IMAGES of CLASS

UPPER CLASSES

• "Pudicitia Pose" of the aristocratic matrona, veiled and posed with her hand beside her face or grasping her palla tightly around her:
  • Example 1: a female statue with a portrait head. Capitoline Museums: Palazzo Nuovo, Rome;
  • Example 2: female statue with a fringed cloak (from a Hellenistic type). Capitoline Museums: Palazzo Nuovo, Rome;
  • Example 3: a funerary sculpture from the late Republic or early Empire. Altemps Museum, Rome;
  • Example 4: marble funerary portrait torso of a mature woman. Augustan age. Vatican Museum: Gregoriano Profano;
  • Example 5: a portrait statue in marble of a closely draped matrona of the early Antonine period (side view). 130-50 CE. Rome, Museo Montemartini.
  • Example 6: a funerary or honorary marble statue of a young woman, veiled and modestly draped in expensive clothing (side view). From Turkey. 130-100 BCE. Glasgow, Selingrove Museum.
  • Example 7: a limestone funerary relief bust of Haliphat, a fashionable bejeweled woman of Palmyra's prosperous merchant class who died in 231 CE. Washington, DC, Smithsonian: Freer-Sackler Gallery.
• Seated woman elegantly dressed and posed on a bench, holding an apple/pomegranate. This white-painted terracotta figurine reflects the life and tastes of the Greek Hellenistic period that Romans came to admire and emulate. From Tanagra (Boeotia), late 4th century BCE. Copenhagen, Glyptoteck Carlsbad.
• Portrait head in bronze of a noblewoman; the hairstyle connects the woman with the late Augustan period. Rome, 14 CE. NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
• Portrait bust in marble of an upper-class woman, displaying a hairstyle like that of the Antonine court. Roman. c. 180-200 CE. London: British Museum.
• Profile portrait on a sardonyx cameo brooch of an elite woman with a likeness to Agrippina the Elder. Roman, 30-40 CE. London: British Museum.
• Portrait Bust in marble of a young woman. 3rd century CE. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum.
• Portrait bust of a woman displaying the hair arrangement of aristocratic women of the Flavian period. Late 1st-2nd century CE. Rome, Palazzo Nuovo.
• Portrait in colored mosaic of a stylish woman wearing jewels. From Pompeii, 1st century CE. Naples, National Archaeological Museum.
• Scene of two formally attired women seated on throne-type chairs in animated conversation; mosaic. Trier, Landesmuseum.
• Friends: two elegantly dressed women seated on a couch share close conversation; painted terracotta figurine. From Myrina. 100 BCE. London, British Museum.
• Two women, a younger and an older (daughter and mother?), richly attired, sit quietly but eloquently on a fragment of a pastel wall fresco. Roman, 1-75 CE. Malibu, Getty Villa.
• Etruscan girl wearing elaborate jewelry, perhaps molded on real pieces; life-size terracotta torso. Late 4-early 3rd century BCE. NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
• Seianti Hanuvia Tlesnasa, elegantly dressed and bejeweled, peers into her mirror on the lid of an opulently decorated sarcophagus. From Poggio Cantarello near Chiusi. Etruscan c. 150-130 BCE. London, British Museum.
• The Toilette: a marble relief of a mistress, seated in a throne-like wicker chair, having her hair styled by her slaves. Detail from the side of a family tomb monument in Neumagen. Trier, Landesmuseum.
• Isidora: mummy portrait of a woman dressed in costly fabrics and jewels that indicate her wealth and social standing. Her name (Gift of Isis) is written in Greek on one side of her head. Painted linen on wood. Roman, from Egypt, 100-110 CE. Malibu, Getty Villa.
• Patrons
  • Mineia, a benefactress of Poseidonia (Paestum) and daughter and widow of leading citizens, was honored in an unusual way by her local Senate with a small bronze coin. On its obverse is the head of Venus or Mineia, inscribed MINEIA M[arci] F[ilia]; its reverse contains the image of a 3-storey building, probably the basilica in the local forum financed by Mineia, inscribed PS [for Paestum/Poseidonia?] on the left and S[enatus] C[onsulto] (by decree of the Senate) on the right. Minted in Paestum. Late 1st century BCE. London, British Museum.
  • Volusia Cornelia, a wealthy member of the senatorial class (possibly the daughter of the consul in 56 CE Q. Volusius Saturninus), was a donor to the theater situated between her luxurious family villa and the Sanctuary of Diana at Nemi. This honorary plaque with decorative handles (tabula ansata) was mounted on the frons scenae of the building in gratitude for her restoration of the theater(AE 1932.68). Mid 1st century CE. Rome, Terme Diocleziano.
