhouse, Helen, "Who says so? Legitimacy and Authenticity in British Buddhism", in: Scottish Journal of Religious Studies, 20, 1, 1999, pp. 19-36.

University theses

Cresswell, Jamie, "Researching the Buddhist organisation of The Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition"(working title), Department for the History of Religions, SOAS, University of London, London, in progress in 2001.

3.2.2. Germany

Baumann, Martin, "Buddhismus in den 1990er Jahren in Deutschland. Statistische Beobachtungen", in: Festschrift zum Gedenken an den 100. Geburtstag von Lama Anagarika Govinda, ed. by the Order Arya Maitreya Mandala, Munich: Lama and Li Gotami Govinda Foundation 1998, p. 45-66. [stock-taking of developments of Buddhism in Germany during the 1990s: Observable is a further rise of groups and centres, from 201 (1991) to 413 (1997); also briefly on the Arya Maitreya Mandala and its developments.]

Baumann, Martin, Buddhismus -   Buddhism, series Compass world Religions, Hannover: Lutherisches Verlagshaus, 1999, 70 p. [German and English portrayal of Buddhism, focusing on the current situation in Germany as Buddhism is practised and lived by immigrant and convert Buddhists; chart of the about 500 Buddhist groups and centers in Germany; numerous pictures]

Baumann, Martin, Migration, Religion, Integration. Vietnamesische Buddhisten und tamilische Hindus in Deutschland, Marburg: Diagonal-Verlag 2000. [describing and analysing the history of Vietnamese Buddhism in chapters 2 and 3., with maps and pictures]

Bechert, Heinz, "Neue Buddhismus-Literatur", in: Theologische Rundschau, 63, 1998, pp. 159-191. [presentation and evaluation of some 58 German titles on Buddhism and studies of Buddhism published between 1988-1995]

Colpe, Carsten; Sommer, Bert, "Aus 20 Jahren buddhistischer Literatur in Deutschland", in: Verkuendigung und Forschung, 42, 1997, pp. 19-54. [listing some 112 monographic titles, published between 1976-1995 in German language: literature covering the historical Buddha and early Buddhism, central Asia and Tibetan Buddhism, on Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, Buddhism in Germany, Christian-Buddhist dialogue, encompassing surveys of Buddhism. A selection of these publications is briefly portraited]

George, Kirsten; Kaufmann, Matthias; Kehrer, Guenter; Kuczera, Natalie; Spieth, Anke; Sturm, Daniel, "Das Bild des Islam und des Buddhismus. Eine empirische Untersuchung", in: Zeitschrift fuer Religionswissenschaft, 4, 1, 1996, pp. 55-82 [quantitative research, based on a questionaire, of the popular knowlegde and image of Islam and Buddhism in Germany; Buddhism is much more positive perceived than Islam, people associate with Buddhism items as 'spirituality' and 'peacefulness']

Glashoff, Max, "40 Jahre Deutsche Buddhistische Union", in: Lotusblaetter, 3, 1995, pp. 11-15. [personal look back at 40 years development of the German Buddhist Union by the former president of this umbrella organisation; includes 7 pictures]

Hahlbohm-Helmus, Elke, "Geshes, Lamas, Dharmalehrer oder Buddhologen und freizeit-kompatible Fortbildungskonzepte zum Thema Buddhismus", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 79-97.

Ho, Loc, Vietnamesischer Buddhismus in Deutschland. Darstellung der Geschichte und Institutionalisierung, Hannover: Pagode Vien Giac 1999, 155 p. [Vietnamese Buddhism in Vietnam and in exile; history and development of Vietnamese Buddhism in Germany, focusing on the main pagoda in Hannover; describing worship and festivals and intra-Buddhist activities; strong on descriptiv-historic material]

Kantowsky, Detlef, "Ursprünge und Entwicklungen des Buddhismus im deutschsprachigen Bereich", in: Festschrift zum Gedenken an den 100. Geburtstag von Lama Anagarika Govinda, ed. by the Order Arya Maitreya Mandala, Munich: Lama and Li Gotami Govinda Foundation 1998, pp. 93-112. [sketchy on Wagner's and Schopenhauer's encounter with Buddhism as the start of rezeption of Buddhism in the German speaking area; rest of the contribution is taken from Kantowsky's 1993/94 article "Buddhist Modernism in the West/Germany"]

Litsch, Franz-Johannes, "Engaged Buddhism in German-Speaking Europe", in: Christopher S. Queen (ed.), Engaged Buddhism in the West, Boston: Wisdom 2000, pp. 423-445.

