Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Disparities of fisheries development in Central Mollucas regency were indicated by differences in fishery system dynamics. High potency and good access to the utilization of small pelagic fishes in the WPP-RI 714 and 715 do not guarantee the welfare of fishers in the region. This condition requires the touch of a fisheries development strategy based on the dynamics of fishery systems. The purpose of this research is to develop the model of spatial dynamics of the fishery system in the area development of small pelagic fisheries. Specially, to analyze spatial dynamics of fisheries system includes natural, human and management subsystems to determine fishing ground accessibility as an instrument to develop  the small pelagic fisheries area, to defining primary commodities, main fishing units and its optimal allocation to support small pelagic fisheries area development, and to determine effects of fishery management policies on small
pelagic fisheries area development. The study produced Model of TipoSan, InSist and MoDiS that accommodate the dynamics of the fisheries system components to develop small pelagic fisheries area. Spatial dynamics of natural subsystems which configuration the dynamics of fishing ground accessibility, implications to determine the base of small pelagic fisheries area through nearest access, (2) primary commodities of pelagic fishes are Decapterus spp. Selaroides leptolepis, Elagastis bipinnulatus, Rastrelliger spp. and Stolephorus indicus; seleted fishing technologies are purse seine, boat/raft lift net, vertical hand line, and drift gill net with optimum allocation are 175 units of purse seine and 1,643 units of vertical  hand line; and 31.263 fishers; (3) the spatial dynamics of management subsystems based on goverment policies is still weak to supporting the development of small  pelagic fisheries area in Central Mollucas regency.

RÉSUMÉ : Le milieu marin de la rive sud-méditerranéenne accuse un retard en matière de maintien et de protection de la biodiversité par rapport au domaine continental. Les surfaces réservées aux aires marines protégées sont limitées, et les niveaux de protection sont dérisoires. Devant l’ampleur de la dégradation des écosystèmes marins affectant l’ensemble des pays riverains de la Méditerranée dont l’Algérie, la nécessité de sauvegarder les espaces littoraux et insulaires d’intérêt écologique majeur n’est plus à démontrer. La présente étude menée au niveau de l’île de Rechgoun s’inscrit dans ce cadre visant à caractériser l’habitat, d’évaluer ses potentialités écobiologiques renfermant des espèces végétales et animales remarquables par leur endémisme, leur rareté, et leur vulnérabilité, et disposant d’un statut national voire régional, mais subissant de fortes pressions anthropiques qui indiquent avec force la nécessité et l’urgence d’enclencher des mesures de protection du site insulaire en question. L’île de Rechgoun répond parfaitement à l’ensemble des critères de sélection des aires marines protégées, reconnus et admis par les instances régionales, voire internationales auquel s’ajoute la ressemblance des niches écologiques avec un site similaire déjà classé en l’occurrence les îles Habibas au nord-est d’Oran. Tout ceci  renforcera le nombre d’espaces protégés exclusivement marins en Algérie, et par voie de conséquence, le réseau des aires marines protégées dans la partie sud de la Méditerranée avec comme incidences majeures, le maintien d’un pôle de biodiversité, et la reconstitution des stocks halieutiques à forte valeur marchande.
MOTS CLÉS : Ile Rechgoun,  Aire marine protégée, Espaces insulaires, Biodiversité, Endémisme, vulnérabilité. Méditerranée, Algérie.

La succession de tempêtes de l’hiver 2013-2014 a été très intense sur toute la façade atlantique de l’Europe et a permis de montrer la vulnérabilité des sites archéologiques côtiers face aux intempéries. Face à cette fragilité du littoral et à la vulnérabilité du patrimoine archéologique des côtes de la Manche et de l’Atlantique, des mesures d’urgence ont été prises avec la création du projet ALeRT (Archéologie, Littoral et Réchauffement Terrestre) et le développement d’une approche interdisciplinaire et participative visant à l’élaboration d’un "modèle de vulnérabilité" du patrimoine culturel côtier et à la mise en place de stratégies de recherche et d’actions adaptées aux différentes échelles (López-Romero et al. 2013).