  • Naevoleia Tyche (portrait head in the upper window), a wealthy businesswoman (perhaps freed), built this elegant tomb for herself, her husband, C. Munatius Faustus, an Augustalis, and both of their freedmen and freedwomen. The inscription and accompanying images indicate that the couple was voted by the town council a bisellium (a civic bench for two people) for their benefactions. Herculaneum Gate, Pompeii, 1st Century CE.
  • Eumachia held the important public office of priestess and become a patron of Pompeii's corporation of fullers, the dyers and clothing cleaners. One of her benefactions was an impressive building, set on the east side of the Forum at Pompeii. A side entry contains the marble plaque over the doorway bearing the inscription by Eumachia and her son, Marcus Numistrius Fronto, dedicating the building to Concordia Augusta and Pietas (see text). early 1st century CE. Pompeii.
  • Fundilia, daughter of C. Fundilius, was the patron of Fundilius Doctus, a mime actor whom she freed. A wealthy woman, she supported a troupe of mimes. Nevertheless, her heavily draped pose and severe expression lay claim to her station as a traditional elite matrona. From the Sanctuary of Diana at Nemi, 1st century CE. Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.
  • Civic Donors of Perge and Olympia: Plancia Magna, Aurelia Paulina, Regilla.

FREEDWOMEN AND PLEBEIAN CLASS

• Philematium and her husband Aurelius Hermia, dressed as Roman citizens, appear on a marble funerary relief, one of the earliest tombstones to commemorate the marriage of freedpeople (for the text see WRW, p. 47). From a tomb on Rome's Via Nomentana, c. 80 BCE. London, British Museum.
• Vecilia Hila, freed by a woman of the Vecilius family, is portrayed on a family tombstone with her older citizen husband who wears a toga and is named by filiation and tribe (Lucius Vibius L[uci] f[ilius] [tribu] Tro[mentina]; inscription); between them is a portrait bust of their young freeborn son Lucius Vibius Felicio Felix. Hila is pictured in the draped pudicitia pose of the upperclass matron, wearing the nodus hairstyle of the Empress Livia and displaying the ring of the valid citizen marriage. Named but not pictured is Vibia Prima, the liberta of Lucius, another member of their household (CIL VI.28774). 13 BCE-5 CE. Rome: Vatican Museums (Chiaramonte).
• Old woman: encaustic mummy portrait reproducing wrinkles and grey hair; the absence of jewelry and fine clothes suggests she belongs to the lower classes. Roman, Fayum Egypt, 300-325 CE. London, British Museum.
• Drunk: an African red slipware jug, shaped in the form of a comically drunken old woman clasping a wine jug. Roman, early third century CE. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts.
• Maria Auxesis: marble tombstone with a portrait relief of a freedwoman (see inscription). Trajanic period (98-117 CE). Rome, Baths of Diocletian.
• Caltilia Moschis, a freedwoman of Ostia; relief detail from her funerary altar. Santa Monica, Getty Museum.
• Leisure: a painted terracotta mold figurine of two women crouched over a street game of knucklebones. Capua, 340-330 BCE. London, British Museum.
• Funeral Stele for Dasumia Soteris, set up by her former owner and husband with a moving inscription. (CIL VI.16753) Rome, 2nd century CE. London: British Museum.
• Myrsine with her partner on a marble tombstone; portrait heads in high relief. Inscribed: A[ulus] PINARIVS A[uli] L[ibertus] ANTEROS OPPIA C[aiae] L[iberta] MYRSINE. Mid to late Augustan period. CIL 6.24190. Rome, Altemps Museum.
• Cinerary Chest of carved marble in the shape of a house, with its cover simulating a roof. Inscribed for D. Aemilius Chius and Hortensia Phoebe, freedpersons, this expensive urn would have sat in a niche in a tomb (side with patera, side with urceus). Roman. 1st century CE. CIL 6.11033. Minneapolis, Institute of Arts.
• Claudia Prepontis, a freedwoman, set up a funerary plaque and an altar (see the World of Marriage) on which she and Tiberius Claudius Dionysius are portrayed as a couple. The plaque is inscribed for her patron (probably her former master and de facto husband) and for her own and their offspring (inscription). 1st Century CE. Rome, Gregoriano Profano, Vatican Museums.
• Grania Faustina, either freeborn or freed, is pictured with her family on an elaborate marble funerary altar set up for them by Papias, a public slave of the Roman people (servus publicus) who is nevertheless dressed in a civic toga. It is inscribed to his contubernalis (partner), the term used instead of coniunx by slaves for whom legal marriage was impossible. 130-140 CE. CIL 6.2365. Rome, Gregoriano Profano, Vatican Museums.
