Urban And Regional Planning

Propinquity on urban space is symbolized by ethnic residential groups in countries with great ethnic,
religious and racial affinities and viewed as a major structural mechanism through which ethnic and other
groups are denied equal access to opportunities, rewards and amenities. The study identifies the reasons
and socio-economic implications of ethnic residential affinity in the Kumba municipality of Cameroon.
Data was based on cross sectional and household surveys within seven sampled sites and questionnaires
administered within households of 6 residential areas. Structured interviews were undertaken with some
officials of the city Council and the local administration. Findings reveal that ethnic residential affinity is
more the result of cultural than social and economic reasons. Job creation/offers and land tenure
arrangements in the city are related to ethnic affinity. These practices exist due to the glaring absence of
public presence in the provision of basic socio-economic infrastructures and thus results in
disproportionate urban growth and development. There is the need for the local administration to device
strategies that should transcend ethnic affinity to achieve a more harmonious and balanced development.
This balance can be achieved through the provision of low-cost residential areas for middle and lowincome
earners and efforts should be made at providing public services in areas of need so as to offset the
spatial imbalance resulting from ethnic differences.
Key Word: Residential affinity, segregation, Kumba urban space, urban development, Social interaction.

This book marks the beginning of a new phase in what we hope will be a fruitful collaboration between the Institute Ethnology and Anthropology Russian Academy of Science and the University of the Basque Country. Researchers from both Spain and Russia, representing a series of scientific schools each with its own methods and concepts – among them anthropologists, political scientists, historians and literary critics-, came to the decision to prepare a collective volume exploring a series of vital issues concerning state policy in complex societies, examining different identitarian characteristics, and reflecting on the difficulty of preserving regional cultures. Though the two countries clearly have their differences – political, economic and social –, we believe that the comparative methodology and the debates it leads to are valid and indeed important not just at a theoretical level, but also in practical terms. The decision to publish the volume in English is precisely to enable us to overcome any linguistic barriers there might be between Russian and Spanish academics, whilst simultaneously making these studies accessible to a much wider audience, since the realities behind many of the themes touched upon in this volume are relevant in many other parts of the globe beyond our two countries.

1. O problema da compulsoriedade: a integração das unidades
territoriais; 2. O problema da titularidade: a gestão das funções públicas de interesse comum; 3. O problema da autoridade: a formatação da governança interfederativa; 4. O problema da cidade: da urbanização periférica ao direito à
metrópole

Urban planning includes land use management and environmental change. It makes arrangement for
community facilities and services. Since, sustainable development has been included as a vital end
product of all planning goals it also provides for balanced use of land, housing and transportation and
better quality of life. Present urban planning in Pakistan is not ensuring sustainable development in
Pakistan. This is tested through the case study of master planning in Rawalpindi and its implementation
through housing schemes in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Large portions of provisions of master plans are not
implemented. This paper explains how the urban planning will be made enabled to ensure sustainable
development in Pakistan. Six numbers of housing schemes and two squatter settlements have been
surveyed through questionnaires, secondary data, the opinions of the experts from related fields and site
observations. Amenities and social services at far distance, very less green area, Less quantity and bad
quality of water, absence of comprehensive solid waste management and sewage disposal system and nontreatment
of solid waste, effluent and sewage, prevalent unhygienic conditions and air and water pollution
are the existing factors effecting the sustainability. There is a need to revisit the urban planning and a
comprehensive Urban and Environment Planning Law at national level and at provincial level is
recommended to enable the urban planning to ensure the sustainable development in Pakistan.
Key Words: Urban Planning, Sustainable Development, Environment, Sustainability, Master Plan.