The remains of fishing gear and the skeletal remains of fish were recovered from the late Islamic period site at Rubayqa, northern Qatar, during excavations by the University of Wales in 2010. Fish bones constituted 22% (NISP [number of identified specimens]) of the overall animal bone assemblage from Rubayqa, which was dominated by the remains of domestic mammals, but also included wild mammals, domestic and wild birds, and marine reptiles. The fish remains represented fifteen families of fish, all of which can be found in the Arabian Gulf today. The presence of cut marks, burning, and gnawing on the fish remains provides a taphonomic history for the assemblage, allowing an interpretation of fish-processing methods and cooking methods as well as site conditions in the past.

  A proper management of Cultural Heritage, respectfully to the unique “substance” of a Monumental Site and can be a serious solution for the promotion of the Tangible & Intangible Values that define its character.
  The listed traditional settlements, that are either treated as “dead – zones” into the Country planning, either they are over – exploited and loosing their integrity and authenticity, need an overall method plan for their sustainable developpement.
  A method plan for the sustainable development of a coastal traditional settlement (Drakopoulata) in Kefallonia Island as a model of cultural, economical & tourist viable unit, proposes a way of combining the Heritage with the Cultural tourism.
This model plan aims to resurrect this stagnant but remarkable settlement, one of the few witnesses of the past. The plan could be adopted and adjusted to every listed settlement in the Mediterranean Basin, according its unique Historical, Geographical and Cultural characteristics. All together these settlements could create an extremely interesting network.   
  In this pilot plan, was conducted an extended documentation of the Historical and current Data, spatial analysis of the settlement, ethnographic analysis and analysis of Environmental facts.
  An assessment of the potentialities of this village took place and extended comparative analysis with other similar projects in listed settlements around Europe was performed. An SOUV stated the importance of Drakopoulata village.
  The main body of that plan is the developpement proposal which describes the main thematic axis of the settlement’s operation, the suggested configuration of the public spaces and the restoration proposal of the buildings. A transportation scheme is organized and renewable energy systems are used.
  A further implementation of economical data is performed, based in the current economical EU support for different sections, as the touristic and agricultural development. Costs, Income statements, contingency plans, cash budget and projected future revenues have been done, in order to prove the economic independence of each business in the first place and of the settlement as a unit in a second place. 
  Finally, the motives for the owners are described, financial incentives and the legal framework are analyzed and a bill plan is suggested. The protection of the natural beauty is necessary for the implementation of this plan, as activities into the nature are organized and places shaped from geological phenomena are promoted for visits. The primary jobs are enhanced, the traditional professions are main part of the plan and the touristic businesses are complementary, but prosperous.
  A strong management plan is applied for settlement’s future development: its proper advertising and function.
  This plan’s scope is to exploit the semi –abandoned settlements, to create jobs, to involve the tourists to the every day traditional life – with everything this entails – to make the local Cultural Heritage “visible” and tangible to the visitors.
  The most important, is to create to the settlement’s residents the necessity for the safeguarding, protection and conservation of their cultural assets, as through that plan they will realize that their Cultural Heritage is not only their past, but mainly, their certain future.

Kıyılar, geçmişten günümüze insanların ilgi duyduğu ve her türlü faaliyetlerle yararlandığı, kara ile deniz ekosistemlerinin kesişme sahasında yer alan önemli ortamlardır. Dünyadaki yoğun nüfus artışı, sanayileşme, ulaşım ve turizm gibi etkenler, kıyının sunduğu olanaklar ve çekicilikler gibi nedenler günümüzde kıyı alanların yoğun kullanımına yol açmıştır. Yoğun kıyı kullanımını barındıran alanlardan biri de İzmit Körfezi kıyılarıdır. Marmara Bölgesi’nin doğusunda, toplam 129,7 km. uzunluğunda sahil şeridine sahip olan İzmit Körfezi’nde kıyının jeomorfolojik yapısı ve kıyı alanındaki kullanım çeşitliliği bir etkileşim halindedir. İzmit Körfezi kıyılarındaki jeomorfolojik farklılıkların ve diğer doğal coğrafya faktörlerinin etkisiyle kıyı alanı kullanımında da farklılıklar meydana gelmiştir. Aynı zamanda çalışma sahasının sanayi, ticaret, yerleşim ve ulaşım alanı olması, İzmit Körfezi kıyılarında yoğun kıyı alanı kullanımını meydana getirmiştir. İzmit Körfezi kıyılarında 25 farklı kıyı alanı kullanım türü belirlenmiştir. Ancak kıyı alanı kullanım türleri İzmit Körfezi’nin kuzey, doğu ve güney kıyılarında alan, dağılış, oran ve tür sayısı olarak farklılıklar göstermektedir.

