Sheets made of carbon nanotubes behave like a loudspeaker when zapped with a varying electric current, say Chinese researchers. The discovery could lead to new generation of cheap, flat speakers.
Since the early 1990s, nanotubes have been intensively studied by researchers across the globe. The tiny structures are widely touted as potential drug delivery devices but might also be useful in more exotic gadgets including artificial photosynthesis devices and space elevators. But no one has thought to test their acoustic properties until now.
Shoushan Fan and his research team at Tsinghua University in Beijing, China, working with colleagues at Beijing Normal University, created a thin sheet by roughly aligning many 10-nanometer-diameter carbon nanotubes. When they sent an audio frequency current through the sheet, they discovered it acted as a loudspeaker.
A standard loudspeaker consists of three basic elements - a speaker cone, a voice coil and a magnet. The cone and coil are attached and sit in a permanent magnetic field created by the magnet. When an audio frequency current passes through the voice coil, it creates a temporary magnetic field, and the coil and cone shift relative to the permanent magnetic field. Those shifts induce vibrations in the air molecules near the speaker cone, generating sound.
How it works
Fan's team wondered whether the nanotube speaker behaved in a similar way. They used a laser vibrometer to look for vibrations in their nanotube speaker as it produced sound, but the sheet remained resolutely static throughout. Instead, they think that the nanotube speaker functions as a thermoacoustic device.
When an alternating current passes through the nanotube sheet, the sheet alternates between room temperature and temperatures of up to 80 °C - although for consumer use the oscillation will be to only slightly above room temperature. Those rapid temperature oscillations lead to pressure oscillations in the air next to the film. It is those thermally induced pressure oscillations that are responsible for the sound, rather than any physical movement of the nanotube sheet itself.
In fact, the researchers realised this phenomenon was first observed over a century ago independently by William Henry Preece and Karl Ferdinand Braun. Those nineteenth century researchers realised they could get sound from a thin metal foil by passing an alternating current through it, a discovery that led to the invention of a device called the "thermophone".
But the thermophone produced a very weak sound, whereas the nanotube sheets can be very loud (see video). That's because of the unusual properties of carbon nanotubes, says Kaili Jiang, a member of Fan's team. "A key parameter that determines the sound generation efficiency is the heat capacity per unit area," he says. Put simply, that's a measure of how much heat energy must be applied to a material to raise its temperature. The heat capacity per unit area of a carbon nanotube sheet is 260 times smaller than that of a platinum foil sheet. That means a nanotube sheet can generate sound waves more efficiently than a platinum sheet - the researchers estimate their sheet is 20 to 30 decibels louder.
'Singing jackets'
The nanotube loudspeakers have several key advantages over standard speaker systems, says Jiang. "Conventional loudspeakers which [produce sound] due to the vibration of the cone will fail to emit sound if the cone is broken," he says. "The carbon nanotube loudspeaker does not vibrate, which means it will still emit sound if part of the film is broken."
The flexible nanotube sheets can be stretched or flexed into complicated shapes and they still produce sound, Fan says. When fully stretched, the sheets are transparent and so they could be attached to the front of an LCD screen to replace standard speakers.
But more exotic uses might see nanotube sheets stitched into clothing to create "singing and speaking jackets", Fan's team thinks.
Cees Dekker, a nanoscience expert at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, finds the new study very interesting. "It's just amazing how widespread the diversity of applications of these nanotubes are," he says.
Journal reference: Nano Letters (DOI: 10.1021/nl802750z)
If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.
Have your say
Only subscribers may leave comments on this article. Please log in.
Only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article
A Bit Mickey Mouse
Fri Oct 31 16:53:25 GMT 2008 by Tom Potts
- it will never produce usable bass!
A Bit Mickey Mouse
Fri Oct 31 18:24:20 GMT 2008 by Tyler
Without knowing more about these, I suspect the bass issue would work like any other panel speaker. I.e. The bigger the panel the more bass it can produce.
I, for one, would be more worried wearing a jacket that heats my environment up to 80C. Especially since these would doubtless be dipole.
A Bit Mickey Mouse
Tue Nov 04 23:09:02 GMT 2008 by Mark
Bass or no bass, jackets or no jackets....
In my humble opinion, whether there are any useful real-life applications for this or not. It's still very cool.
A Bit Mickey Mouse
Thu Nov 06 15:38:51 GMT 2008 by Ricard
Which means us hefty sized guys would have some fantastic bass response!
A Bit Mickey Mouse
Thu Nov 06 19:37:18 GMT 2008 by Andrew
It doesn't just displace air like a normal speaker so there is no bass-canceling "wraparound" effect like normal dipole speakers. Both sides expand air in phase. However I might agree that they may be doomed to use in the upper frequencies as other thermo speaker designs have, such as plasma tweeters. The amount of power/heat required to make bass in such devices would most likely vaporize the membrane.
Singing Jackets.
Fri Oct 31 17:14:33 GMT 2008 by Jeremy
"singing and speaking jackets." Just what we need!
I wonder how good the sound fidelity will be if these are developed further. If cheap enough, they could lead to speakers incorporated into the skin of everyday objects, like a computer monitor.
Hard to believe the thermoacoustic effect can produce sound, but the way conventional speakers work is hard to believe too.
I wonder if this effect can be put in reverse somehow and a microphone created with nanotube sheets.
Another application could be heating elements.
Nice discovery; good luck to researchers in this field.
This comment breached our terms of use and has been removed.
Singing Jackets.
Fri Oct 31 18:39:40 GMT 2008 by Rick
What I find even more interesting are the potential applications for headphones, will we one day have headphones that are not visible to other people and in audible to other people, can these be wireless?
Carbon nanotube headphones... I like the SOUND of that.
(haha)
Singing Jackets.
Mon Nov 03 15:08:54 GMT 2008 by Dave
A more likely first use could be eardrums for those whose ears have been badly damaged.
After they get it right in medical procedures, i'll order my bluetooth ear-speaker.
Singing Jackets.
Wed Nov 05 18:24:23 GMT 2008 by Mark
Not sure about the eardrum thing, especially if you need to head it to 176 degrees (F) to make it work. We already have enough ways to fry our brains!
Still, very interesting. One cool application would be to use the film in place of in-wall speakers. That would simplify installation for custom integrators and would be very unobtrusive.
All comments should respect the New Scientist House Rules. If you think a particular comment breaks these rules then please use the "Report" link in that comment to report it to us.
If you are having a technical problem posting a comment, please contact technical support.