Mode, Heinz, "Buddha, der Rebell", in: Siegfried Lienhard, Irma Piovano (eds.), Lex et Litterae. Studies in Honour of Professor Oscar Botto, Turin: Edizioni dell'Orso 1997, pp. 361-371. [quoting at length from the two volume studies by Carl Friedrich Koeppen about 'The Religion of the Buddha and its Origin' (1857/59, in German), demonstrating that Koeppen opted to understand Buddha as an anti-brahmanical and social "rebel". Koeppen's work should not be forgotten, acc. to the author]

Mürmel, Heinz, "Buddhismus und Theosophie in Leipzig vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 123-136.

Saalfrank, Eva Sabine, Geistige Heimat im Buddhismus aus Tibet. Eine empirische Studie am Beispiel der Kagyuepas in Deutschland, Ulm: Fabri 1997, 529 p. + xxx, 20 coloured pictures. [detailed ethnographic study of the Kagyu tradition and its rise in Germany; analyzing the Kagyu centres and the conversion to Tibetan Buddhism as a sub-cultural phenomenon, plus analysis along intellectual, experiential and ritual dimensions; very detailled, although bit length study]

Schmiedel, Michael A., "Theravada-Buddhismus in Bonn und Rösrath", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 137-156 [a historic-descriptive portrayal of Theravada groups and institutions in the regional area of Bonn; based on the author's M.A. thesis].

Zotz, Volker,Auf den glückseligen Inseln. Buddhismus in der deutschen Kultur, Berlin: Theseus 2000, 400 p. [about the adoption of Buddhist ideas and concepts by German speaking philosophers and intellectuals in the 19th century, 22 b/w pictures]

University theses:

Halbom-Helmus, Elke, "Marktstrategien des Tibetischen Buddhismus in Deutschland", Ph.D. thesis in progress in 2001, Department of Religious Studies, University of Bonn, Germany.

Ho, Loc, "Vietnamesischer Buddhismus in Deutschland. Darstellung der Geschichte und Institutionalisierung",. M.A. thesis, Department of History of Religions, University of Hannover, Germany, 1998, 102 p. [published, please see above]

Offermann, Juergen, "Entwicklung des Zenbuddhismus in Deutschland", Ph.D. thesis in progress in 2001, at the Department of History of Religions, University of Lund, Sweden.

Schmiedel, Michael A., "Buddhismus in Bonn. Empirische Studie über buddhistisch orientierte Gemeinschaften in Bonn", M.A. thesis, Bonn University, May 2000, 279 p. (incl. appendix) [stock-taking and detailed description of founding, development and current state of activity of the various Buddhist groups and centers in Bonn]

3.2.3. France

"Bouddhistes, exil et traditions", in: Migrations et Pastorale,No 198, March-April 1988, 42 p.

"Bouddhistes en France", in: Migrations et Pastorale, No 215, June 199O, 50 p. [two special issues of a Journal devoted to the study of religion and migration. Both of them focus on Asian Buddhists. Provide qualitative data on the resettlement of South-Asian Buddhism in France; LO]

Bulletin de l'Union Des Kalmouks En France. (Paris: 1964).

Chelli, Norbert and Louis Hourmant, "Orientations axiologiques dans le bouddhisme du mouvement Soka Gakkaï France," Recherches Sociologiques: Le bouddhisme en Occident: approches sociologiques et anthropologiques, 31, 3, 2000, pp. 89-102. [A concise study of the norms and values of the French members of the Soka Gakkai movement, emphasizing on the correlation between the values supported by the Japanese organisation and the values of the host society, L.O.]

Choron-Baix, Catherine, Bouddhisme et migration: la reconstitution d'une paroisse bouddhiste Lao en banlieue parisienne, Paris: Ministère de la culture, conseil du patrimoine ethnologique, 1986, 171 p. [an ethnographic study of the settlement of a Lao community in France, focusing on the changes within the Lao religious practices in the Western context. L.O.]

Etienne, Bruno and Raphaël Liogier, Etre bouddhiste en France aujourd'hui, Paris: Albin Michel, 1997. [The first political approach of Buddhism in France. Provide detailed accounts of the practice within communities, with emphasis on converts. Unfortunately few theoretical developments and a lack of consistency in the presentation. L. O.]

Gira, Dennis, "Les bouddhistes français", in: Esprit, 233 , June 1997, pp. 130-148. [a reflection on the conditions of the adaptation of Buddhism in France, in an inter-religious perspective. Raises the issue of the "Asian memoir" of the Buddhism for converts. L.O.]

