AgroForestryTree Database
Acacia xanthophloea
 Species identityEcology and distributionPropagation and managementFunctional usesPests and diseasesAdditional InfoBibliographyImages |
Species identity
TaxonomyCommon names
(Afrikaans) : koorsboom
(English) : fever tree, Naivasha thorn tree, sulphur bark
(Swahili) : mgunga
(Tswana) : more o mosetlha
(Zulu) : umDlovune, umHlofunga, umHlosinga, umKhanyakude
Botanic description
Acacia xanthophloea is a large tree, 15-25 m tall, with a crown that is somewhat spreading, branching fairly up the trunk. Bark smooth, slightly flaking, yellow to greenish-yellow. New twigs purple tinged but flaking later to reveal the yellow underlayer. Leaves 4 (max. 10) cm long with a hairy midrib. Pinnae 4-7 pairs, about 10-17 pairs of small leaflets. Stipules spinescent, spines white, straight, up to 7-10 cm in length, paired, often slender and conical at the base. Buds pink; flowers fragrant, in round golden balls on slender stalks; several borne together with a tuft of leaves, in the axils of the thorns. Pods 5-19 cm long, pale brown, straight, flat, rather papery, moniliform with segments mostly longer than wide, usually breaking into segments containing individual seeds borne in small clusters. Pods turn from green to pale greyish-brown when mature. Each pod contains 5-10 elliptic, flattened seeds, pale to dark green. The generic name ‘acacia’ comes from the Greek word ‘akis’, meaning ‘point’ or ‘barb’; the specific name ‘xanthophloea’ is based on Greek words meaning ‘yellow bark’.
Ecology and distribution
History of cultivationA. xanthophloea is scarce in cultivation; although many gardeners wish to grow it, they are limited by the low availability of seeds.
Natural Habitat
A. xanthophloea grows near swamps, riverine forests or at lakesides and is able to tolerate several degrees of frost. It grows in semi-evergreen bushland and woodland in areas with a high groundwater table and often forms dense stands in seasonally flooded areas. Trees can withstand cold but not cold winds or frost.
Geographic distribution
Native : Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Exotic : Taiwan, Province of China
Biophysical limitsAltitude: 600-2 100 m Soil type: A. xanthophloea prefers sandy soils.
Reproductive Biology
After pollination by insects, the development of the fruit takes 4-6 months. In southern Africa, flowering occurs from September to November while fruiting is from January to April. Despite the production of a large number of flowers, often only a few pods develop.
Propagation and management
Propagation methodsA. xanthophloea is easily grown from seed, but seeds are scarce as few pods develop from the flowers. To get good germination results, the seed coat should be nicked at the distal (cotyledon) end using a sharp tool like a scalpel, knife or nail clipper. Alternatively, seeds can be soaked in hot water overnight and sown the next morning in seedling trays filled with a mixture of river sand and compost (3:1). Seeds are then covered with a thin layer of sand and kept moist. Under ideal conditions, seeds germinate within 5-15 days. The expected germination rate of a mature, healthy and properly treated seed lot is 40-90%. Seedlings are transplanted into nursery bags filled with a mixture of river sand and compost (5:1) when they reach the 2-leaf stage. Seedlings and young trees transplant plant well. Planting out should be done carefully so that the long taproot is not damaged.Tree Management
A. xanthophloea is one of the fastest-growing thorn-tree species in southern Africa, with a growth rate of 1-1.5 m/year. It can withstand lopping. If planted as an ornamental, trees should be planted in groups of up to 5 for the best effect. This species does not have an aggressive taproot, but because of its large size it should not be planted close to buildings.
Germplasm Management
Seed storage behaviour is orthodox. Mature and properly dried seeds can be stored in airtight containers at room temperature for at least 1 year, and for several years at 10 deg. C with 4.5-9% mc. Storage with insecticides is recommended. On average there are 24 000-30 000 seeds/kg.
Functional uses
ProductsFodder: Foliage and pods provide food for livestock; young branches and leaves are eaten by elephants and the leaves and pods by giraffe and vervet monkeys. Apiculture: Trees produce good bee forage. Fuel: A. xanthophloea is planted as a source of firewood, although it produces a gum that leaves a thick, black, tarlike deposit when burnt. Timber: The wood is hard, heavy, pale brown with a red tinge. It is valuable as timber; it should be seasoned before use, as it is liable to crack. It is used to make poles and posts. Medicine: The roots and powdered bark of the stem are used as an emetic and as a prophylactic against malaria.Services
Erosion control: Groves of this tree can be planted next to dams and streams on the farm to curb soil erosion. Shade or shelter: A. xanthophloea provides nesting sites for birds. Nitrogen fixing: A. xanthophloea fixes atmospheric nitrogen. Ornamental: The well-shaped decorative tree is a potential candidate for amenity areas. Boundary or barrier or support: Trees are planted as live fences.
Pests and diseasesVervet monkeys often eat young pods, so seeds are not readily available from the natural stands. Insects often attack seeds.
Bibliography
Albrecht J. ed. 1993. Tree seed hand book of Kenya. GTZ Forestry Seed Center Muguga, Nairobi, Kenya.Beentje HJ. 1994. Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas. National Museums of Kenya.
Birnie A. 1997. What tree is that? A beginner's guide to 40 trees in Kenya. Jacaranda designs Ltd.
Coates-Palgrave K. 1988. Trees of southern Africa. C.S. Struik Publishers Cape Town.
Dale IR, Greenway PJ. 1961. Kenya trees and shrubs. Buchanan’s Kenya Estates Ltd.
Hines DA, Eckman K. 1993. Indigenous multipurpose trees for Tanzania: uses and economic benefits to the people. Cultural survival Canada and Development Services Foundation of Tanzania.
Hong TD, Linington S, Ellis RH. 1996. Seed storage behaviour: a compendium. Handbooks for Genebanks: No. 4. IPGRI.
ICRAF. 1992. A selection of useful trees and shrubs for Kenya: Notes on their identification, propagation and management for use by farming and pastoral communities. ICRAF.
Mbuya LP et al. 1994. Useful trees and shrubs for Tanzania: Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU), Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA).
Noad T, Birnie A. 1989. Trees of Kenya. General Printers, Nairobi.
Palmer E, Pitman N. 1972. Trees of Southern Africa Vol. 2. A.A. BalKema Cape Town.
Timberlake J, Fagg C and Barnes R. 1999. Field guide to the Acacias of Zimbabwe. CBC Publishings, Zimbabwe.
Timberlake J. 1980. Handbook of Botswana Acacias. Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana.
Venter F, Venter J-A. 1996. Making the most of Indigenous trees. Briza Publications.