Voiceless labio-velar approximant
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| Voiceless labio-velar approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʍ | |||
| w̥ | |||
| IPA number | 169 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʍ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+028D | ||
| X-SAMPA | W |
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| Kirshenbaum | w<vls> |
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| Sound | |||
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The voiceless labiovelar (labialized velar) approximant (traditionally called a voiceless labiovelar fricative) is a type of consonantal sound, used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is 〈ʍ〉 (a rotated lowercase letter 〈w〉) or 〈w̥〉.
[ʍ] is generally called a "fricative" for historical reasons, but in English, the language that the letter 〈ʍ〉 is primarily used for, it is a voiceless approximant, equivalent to [w̥] or [hw̥]. On rare occasions the symbol is appropriated for a labialized voiceless velar fricative, [xʷ], in other languages.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiceless labial-velar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is labialized velar, which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate (the velum) while rounding the lips.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cornish | whath, hwath | [ʍæːθ] | 'still', 'yet' | Is spelled 〈wh〉 and 〈hw〉 in the Standard Written Form, as 〈wh〉 in Kernowek Standard, Unified Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised and Modern Cornish, and 〈hw〉 in Kernewek Kemmyn | |
| English | American Theater Standard[1] | whine | [ʍaɪ̯n] | 'whine' | Phonemically /hw/; contrasts with /w/. In General American[2] and New Zealand English[3][4] only some speakers maintain the distinction; in Britain, mostly heard in Irish and Scottish accents.[5] See English phonology and phonological history of wh. |
| Canadian Maritime [citation needed] |
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| Conservative Received Pronunciation[5] | |||||
| Cultivated South African[6] | |||||
| General American[2][7] | |||||
| Irish[6][8][9] | [ʍʌɪ̯n] | ||||
| Scottish[6][10][11][12] | |||||
| Southern American[13] | [ʍäːn] | ||||
| New Zealand[3][4][10][14] | [ʍɑe̯n] | ||||
| Hupa | tł'iwh | [t͡ɬʼiʍ] | 'snake', 'rattlesnake' | Contrasts with /w/ | |
| Nahuatl | Cuauhtēmallān | [kʷaʍteːmalːaːn] | 'Guatemala' | Allophone of /w/ before voiceless consonants | |
| Taiwanese | 沃花 ak-hue | [ʔak̚˥ʔ ʍeː˥˥] | '(to) water flowers' | ||
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Skinner (1990), p. 335.
- ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 120.
- ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 117.
- ^ a b "Australian English and New Zealand English". p. 9.
- ^ a b "Received Pronunciation Phonology".
- ^ a b c Lass (2002), p. 121.
- ^ "North American English: General Accents". p. 6.
- ^ Wells (1982a), p. 432.
- ^ "Irish English and Ulster English". pp. 4 and 7.
- ^ a b McMahon (2002), p. 31.
- ^ Wells (1982a), p. 408.
- ^ "Scottish Standard English and Scots". p. 6.
- ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006).
- ^ Wells (1982b), p. 610.
Bibliography[edit]
- Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- McMahon, April (2002), An Introduction to English Phonology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, ISBN 0 7486 1252 1
- Rogers, Henry (2000), The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, ISBN 978-0-582-38182-7
- Skinner, Edith; Timothy Monich; Lilene Mansell (ed.) (1990). Speak with distinction (Second ed.). New York: Applause Theatre Book Publishers. ISBN 1-55783-047-9.
- Wells, J.C. (1982a), Accents of English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Wells, J.C. (1982b). Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28541-0.