Hourmant, Louis, "La Soka Gakkai: un bouddhisme 'paria' n France?", in: Francoise Champion, Martine Cohen (eds.), Sectes et Démocratie, Paris: Le Seuil 1999, pp. 182-204. [A sociological perspective on the issue of the "sect" stigmatization of the Soka Gakkai movement in France. The author examines the difficulties encountered by the SG in the French ideological and political context. L.O.]

Koné-El-Adji, Alioune, "Le Bouddha cathodique: construction de l'image du bouddhisme à la télévision française", in: Pierre Bréchon and Jean-Paul Willaime (eds.), Médias et religions en miroir, Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 2000, pp.93-119. [a study of the images of Buddhism in the French medias, especially television. Convert Buddhism is much more media-covered and seen as "philosophic", while an Asian Buddhism is considered as exotic. L.O.]

Le Quéau, Pierre, La tentation bouddhiste, Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1998. [the appeal of Buddhism explained in the framework of French post-modern sociology. L.O.]

Lenoir, Frédéric, Le bouddhisme en France, Paris: Fayard, 1999, 447 p. [a sociological study of convert Buddhists in France, proposing a tripartite typology of 'pratiquants', 'proches' and 'sympathisants'; use of questionaire to obtain the data; despite some interesting conclusions, the methodology is quite questionable; no coverage of Asian Budhists, unfortunately]

Lenoir, Frédéric, La rencontre du bouddhisme et de l'Occident, Paris: Fayard, 1999, 393 p. [on the history of encounter of Buddhism and 'the West']

Obadia, Lionel, "Bouddhisme, Diffusion et Migration. Le cas particulier de la Fracne", in: Migrations Société, 9, 54, Nov-Dec, 1997, pp. 73-81. [outlining the two main strands of diffusion of Buddhism to the West, i.e. migration and mission; opting to use approaches from the sociology of migration and sociology of religion to study the phenomenon of spread of Buddhism in the Occident]

Obadia, Lionel, "Bouddhisme et Diaspora. Rôle et effects du bouddhisme dans l'exile tibétain", in: Approches Asie, 15, 1997, pp. 151-165. [religion as an important source for identity maintenance in diasporic/exile situations; the 'Tibetan diaspora' in Asia is constituted by Tibetan (ethnic) refugees, whereas the diaspora in the Occident is made up of Western converts; emphasis on missionary impact and effect of Tibetan lamas in the West; plus methodological reflections]

Obadia, Lionel, Bouddhisme et Occident. La diffusion du bouddhisme tibétain en France, Paris: L'harmattan editions, 1999, 272 p. [a general historical and sociological/analytical account of the spread of Buddhism to the West (focussed on Europe); new: historic-descriptive and analytical material on Buddhism in France and specially on conversion of 'Westerners' to Tibetan Buddhism]

Obadia, Lionel, "Le bouddhisme: une religion 'moderne'? Le bouddhisme dans les sociétés occidentales: entre le réel et l'imaginaire, la tradition et la modernité", in: Actes du colloque GReSAS / EADI : " Modernités et recomposition locale du sens ", Mons, 20 & 21 mai 1999 [a discussion of the "modern" image of Buddhism in the light of the sociological conception of modernity. L.O]

Obadia, Lionel, "Le bouddhisme tibétain en Occident: entre l'individualisme et l'institutionnel", in : P. Servais (ed.), Individu et communauté, Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgique) : Academia-Bruylant, 2000, pp. 215-231, Série : rencontre Orient-Occident. [a discussion of the Western "individualistic" image of Buddhism with regard to the community practice. L.O.]

Obadia, Lionel (ed.), Le bouddhisme en Occident : approches sociologique et anthropologique, Recherches sociologiques (Belgium), 2000, 3 [special issue of a sociological journal on Buddhism in the West, including articles on Buddhism in Europe, Germany, Australia, and France. L.O.]

Obadia, Lionel, "Une tradition au delà de la modernité: l'institutionnalisation du bouddhisme tibétain en France", Recherches Sociologiques: Le bouddhisme en Occident: approches sociologiques et anthropologiques, 2000, 3, pp. 67-88. [a sociological examination of the reasons why Buddhism is considered in the French context as the opposite of an institutionalized religion. Focusing on Tibetan Buddhism in France. Critical reflections on the sociological approach of Buddhism in the West. L.O.]

Obadia, Lionel, "L'adhésion au bouddhisme en France", in: Dennis Gira, Jacques Scheuer (eds.), Vivre de plusieurs religions : promesse ou illusion?, Paris : éd. de l'Atelier, 2000, pp. 32-43 [the issue of double-belonging amongst French Buddhists (converts). The author suggests a scale of adherence to Buddhism in a community context from an heterodox to an orthodox poles. L.O.]

