Solar PV

RENEWABLE ENERGY IN TURKEY AND EU PERSPECTIVES
In line with    World Energy Scenarios l 2016  by World Energy Council Since 1970, the world has seen rapid growth in energy demand, mainly satisfied by fossil fuels. The future will be different. Disruptive trends are emerging that will create a fundamentally new world for the energy industry, characterized by lower population growth, radical new technologies, greater environmental challenges, and a shift in economic and geopolitical power. These underlying drivers will re-shape the economics of energy. We call this uncertain journey into the new world of energy – The Grand Transition. e World Energy Council has explored the likely futures and outcomes for the Grand Transition.  According to the phenomenal rise of solar and wind energy will continue at an unparalleled rate and create both new opportunities and challenges for energy systems.

PV has become universal for power utility applications in comparison to conventional technologies when it comes to economic competitiveness. As the efficiency of solar PV panel is low, it becomes mandatory to extract maximum power from the PV panel at any given period of time. Maximum Power and efficiency in Photovoltaics can be improved by Maximum Power Point tracking even under distributed temperature and irradiance functions. The paper attempts to compare two different Buck converter models based on predictive control. The two converter models using State space differential equation and direct component in MATLAB/SIMULINK are optimized through PID and FLC to obtain increased gain and desired converter output. A PV system connected with Buck converter using an intelligent controller (FLC) for extracting maximum power at different environmental conditions is proposed and the results are compared with conventional PID controller.

This paper proposes a novel model-free solution algorithm, the natural cubic spline guided Jaya algorithm (S-Jaya), for efficiently solving the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) problem of PV systems under partial shading conditions. A PV system which controls the power generation with its operating voltage is considered. As the same as the generic Jaya algorithm, the S-Jaya is free of algorithm-specific parameters. A natural cubic spline based prediction model is incorporated into the iterative search process to guide the update of candidate solutions (operating voltage settings) in the S-Jaya and such extension is capable of improving the tracking performance. Simulation studies and experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed S-Jaya algorithm for better addressing PV MPPT problems considering a variety of partial shading conditions. The performance of the proposed algorithm is benchmarked against the generic Jaya and the particle swarm optimization (PSO), which has been widely considered in the model-free MPPT, to demonstrate its advantages. Results of simulation studies and experiments demonstrate that the S-Jaya algorithm converges faster and provides a higher overall tracking efficiency.

Extra-firm actors have been acknowledged as vital to the success of green energy industries. This article deploys the firm network perspective to deliver a first of its kind analysis of specific extra-firm actor impacts on firm performance in Korea’s solar PV industry. Results are based on quantitative analyses of data from sixty firm respondents and augmented by interviews with eight government officials. Three research questions capture and compare firm and government actor perceptions pertaining to extra-firm actor influences at the national, regional, and extra-local scales, inclusive of place-place competition and cooperation. Results indicate that firms differ in perceptions related to the impact of eighteen national level government institutes, R&D centers, associations and academic societies on their success, and that perceptions vary by level of technology concerning a plethora of other related extra-firm actor and support infrastructure impacts. Comparative perspective is presented based on government informant interviews.

Bodies of water provide essentials for both human society as well as natural ecosystems. To expand the services these water provide, hybrid food-energy-water systems can be designed. This paper reviews the fields of floatovoltaic (FV) technology (water deployed solar photovoltaic systems) and aquaculture (farming of aquatic organisms) to investigate the potential of hybrid floatovoltaic-aquaculture synergistic applications for improving food-energy-water nexus sustainability. The primary motivation for combining electrical energy generation with aquaculture is to promote the dual use of water, which has historically high unused potential. Recent advances in FV technology using both pontoon and thin film structures provides significant flexibility in deployment in a range of water systems. Solar generated electricity provides off-grid aquaculture potential. In addition, several other symbiotic relationships are considered including an increase in power conversion efficiency due to the cooling and cleaning of module surfaces , a reduction in water surface evaporation rates, ecosystem redevelopment, and improved fish growth rates through integrated designs using FV-powered pumps to control oxygenation levels as well as LED lighting. The potential for a solar photovoltaic-aquaculture or aquavoltaic ecology was found to be promising. If a U.S. national average value of solar flux is used then current aquaculture surface areas in use, if incorporated with appropriate solar technology could account for 10.3% of total U.S. energy consumption as of 2016.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have the greatest potential to meet the scale of sustainable energy demands, yet large surface areas beyond rooftop areas are required. One source of additional surface area that avoids conflict with food production while scaling with population density is noise barriers, which provide dual use of land area both as noise abatement and energy generation. This paper provides a method to quantify the potential of mass scale deployment of photovoltaic noise barrier (PVNB) systems in a country. Based on a feasibility analysis of the irradiation levels and noise barrier locations, the PV power potential and the energy output for the photovoltaic modules is calculated for specific locations using a tool chain of free software. This method, is then demonstrated with a case study for the state of California and the results are then extrapolated for the entire U.S. The U.S. is an ideal candidate country because noise abatement mandates fall well short of World Health Organizations guidelines and PVNB technology has not been implemented on a wide scale. Using conservative assumptions, the results show that the total PVNB power potential for the U.S. ranges from 7 to 9 GW using only existing noise barriers. According to findings of the paper the installed capacity of the large scale photovoltaic system deployed on noise barriers in a single state is comparable to the installed capacities of the largest solar farms in the U.S. and yet due to the unique mounting of PVNB, such systems provide better land utilization ratios for energy production than conventional solar PV farms.