The coasts are important areas in which people have been interested and benefited in many activities from past to present, and which take part in the intersection field of land and sea ecosystems. At present, the intensive usage of coastal areas are caused by the reasons such as the rapid population growth, indusrialisation, transport and tourism in the world and possibilities and attractivenesses of the coasts. One of the coastal areas that have intensive usage of coasts is the coasts of The Gulf of Izmit. The Gulf of Izmit has a coast line of 129,7 km length in total which goes into the land in the east of Marmara Region. In The Gulf of Izmit, there is an interaction between the geomorphological structure of the coast and the diversity of usage in the coastal areas. There are also differences in the usage of coastal areas considering the effect of the geomorphological diversities in the coasts of The Gulf of Izmit and other natural geographical factors. Due to the fact that the study field is also an area of industry, trade, settlement and transportation, there is an extensive use of the coastal areas of The Gulf of Izmit. In the coasts of The Gulf of Izmit, 25 different uses of coasts have been found. On the other hand, the types of the usage of the coastal areas differ in terms of area, locations, rate and number of types in north, east and south coasts of The Gulf of Izmit.

RANGKUMAN
Kepulauan Hinako merupakan salah satu lokasi COREMAP di Kabupaten Nias Barat yang mendapat bantuan pendanaan dari Asian Development Bank (ADB). COREMAP bertujuan menciptakan pengelolaan ekosistem terumbu karang agar sumber daya laut ini dapat direhabilitasi, diproteksi dan dikelola secara berkesinambungan yang pada gilirannya dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan mengurangi kemiskinan. Keberhasilan COREMAP dapat dikaji dari berbagai aspek, diantaranya dari aspek biofisik dan sosial-ekonomi. Dari aspek biofisik diharapkan akan tercapai peningkatan tutupan karang paling tidak 2 persen per tahun, sedangkan tujuan dari aspek sosial ekonomi diharapkan terjadi peningkatan per- kapita sebesar 2 persen per tahun.
Untuk memantau sampai seberapa jauh program telah dilaksanakan dan bagaimana dampaknya terhadap peningkatan taraf hidup masyarakat, khususnya tingkat pendapatan dilakukan kajian BME (Benefit Monitoring Evalution) sosial- ekonomi yang dilakukan pada tengah dan akhir program. Survei BME sosial-ekonomi dilakukan untuk mengumpulkan data berkaitan dengan kondisi sosial-ekonomi masyarakat, terutama pendapatan masyarakat dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi. Data dan informasi tentang pendapatan masyarakat dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dari hasil BME kemudian dibandingkan dengan data pendapatan yang telah dikumpulkan pada baseline studi sosial-ekonomi. Dampak COREMAP terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat dapat dipantau dari hasil perbandingan antara data pendapatan masyarakat hasil baseline (T0) yang dilakukan pada awal program dan data pendapatan dari BME yang dilakukan pada tengah dan akhir program (T1).
Sebelum terjadi pemekaran, pengelolaan COREMAP ada di Dinas Kelauatan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Nias. Pelaksanaan COREMAP di Kabupaten Nias yang telah berjalan kurang lebih 4,5 tahun secara umum belum menampakkan hasil yang optimal. Berbagai kegiatan pada masing-masing komponen seperti public awareness, edukasi, pengelolaan berbasis masyarakat dan pengawasan yang telah dilaksanakan menemui berbagai kendala dalam implementasinya yang berakibat pada kurang berhasilnya program.
