In science, Pythagoras (c.570-490 BC) (ACR:6) (GME:11) (CR=16) (Cattell:89) was a Greek mathematician, philosopher, and oft-cited smartest person ever (Ѻ), albeit characterized as the “most mysterious figure in the history of Greek philosophy”, commonly known for his Pythagorean theorem, who, according to Xenophanes, headed an academy, school or sect—the Pythagoreans—that flourished from 532-390BC in Crotona, Italy, that adhered to the doctrine of “transmigration”, that of the movement of souls, upon death, from one kind of living creature to another; one repercussion being a vegetarianism dietary system.

Overview
Pythagoras, supposedly, left no writings of his own behind; what details that exist of him are reconstructed from several secondary sources. Pythagoras was taught by Thales of Miletus (c.624-546 BC) , who "who refers everything to water" (St. Augustine, c.410), from whom he gained an appreciation of geometry, and his pupil Anaximander. [5]

Aristotle (384-322BC), in his Metaphysics, makes his first mention of Pythagoras as follows: [2]

“Among these philosophers [sc. Leucippus and Democritus] and before them, the Pythagoreans, as they are called, were the first do deal with mathematics and they made advances in this field; moreover, having been brought up in it, they believed the principles of mathematics to be the principles of everything there is … Since all other things seemed in their whole nature to be modeled on numbers, and numbers to be the first in all of nature, they held the elements of numbers to be the elements of everything there is.”

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Egypt | Heliopolis
Pythagoras, and after him Plato, both went to study in Heliopolis, the famous university town of ancient Egypt. [4]

Pythagoras, supposedly, drew upon Egyptian myths—a model according to which, based on the Heliopolis creation myth, the world came into being accruing via the steps: water (Ab) → earth (Nun) → fire (Ra) → air (Shu)—that the world was created from a single resonance; his studies of the physics of sound led him to discuss the music of spheres. [1]

Pythagoras taught a cosmology, with the earth as the center of the universe, i.e. Geb-centric, in Egyptian cosmology, or geo-centric, in modern Greek language based terminology); and in terms of ethics, believed that the soul was a form of number that moved through various reincarnations toward complete purity. [5]

Atomic theory | Element theory
Empedocles (495-435 BC), supposedly, adopted Pythagoras’ numerology technique in an attempt to quantify the chemistry of his four elements model; according to which, e.g., animal bone consisted of two parts water, two parts earth, and four parts fire, or that because he believed that all of his four elements were most thoroughly mixed in blood, people he conceptualized thought mainly with their blood. [3]

Plato (427-348BC), in his in his circa 360BC dialogue Timaeus, supposedly, following Pythagoras, introduced the atomic theory proposition that ideal geometric forms serve as atoms, according to which atoms broke down mathematically into triangles, such that the form elements had the following shape: fire (tetrahedron), air (octahedron), water (icosahedron), earth (cube). This, however, was not atomic theory proper, but rather the four element theory.

References
1. Dehnert, Edmund. (1983). “The Consciousness of Music Wrought by Musical Notation”, Conference on Science, Technology, and Literature, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, Feb; in: Beyond the Two Cultures: Essays on Science, Technology, and Literature (editors: Joseph Slade and Judith Lee) (§5:99-116). Iowa State University Press, 1990.
2. Furley, David. (1987). The Greek Cosmologists: Volume 1, the Formation of the Atomic Theory and Its Earliest Critics (§5: Pythagoras, Parmenides, and Later Cosmology, pgs. 49-60). Cambridge University Press.
3. Balmer, Robert T. (2010). Modern Engineering Thermodynamics (pg. 592). Academic Press.
4. Sladen, Douglas. (1911). Oriental Cairo: the City of the Arabian Nights (§33:Heliopolis, pgs. 341-). Publisher.
5. McElroy, Tucker. (2009). A to Z of Mathematicians (§:Pythagoras, pgs. 218-19). InfoBase.

External links
● Pythagoras – Wikipedia.