Rommeluère, Eric, "Le bouddhisme en France: une lecture critique de Frédéric Lenoir", Recherches Sociologiques: Le bouddhisme en Occident : approches sociologiques et anthropologiques, 31, 3, 2000, pp.103-119. [a critical review of Frédéric Lenoir's sociological inquiry. Demonstrates the one-sidedness of the author and the weak points in the applied methodology. Interesting discussion on the notion of "Modern Buddhism". L.O.]

Ronce, Philippe, Guide des centres bouddhistes en France, Paris: Noêsis, 1998. [the first and most complete guide of Buddhist centers in France. Provides historical and practical details for each lineage and tradition. Includes non-affiliated groups. L.O.]

Schlegel, Jean-Louis, "Du christianisme au bouddhisme: les pratiques religieuses aujourd'hui", in: Esprit , 233 (June 1997), pp.20-30. [the appeal of Buddhism in the lens of the sociological and religious changes in the West. Focuses upon the failures of Christianity and the developments of new forms of religious commitment. L.O.]

Sillard, Alain, Bouddhismes: le guide des écoles du bouddhisme en France, Suisse, Belgique, Paris: Lesir / Nil, 1998. [detailed and illustrated description of the practice within a few major Buddhist traditions that have settled in France, Switzerland, and Belgium. L.O.]

3.2.4. Austria

Hutter, Manfred, "Österreichische Buddhisten. Geschichte und Organisation", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 99-110.

Klell, Manfred, "Buddhismus in Graz", in: Manfred Hutter (ed.), Buddhisten und Hindus im deutschsprachigen Raum. Akten des Zweiten Grazer Religionswissenschaftlichen Symposiums. 2.-3. März 2000, Frankfurt: Peter Lang 2001, pp. 111-121.

University theses:

Prochaska, Christina:, "Die staatliche Anerkennung von Religionsgemeinschaften in Österreich am Beispiel des Buddhismus", Diplomarbeit, Vienna 1999 [Describing the development of "religious pluralism" in Austria, the thesis focuses on the ambitions of Austrian Buddhists to achieve an official recognition of Buddhism by the state in the 1970´s and 1980´s. Although the application was granted by the state in the end, the process is indicative of the problems which a small religious group faces in a state deeply impressed by Roman Catholicism. Well investigated, comprehensive work. Katharina Herzog].

3.2.5. Switzerland

App, Urs, Richard Wagner und der Buddhismus. Liebe - Tragik, Zürich: Musem Rietberg 1997, 44 p. (available for Fr. 15,- from Museum Rietberg, Gablerstr. 15, CH-8002 Zürich) [well researched account of Wagner's stay in Zuerich during the 1850s and his encounter with Buddhist ideas; on Wagner's processing of Buddhist items and motifs in the operas 'Tristan and Isolde', 'Parsifal'; about the never realized Buddhist opera 'Die Sieger', based on a Buddhist legend taken from E. Burnoufs masterpiece 1844]

Baumann, Martin, "Geschichte und Gegenwart des Buddhismus in der Schweiz", in: Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft, 82, 4, 1998. pp. 255-280 [sketch of the historical development of Buddhism in Switzerland and presentation of the present state of affairs. As in other countries outside Asia an intra-Buddhist diversity is apparent with many different traditions and schools; this is analysed, also regarding the numbers of Buddhists, suggesting some 3,000-7,000 'convert'-Buddhists and some 17,000 to 21,000 Asian-born Buddhists living presently in Switzerland]

Baumann, Martin, "Buddhism in Switzerland", in: Journal of Global Buddhism, 1, 2000, pp. 154-159, (http://www.globalbuddhism.org/1/baumann001.pdf) [shortened English version of the extended paper done in German; updated with new information on the first Swiss Buddhist layman R.A. Bergier].

Lindegger, Peter, 20 Jahre Klösterliches Tibet-Institut Rikon/Zürich. Eine Bestandsaufnahme, Zürich: Monastic Tibetan Institut Rikon 1988, 105 p. [historic sketch of the Tibetan monastery and academic institute, founded in 1968; extended roles and duties of the Tibetan monks in the Swiss environment; the academic work of the monastery/institute; the monastery's chronicle in pictures]

Ott-Marti, Anna-Elisabeth, "Problems of Tibetan Integration in Switzerland," in: Ethnologia Europaea, 9, 1, 1976, pp. 43-52.

Rathgeb, Ursula, Vom Dach der Welt. Tibeter in der Schweiz, Zürich: Alber and Fuchs, 1993.

