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"Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Hmong refugees resettling from Thailand into the United States, 2004-2005." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2005. HighBeam Research. 22 Feb. 2016 <https://www.highbeam.com>.
"Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Hmong refugees resettling from Thailand into the United States, 2004-2005." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2005. HighBeam Research. (February 22, 2016). https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-135813317.html
"Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Hmong refugees resettling from Thailand into the United States, 2004-2005." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2005. Retrieved February 22, 2016 from HighBeam Research: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-135813317.html
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In December 2003, the U.S. Department of State initiated a resettlement program for 15,707 Hmong refugees who had been displaced from Laos and were living on the grounds of Wat Tham Krabok, a Buddhist temple in Thailand. In January 2005, reports of tuberculosis (TB) cases among refugees still in Thailand and refugees who had arrived in the United States, including some cases caused by multi-drug-resistant * (MDR) strains, prompted a 1-month travel suspension. After enhanced screening in Thailand and intensified TB-control measures in the United States, resettlement resumed on February 16. A majority of the Hmong refugees in Thailand and the United States with TB diagnosed were started on treatment and monitored. As of July 15, no additional TB cases had been diagnosed among newly resettled Hmong refugees. U.S. health departments should continue to ensure careful monitoring for TB among this refugee group.
Approximately 50,000-70,000 refugees resettle in the United States each year (1). Before resettlement, all refugees undergo medical screening to prevent importation of diseases that pose an immediate public health risk. The standard TB-screening algorithm, used in early 2004 to evaluate Hmong refugees in Thailand, includes a medical history and physical examination for all applicants and a chest radiograph for persons aged [greater than or equal to] 15 years. Applicants with clinical or radiologic findings suggestive of TB disease submit three sputum specimens for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear microscopy. Those with positive results must begin anti-TB treatment and have follow-up specimens with consistently smear-negative results before travel to the United States is allowed. ([dagger]) The standard premigration algorithm was revised in May 2004 to add requirements for mycobacterial culture and drug-susceptibility testing.
During June 2004-January 2005, the United States resettled 9,459 Hmong refugees in 20 states (Table and Figure). As the newly arrived refugees underwent health assessments at local health departments and in private health-care facilities, 37 TB cases, including four MDR cases, were reported. This finding coincided with assessments in Thailand, where 17 (33%) of 52 culture-confirmed cases among refugees were determined to be MDR. In contrast, among all new TB cases reported in the United States during 2004 with drug-susceptibility results, 1% were MDR TB (2). …
AsianWeek; August 1, 1996
NPR All Things Considered; June 24, 2004
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; August 5, 2005
Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN); July 19, 1996
Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN); January 31, 2005
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