Wide estuaries are natural magnets for urban development. Several of the World’s major cities developed around estuaries, but at the same time encroached upon some of the most complex and vital ecosystems. Sea-level rise threatens to submerge both rare wetland habitat and essential urban areas and infrastructure. This prospect discloses the urgency of balancing urban development and environmental protection in Metropolitan Estuaries. The hard task of dealing with this threat may provide the opportunity to promote an integrated approach to regional planning, where the necessary adaptation of cities to sea-level rise could equally promote the preservation, or even the enhancement, of wetland habitat. The two case study metropolitan estuaries, San Francisco Bay (California, USA) and the Tagus Estuary (Lisbon, Portugal), share striking similarities in terms of morphology. They both host large metropolitan areas and important wetland ecosystems. Nevertheless, a finer analysis of development patterns reveals crucial differences in the extent of shoreline alteration and types of land use that now encroach upon natural estuarine habitat. The comparative study of both estuaries provides mutually beneficial insights on the shortcomings of each system, and helps identify opportunities to enhance coastal zone management, adaptive governance and environmental planning efforts. The evolution of both estuaries throughout the Holocene is reconstructed, with special emphasis on the process of anthropogenic alteration. While this impact has been significant and continuous in the Tagus Estuary for over two millennia, large scale disturbance of the San Francisco Bay was concentrated in the last two centuries. The legal frameworks that have guided, with varying degrees of effectiveness, the process of wetland reclamation and landfilling share a common ancestry in the Roman Law. These have evolved continuously in Lisbon and the State has upheld with relative success the provision to keep estuarine lowlands in public control, even as they were steadily transformed to farmland. In San Francisco, a period of deep disturbances over the Sacramento River’s hydrology was coupled with extremely fast and under regulated development of lowlands. During a short period, the property of these lands, which would theoretically fall within the Public Trust, was transferred to local governments and private landowners, which led to their steady transformation onto salt ponds, industrial zones and even residential neighborhoods. As a consequence, the Bay Area now has extensive developed areas at very low elevations, vulnerable to low levels of sea-level rise, and remaining wetlands are now heavily encroached upon by urban development. Around the Tagus Estuary, while most original wetlands have long been drained for farmland, the remaining patches are adjacent to non-urban land uses, which could facilitate future efforts of restoration or allow wetland migration with rising seas. A comparative modelling of sea-level rise flooding over existing land uses reveals that, while around the Tagus Estuary most reclaimed lowlands are reserved for farmland and urban development over landfill is limited, the extent of developed urban areas at very low elevations is much greater around the SF Bay, which renders the region more vulnerable to early stages of SLR. Nonetheless, both cities have begun to incorporate climate adaptation onto their main environmental planning blueprints, for which they can be seen as early adopters of local sea-level rise adaptation strategies. Through interviews with stakeholders and document analysis, the planning and decision-making exercises that led to the recent elaboration of the first Tagus Estuary Management Plan, and the Bay Plan Climate Change Amendment, are analyzed and discussed. Lisbon benefits from a very simple, top-down, planning structure, with a handful of public entities directly communicating and articulating stakes and approaches along the planning process. A lack of transparency as to some specific interventions and a still somewhat incipient tradition of public participation have contributed to protract the Plan’s final approval. The Bay Area institutional framework is well-used to collaborative planning efforts, which are usually successful in articulating conflicting interests, but are prone to limitations derived from narrow, and often difficult to expand, mandates for environmental planning agencies, within an extremely complex, multi-level, governance structure involving three levels of government and very active interest groups. While broad mitigation/adaptation strategies are decided at the National or State levels, the actual implementation of SLR adaptation measures often require a great deal of involvement of local actors. Given that it is at this juncture that adaptation takes a concrete spatial expression, this is also the moment when land-use conflicts arise. Local governments are left with much of the burden of mediating competing interests, between urban development, environmental protection, and other social demands. In some instances, the prospect of shoreline development may be very attractive for both property owners/developers and local governments, given the potential land value and economic benefits, but these have to be weighed against the medium-/long-term costs of defending these assets from rising sea-levels. In San Francisco Bay, there is an increasing awareness of the challenges posed by SLR, but the institutional arrangements are complex, and communication between the different public agencies/departments is not always as streamlined as it could be. Some agencies and departments need to adapt their procedures in order to remove institutional barriers to adaptation, but path dependence is an obstacle. The several projects where different federal and state agencies are partnered with local governments highlight the benefits of a more frank and regular communication between public actors. It also emphasizes the benefits of a coordination of efforts and strategies, something that was eroded in the transition from government-led policies to a new paradigm of local-based adaptive governance. Whereas the articulation of public actors is often easy to address by increasing communication and coordination, conflicts involving private landowners and developers may be much complicated by the threat of litigation. The lack of a strong legal backing to public environmental protection mandates is a major obstacle to shoreline planning around the Bay and elsewhere, and this is highlighted by the extreme caution of some public agencies in upholding their jurisdictions over private property. Environmental NGOs have, in the case of California, a big role to play, as they are able to resort to the same legal and lobbying instruments as the developers, and may help even-out the field between public stakeholders with limited legal and economic resources, and powerful private developers with nothing to lose. There is seemingly a sense of urgency in pushing for the development of shoreline properties, as public opposition to development on locations exposed to SLR is most likely to increase in the coming decades. At the same time, NGOs and public agencies are aware of the stress wetlands will be under as the rates of SLR increase towards the end of the century. “Green”, or ecosystem-based, adaptation is already on the way around the Bay. Large scale wetland restoration projects have already been concluded, and further action now often requires articulation with the reinforcement of flood defense structures, given the level of urban encroachment. While levee setback, or removal, would provide greater environmental benefit, the need to protect urban areas and infrastructure has led to the trial of ingenious solutions for promoting wetland resilience while upgrading the level of protection granted by levees.