3.2.7. Italy

Dobbelaere, Karel, La Soka Gakkai. Un movimento di laici diventa una religione, Torino: Elle Di Ci, Leumann, 1998.

Italian Buddhist Union, homepage at: http://www.buddhismo.it/.

3.2.8. Portugal, Spain, Greece

Uniao Budhista Portuguesa, URL: http://www.uniaobudista.com/ [homepage of the 1997 established Buddhist Union of Portugal; the organisation publishes three times a year a newsletter/journal called Sangha; the Union's seat is in Lisbon since April 1999, contact: uniaobudista@ip.pt]

3.2.9. Yugoslavia and Hungary

Klar, Helmut, "Kalmucks and the Wheel", in: Middle Way, 29, 3, 1954, pp. 136-137; also in German translation as "Vom Ganges zur Donau. Das 'Rad der Lehre' am Buddhatempel der Kalmueckengemeinde in Belgrad", in: Die Einsicht, 3, 1, 1950, pp. 28-30. [brief report on Klar's visit to the former Kalmyk-Buddhist Temple in Belgrad in 1944; about the temple and its religious life]

Pekic, Mile, Kalmyk Buddhist Temple in Belgrade (1929 - 1944). An exhibition, online at: http://members.xoom.com/_XOOM/kalmyk/index.htm [very well done exhition, with an introduction, many great pictures of people and the site, construction plans and bibliography; very well worth to take a look at]

3.2.10. Poland and Czech Republic

Doktór, Tadeusz, "Buddhism in Poland", in: Eileen Barker, Margit Warburg (eds.), New Religions and New Religiosity, Aarhus: Aarhus University Press 1998, pp. 83-94.

3.2.11. Russian Federation

Belka, Lubos, "Buddhism in Estonia", in: Religion, State and Society, 17, 2, 1999, p. 245-248.

Roth, Paul, "Neue Lebendigkeit. Buddhisten in Russland gestern und heute", in: Herder Korrespondenz, 9, 1998, pp. 470-475 [chronological description of Buddhism in Russia: Buddhism during Tsarist time; persecution under Stalin since 1929; revival since 1989]

Talts, Mait, "Friedrich Voldemar Lustig (Ashin Ananda), 26.04.1912- 04.04.1989", online at http://gaia.gi.ee/~talts/lustig/ [life portrayal of the Estonian Buddhist monk F.V. Lustig and the "Archbishop and Head of Buddhists" in the three Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Karlis A.M. Tenisons; information given in Estonian and Russian; instructive pictures of these two early Buddhist monks and their work]

Journals and websites (selection)

Russian Buddhism on the Internet Associationhttp://www.assoc.emts.ru/welcome/russia.htm.  [in English; with a history on Buddhism in Russian states, esp. those of Kalmykia, Buryatia and Tuva (map is provided); a list of addresses of Buddhist groups and monasteries as well as Russian Buddhist magazines; professionally done and splendidly set-up websites]

Websites regarding Buddhism in Estonia (selection)

Basic Buddhist texts in Estonian, at http://kodu.neti.ee/~ok003a/buddhism/sisub.html

Estonian-Tibetan Cultural Society, homepage in English at http://www.ida.ee/etks/etcs.html

Estonian group of FWBO; homepage in Estonian, at http://www.online.ee/~ttt/fwbo/

 

4. Table 1: TOP
    Estimated numbers of Buddhists in European countries in 2000

country

Buddhists (sum)

Buddhists from Asian countries

population of a country

%

Great Britain 180,000 130,000 58 Mill. 0,3
Germany 170,000 120,000 82 Mill. 0,2
France 350,000 300,000 (?) 58 Mill. 0,6
Austria 17,000 5,000 8 Mill. 0,2
Switzerland 25,000 17-20,000 7 Mill. 0,3
The Netherlands 33,000 20,000 15 Mill. 0,2
Italy 75,000 25,000 57 Mill. 0,1
Portugal, Spain, Greece a few 1000s ? (few) 60 Mill. --
Yugoslavia and Hungary 10,000 (?) ? (very few) 20 Mill. 0,01
Poland and Czech Republic 10,000 (?) ? (few) 49 Mill. 0,01
Russian Federation one million very vast majority 147 Mill. 0,7
Denmark and Scandinavia 15-20,000 10-15,000 23 Mill. 0,1


Prof. Dr. Martin Baumann
Department of the History of Religions/ Religionswissenschaftliches Seminar
University of Lucerne, Kasernenplatz 3, 6003 Lucerne, Switzerland
Fax: (+41)-41-228-6091
martin.baumann@unilu.ch             department's homepage            M.Baumann's homepage