• Hedone dedicated a votive bronze plaque to the goddess Feronia, worshipped particularly by freedpersons; inscribed: HEDONE/ M. CRASSI ANCILLA/ FERONIAE V[otum]S[olvit] L[ibens] M[erito]. Roman, 2nd century CE. London, British Museum.
• Pinnia Didyma, a freedwoman whose columbarium niche was covered by this plaque (CIL 6.7580), dedicated by the freedman Hermes, a friend or her contubernalis (see student project). From the Appian Way. 1st/2nd century CE. British Museum.
• Bennia Helena, a freedwoman and the concubine of P. Valerius Flaccus, dedicated this funerary placque for them both, according to his will. 1st half 1st century CE (AE 1939, 154). Rome, Baths of Diocletian Museum.
• Gaudenia Nicene appears on the front panel relief of the marble sarcophagus commissioned by the freedman wool merchant Titus Aelius Evangelus, for himself and her, only and ever. A freedwoman, she is pictured in a belted short tunic and boots, her hair neatly dressed, holding a funeral garland in her left hand and offering a goblet to Evangelus. The memorial inscription contains her name at the top edge of the relief (FVERIT POST ME ET POST GAVDENIA NICENE VETO ALIVM QVISQVIS HVNC TITVLVM LEGERIT/ MI ET ILLEI FECI); his name is proudly featured below the lectus on which he reclines (T[ITO] AELIO EVANGELO/ HOMINI PATIENTI/ MERVM PROFVNDAT). The pair are surrounded by workmen, animals and tools of the wool trade (see P. J. Holliday, "The Sarcophagus of Titus Aelius Evangelus and Gaudenia Nicene" in The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal 21 (1993), pp. 85-100). Roman, 180 CE. Malibu, J. Paul Getty Museum.
• Cornelia Frontina was the 16 year old daughter of Flavia Nice and Marcus Ulpius Callistus, overseer in the armory of the Ludus Magnus (the school for gladiators), both imperial freedpersons. They dedicated this funerary inscription to their daughter whose name indicates that she had been born into slavery and freed by a member of the gens Cornelia. Found on the Via Appia, 2nd century CE. Rome, Baths of Diocletian museum.
• Sempronia Eune, freedwoman of Gaius, appears on this marble family tombstone, one of the earliest to include a child, with her freedman husband, Quintus Servilius Hilarus and son, Publius Servilius Quinti Filius Globulus, who wears the bulla, the mark of a freeborn male. CIL 6.26410. Rome 30-20 BCE. Vatican Museums: Gregoriano.
• Flavia Athenais and her fellow freedman T. Flavius Genialis dedicated this cinerary niche cover for M. Cocceius Hermadio, their freedmen and women and their posterity (L L P Q E). CIL 6.15904. Rome: Capitoline Museum: Palazzo Nuovo.
• Vibia Drosis dedicated at least three of the four surviving marble monuments associated with her family, probably with money left her by her husband. She set up a stele for herself and her heirs (inscription). She paid for a stele for her former master Gaius Vibius Felix, on one side of which is carved a warning in cursive: Quis/quis/ huic/ moni/mento conti/melia[m]/ non fec/erit dolore[m]/ nul[l]um ex/pericatur. She apparently married Felix after she was freed (note her dedication: patro[no] suo carissimo and her son's name). She dedicated another for her young son, Gaius Vibius Severus (inscription; AE 1992.202-204). The cinerary urn is inscribed for C. Vibius Herostratus and Vibia Haeresis, probably both freed by Gaius and themselves a couple. Rome, Flavian period (69-80 CE). New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
• Gessia Fausta, freedwoman, was presumably the wife of the soldier and citizen Publius Gessius, son of Publius, of the voting tribe of Romilia. She set up this family monument according to the will of the young freedman of Publius, Publius Gessius Primus, apparently their son, both of whom pre-deceased her. Found near Viterbo. 50-20 BCE. ILLRP 503. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts.
• Septimia Dionisias, a freedwoman who earned the ius liberorum for bearing four children, set up this marble funerary plaque and erected a tomb for herself, her husband, two of her children, and her freedpersons and their descendants. 3rd century CE. CIL 6.10246. Rome, Palazzo Nuovo (Capitoline Museums).
• Cornelia Daphne, a fellow freedwoman and probably his wife, is memorialized on this funerary plaque by Quintus Cornelius Philomusus, a cloak maker, along with four other female relatives and a man, a family which survived slavery together.CIL 6.9868.