— Remarkable penetration of renewable energy in electric networks, despite its valuable opportunities, such as power loss reduction and loadability improvements, has raised concerns for system operators. Such huge penetration can lead to a violation of the grid requirements, such as voltage and current limits and reverse power flow. Optimal placement and sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) are one of the best ways to strengthen the efficiency of the power systems. This paper builds a simulation model for the local distribution network based on obtained load profiles, GIS information, solar insolation, feeder and voltage settings, and define the optimization problem of solar PVDG installation to determine the optimal siting and sizing for different penetration levels with different objective functions. The objective functions include voltage profile improvement and energy loss minimization and the considered constraints include the physical distribution network constraints (AC power flow), the PV capacity constraint, and the voltage and reverse power flow constraints.

IRENEC 2017 INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY CONFERENCE
“ 7. Uluslararası %100 Yenilenebilir Enerji Konferansı”
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Over the past decade, a number of jurisdictions have taken significant steps to encourage the diffusion of solar photovoltaic technology (PV). Supportive policy frameworks have been widely adopted, spurring deployment and driving down the cost of PV components. The increased competitiveness of this technology presents a promising opportunity for meeting energy needs in a low-carbon fashion. Indeed, a growing body of research suggests that PV could produce significant quantities of energy. However, the diffusion of PV in Canada has been comparatively slow and GHG emissions in this jurisdiction are on an upward trajectory. As a result, we explore the potential of PV in Canada in regards to: (1) the scale of possible contributions to energy supply and GHG abatement, and (2) the particular functional roles and niches this technology could occupy looking out to 2050. In doing so, this study reviews the current status of knowledge on PV potential in Canada and argues that estimates which revolve around technical parameters such as solar irradiance, module efficiency, and land area (and even those that include some reference to current prices), are limited in their ability to understand the place this technology might actually occupy in Canada in coming decades. While technical potential is an important consideration, the interrelated economic, socio-political, and environmental influences need to be taken into account. This paper discusses the nature of these influences and explores PV potential in the context of key features of possible low-carbon pathways for Canada.

CdS thin films were grown on highly cleaned substrates of Microscope glass slides using solution deposition technique at different molar concentrations at constant time and repeated at a fixed molar concentration at for different deposition times. Measurement of the thermal emittance on polished and coated substrates was determined before and after growth. The average thermal emittance value of polished uncoated sample plate was 0.152 with an error of ± 0.013 while an average thermal emittance value of the coated sample was 0.15 ± 0.01. Equally when the average solar absorptance values of the coated sample plate substrate was 0.473 with an error of ± 0.01. Thin film thickness varied from 0.212-0.614 µm with an error of ± 0.01. These outcomes formed the basis for proposing these thin films as appropriate for photothermal solar energy application.

— The main objective of this paper is to analyze the feasibility of decentralized control approach in providing smart inverter functions for grid-tied AC-stacked PV inverter architecture. Decentralized controller allows fully distributed architecture both in terms of control and physical implementation of a PV system, resulting in higher reliability and potentially lower cost. In this paper, Relative Gain Array concept has been used to determine the best locally measured input-output pairing sets for designing the proposed decentralized controller. Proposed approach by sending supervisory commands to only one inverter minimize the required communications for controlling reactive power and mitigating harmonics. Detailed modeling and analysis are provided to show the feasibility of the proposed decentralized approach. Proposed decentralized control scheme is verified by offline simulation and real-time hardware-in-the-loop setup. Keywords— AC-stacked PV Inverter, PV Inverter Control, Decentralized Control Scheme, Cascaded H-bridge, Relative Gain Array, Grid-tied PV Inverter, Smart Inverter Functions, Harmonic Mitigation, Reactive Power Control.

This paper evaluates the technical, economic and environmental feasibility of three renewable-energy self-production alternatives for the Tweed Valley Eco-village: wind, solar photovoltaic and hydropower. A natural-resource assessment indicates that the solar irradiation (3,070 kWh/m 2 /day), wind speed (6.8 m/s at 45 m) and river flow (19.28 m 3 /s) provide technical feasibility for the three energy self-production schemes. The paper assesses the economic feasibility of the energy generation schemes considering the financial support from the Community and Renewable Energy Scheme (CARES) and the current feed-in tariff (FIT) rates. The three schemes predict a payback time of less than 25 years. The hydropower scheme has the best economic feasibility in all economic indicators: a payback time of 11 years, a net present value (NPV) of £6,930.66, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 13.7%, and an average annual rate of return (ROR) of 37.6%. The offset greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of each scheme were also calculated and valued using traded carbon price projections compared with a baseline scenario of emissions from grid electricity. The hydropower scheme will provide the highest mitigation, followed by wind and solar photovoltaic panels. Therefore, we conclude that hydropower would be the most feasible option.

For future planning and development of smart grids, it is important to evaluate the impacts of PV distributed generation, especially in densely populated urban areas. In this paper we present an integrated platform, constituted by two main components: a PV simulator and a real-time distribution network simulator. The first simulates real-sky solar radiation of rooftops and estimates the PV energy production; the second simulates the behaviour of the network when generation and consumption are provided at the di↵erent buses. The platform is tested on a case study based on real data for a district of the city of Turin, Italy.