This article’s central concern is to consider the geographic ‘margins’ in relationship to state governance in Pakistan. In doing so, it gestures toward wider theoretical lessons that can be drawn through ethnographic explorations of Karachi’s periphery and of Pak–Iran border towns such as Taftan located in the province of Baluchistan. Central to the discussion is the idea of mobility. The article considers three different types of mobility across Pakistan set in the broader context of Central-South Asian historical connectivities. First is the movement of ‘illicit’ commodities such as diesel across Pakistan’s border with Iran, forced migrations across Pakistan’s northwest region in relationship to the war on terror, and finally, the role of road networks in mediating mobilities: in short, mobility is considered across commodities, displacement, and infrastructure. How do these Asian mobilities shed light on the state? The idea of the margins is particularly helpful in theorizing the role of the state. These are liminal zones of creativity where money can be made but are also fraught with risk and conflict because they are beyond the reach of formal governance. The article opens with a history of Karachi and its surrounding regions, including its colonial past and the making of the Indus River which has always been of geopolitical importance. It then moves to a discussion of the diesel trade in the region. The flow of Iranian diesel into Karachi via towns like Taftan in Baluchistan represents a mingling of actors—mercenaries, drug traffickers, and diesel merchants—and the Pakistani state’s failure to sufficiently control this flow, which has become a lucrative business for some and a lifeline for others across Baluchistan and in Karachi’s periphery. The article then prefaces the role of infrastructure and its relationship with modernity and the Pakistani state. In conclusion, the article argues the margins should not be seen as being ‘outside’ of the nation-state or as some kind of ‘exceptional’ space. Rather they should be understood as constitutive of the state’s very ‘inside’ precisely because they are beyond its reach.

This research focuses on identifying the problems and prospects of
Alau dam construction in Alau community on Konduga local government
area of Borno state. The construction of the dam though, has contributed to
the development of various activities in Alau community, but has also
resulted in various problems as well as loss of lives and property, loss of
arable agricultural land, forced resettlement and destruction of farmlands
leading to low yield. Data was garnered based on questionnaire
administration, interviews and observations. The questionnaire was
administered based on households, taking 5% of the total of 1154
households; using systematic sampling technique which gives a sample
households of 58. Data was collected on the general information of the
respondents, problems, threats and benefits of the construction of Alau dam
in Alau community. The data was presented in tables and analyses was done
by extracting the major occurrences using percentages which then further
discussed with recommendations made to harness the prospects and mitigate
the problems.

Early and deep consultation with Traditional Owners is necessary if Planners wish to both avoid potential conflict, and enrich the cultural depth of their projects. Essential to this is an appreciation of Aboriginal perspectives of ownership and guardianship of the 'Country' to be developed.

Pokud chceme hodnotit architekturu a urbanismus v Hradci Králové v letech 1945–1989, musíme si uvědomit, že nešlo o jednolitý a homogenní časový úsek, ale naopak se zde setkávaly různé tradice, různé směry, ohlasy, invence, kvality i nekvality a vše bylo zarámováno do velmi různorodých podmínek architektonické tvorby. Tyto podmínky byly dány především postupným znárodňováním stavebnictví a architektury, jež vyvrcholilo v roce 1948, neustále se měnící strukturou a organizací krajských i specializovaných projekčních ústavů, ale i střetem celostátně prosazovaných směrů a direktiv oproti jevům lokálním.

The present project centers on the context of how the African American community of Parramore in Orlando, Florida, became a low-income neighborhood. Based on a timeline from 1880 to 1980, this thesis investigates Parramore’s decline grounded in the effects of urban sprawl, racial segregation and discrimination. Among the effects that contributed to the neighborhood's decline in the postwar era were the closing of black schools and the migration of black residents to other places after the passage of civil rights legislation; the disruption of the neighborhood with the construction of highways and public housing; and the lack of investment in new urban infrastructure. The social, economic, and cultural decay of this African American community begins with the racist ideology of the Jim Crow era and was reinforced through the racialization of spaces and the control of the wealth distribution through the urbanization of the Sunbelt region. Divided into five chapters, the present paper presents the following: the intersection of modern social black history and racial segregation; the history of the American urban sprawl; the historical development of racial segregation in Florida; the history of the National Highway System; and the history of Parramore. Ultimately, this thesis aims to draw awareness to how megaprojects such as the Interstate 4 and public housing projects serve as class and social barriers. Thus, the present paper presents the history of an inner city built upon the violence of the Jim Crow era, and the modernized postwar development that led to the transformation of a thriving neighborhood into a low-income community.
Keywords: Racism, African Americans, Orlando, Urban Sprawl, Parramore, Social Inequality

The effect of four human activities (burning, grazing, continuation of cultivation and the waste products flow from the olive factories) are studied. These human activities inhibit the vegetation diversity, performance of the plants, height, sociability life forms and phonological states. Overgrazing was the most activities affect on vegetation diversity and floristic composition of the stands studied. These human activities causes disappearance of some species compared with the control stands. Salinity was the important factor limits the species diversity. Key words: vegetation, species diversity, fire, overgrazing, continuation of cultivation, waste products, performance, sociability, life forms, phonological state. 

The process of architectural design and urban planning has been fundamentally transformed through digital media. While providing the opportunity to make the process more flexible and open to realize an extensive public participation, they also pose specific problems. Touching Buildings is a prototype for a multimodal, collaborative interface that integrates the various aspects of the planning and communication process through a platform for tangible interaction with an open communication system. This paper presents the results of a first implementation of this prototype.