Berbeda dengan kegiatan di tingkat kabupaten yang sudah cukup beragam, kegiatan di tingkat lokasi, khususnya di Kepulauan Hinako masih minim. Sampai dengan kajiain ini dilakukan (bulan Mei 2009) pelaksanaan kegiatan pengelolaan berbasis masyarakat yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat berupa penyaluran dana bergulir belum dilaksanakan. Sedangkan kegiatan COREMAP yang sudah dilakukan diantaranya pembentukan LPSTK dan pemberian dana untuk pembuatan demplot rumput laut dan kegiatan pengawasan. Karena minimnya monitoring, kegiatan pembuatan demplot mengalami kegagalan. Demikian pula kegiatan pengawasan, tidak dapat berjalan sesuai yang direncanakan. Sementara itu, LPSTK, sebagai pengelola COREMAP di tingkat lokasi, secara umum juga mengalami ‘kefakuman” kegiatan. Pengurusnya tidak pernah melakukan pertemuan dan melakukan kegiatan. Selain itu, pengurus juga tidak mendapat bimbingan ataupun dilibatkan dalam berbagai pelatihan seperti pengurus LPSTK di desa-desa lain di Kabupaten Nias.
Keterlambatan pelaksanaan kegiatan di tingkat lokasi ini terkait dengan permasalahan dan kendala yang dihadapi oleh Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Nias sebagai pengelola di tingkat kabupaten. Berbagai permasalahan yang dihadapi diantaranya adalah kurangnya monitoring dan pendampingan baik yang semestinya dilakukan oleh pengelola di tingkat kabupaten maupun oleh LSM yang ditunjuk sebagai pendamping. Selain itu, kefakuman pengelolaan pada saat terjadi pemekaran wilayah kabupaten, menjadi penghambat pelaksanaan berbagai kegiatan di tingkat lokasi.
Setelah terjadi pemekaran, pengelolaan COREMAP diambil-alih oleh Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Tingkat Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Sama dengan permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh pengelola di tingkat kabupaten, pengelola di tingkat provinsi juga menemuai hambatan dalam pengelolaan program, khususnya terkait dengan kegiatan monitoring. Jarak yang cukup jauh, transportasi yang terbatas serta kendala cuaca menjadi penghambat pelaksanaan monitoring di Kepulaan Hinako.
Hasil BME menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat. Pendapatan rumah tangga di Kepualuan Hinako naik dari Rp 366.270 pada tahun 2007 menjadi Rp 487.300 pada tahun 2009. Sedangkan pendapatan per-kapita penduduk pada tahun 2007 sebesar Rp 97.300 naik menjadi Rp 130.170 pada tahun 2009. Pendapatan rumah tangga dari kegiatan kenelayanan juga mengalami peningkatan dari Rp 330.600 menjadi Rp 789.800. Kenaikan pendapatan ini lebih dikarenakan oleh ketersediaan sumber daya alam dan bagaimana cara masyarakat mengolah dan menggunakannya untuk memperoleh penghasilan melalui usaha pertanian dan perikanan tangkap. Hal ini dikarenakan intervensi yang sifatnya memberdayakan perekenomian masyarakat melalui penyaluran dana bergulir (yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dan non — pemerintah) belum banyak dilaksanakan di wilayah ini. Selain itu, sumber pendapatan dari sektor lainnya (perdagangan dan jasa) di Kepulauan Hinako belum berkembang.
Pengaruh program dan kegiatan COREMAP terhadap peningkatan pendapatan rumah tangga belum ada. Hal ini terkait dengan belum terlaksananya kegiatan mata pencaharian alternatif melalui penyaluran dana bergulir kepada masyarakat. Kegiatan COREMAP lainnya yang diharapkan secara tidak langsung berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan masyarakat, seperti pembangunan fasilitas desa (villae grant) juga belum dilaksanakan.