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An image from “That Dragon, Cancer,” a video game that mixes animation and magical realism to tell the story of a family’s profound loss. Credit Numinous Games

The “extra life” was a fixture of early video games, a reward for skilled players that was imbued with the language of reincarnation. Players would not say they earned additional time to play, or a bonus turn, upon reaching a certain score. They were bestowed an extra life, a new chance at existence.

Death is not so frivolous in “That Dragon, Cancer,” a video game about Joel Green, a terminally ill 5-year-old, and his parents, Ryan and Amy. It is a game about a single life — one that ends and then is gone forever.

The Greens, who live in Colorado, spent the past three years making the game with a small team of artists and designers. Ryan Green, who is a programmer, quit his job to work on the project. It is based on their own lives and that of Joel, who died while the game was in development.

“That Dragon, Cancer” is not the first memoir to arrive in the form of a video game, but it is probably the most ambitious.

“I feel like ‘That Dragon, Cancer’ is one of those breakthrough moments,” said John Sharp, a professor of games at the New School and the author of “Works of Game,” a book about the intersection of games and art. “I think we may look back at this game and see this as a touch point, a moment of rethinking what people can do with interactivity.”

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A trailer for That Dragon, Cancer, about Joel Green and his parents, Ryan and Amy. Numinous Games

“That Dragon, Cancer” mixes animation and magical realism to convey the Greens’ emotional state during Joel’s illness. There is one dragon, but much of the game consists of re-enactments of mundanities like phone messages and hospital visits. Water fills a room as a doctor says there are no more treatments for Joel’s cancer.

The game also uses documentary audio — taken from home movies as well as from “Thank You for Playing,” a film about the Greens that had its premiere last year at the Tribeca Film Festival. Players hear Joel’s laughter, and they listen to the prayers that his parents, who are Christians, shouted on the last night of Joel’s life.

The interactions offered to the players of “That Dragon, Cancer” are relatively limited. Players mostly click to decide which part of a vignette — feeding ducks at a pond or escorting Joel through a playground — will unfold, and when to move on to the next part of the Greens’ story.

The restricted controls are intentional. A go-kart race through a hospital frustrated some critics, Mr. Green said, because the unwavering speed of the go-kart is dictated by the game. “That’s the point,” he said. “All you can do is steer, hopefully.”

Withholding some control from the player was an attempt to convey feelings of helplessness and despair. “One of the great strengths of video games is that automatically a player goes into a game expecting to have some agency,” Mrs. Green said. “And it felt like the perfect way to talk about cancer, because all a parent wants is to have some agency.”

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Ryan and Amy Green.

Mr. Sharp, the New School professor, pointed to “The Marriage,” a 2006 game by Rod Humble, as a forerunner of the video game memoir. Yet “The Marriage” is an abstract, minimalist experience in which the ebb and flow of geometric shapes stand in for Mr. Humble’s relationship with his wife.

A closer antecedent may be Jason Rohrer’s “Gravitation,” released in 2008. The pixel art in “Gravitation” is playfully retro, but the representation is real. The player controls an avatar meant to resemble Mr. Rohrer, who can play catch with his son or — during bouts of creative mania — abandon him.

“Instead of just showing a character grappling with a difficult situation and seeing the choices a character makes, you can give the player a difficult situation and let them grapple with it themselves,” Mr. Rohrer said of his game, which takes eight minutes to complete. It will be included in an exhibition of Mr. Rohrer’s work that opens this month at the Davis Museum at Wellesley College in Massachusetts.

Mr. Rohrer and Mr. Sharp each mentioned “dys4ia,” a 2012 web browser game, as a landmark among video game memoirs. It is by Anna Anthropy and is about her decision to begin taking estrogen for hormone replacement therapy.

Like “That Dragon, Cancer” — and unlike “The Marriage” and “Gravitation” — “dys4ia” feels like an interactive diary by its designer rather than a gamelike metaphor. It uses familiar tropes from video games, like shooting targets, negotiating mazes and moving blocks, to express Ms. Anthropy’s state of mind.

More video game memoirs have come since, including Nina Freeman’s “Freshman Year,” about sexual harassment at a college bar, and a flood of interactive fiction written using the software Twine.

Other games may allude to, or allegorize, the designer’s life story. “The Legend of Zelda,” the 1986 Nintendo game, is said to have been inspired by Shigeru Miyamoto’s youthful exploration of a cave northwest of Kyoto, Japan. “Adr1ft,” which will be released next month for the Oculus Rift, Facebook’s virtual-reality headset, is an outer-space adventure inspired by its designer’s public shaming on Twitter. Unlike these games, a true video game memoir presents itself as nonfiction, even when it departs from the literal.

Four years after the release of “dys4ia,” Ms. Anthropy said she feels that it has been interpreted simplistically as an “empathy game” that can give players the momentary sensation of what it’s like to be a transgender woman.

“I’m wary of positioning these games as educational tools, instead of just as games that are working within this form to communicate something,” she said. “This idea that they have a purpose, they have a message and there’s a takeaway, some neat little idea that you can walk away with, seems reductionist.”

Mr. Sharp of the New School compared the cultural status of games in the early 21st century to that of painting during the Italian Renaissance, when it began to shift from being a functional tool to a purely aesthetic form.

“It took hundreds of years to make this transition for painting,” he said. “So, looking at it through my art-historian goggles, it’s not really a surprise that there are folks who are outside the epicenter of the games community who make the assumption that if games aren’t escapist, they must be educational or therapeutic.”

Outsiders are not the only skeptics. Many of the most devoted video game players have resisted the expansion of the medium into new forms like memoir, said Vander Caballero, the designer of “Papo & Yo,” a 2012 PlayStation game about his relationship with his alcoholic father.

In “Papo & Yo,” Mr. Caballero’s father is represented as a monster who becomes violent when he eats frogs. Rather than defeating or curing the monster, players learn to live without him.

“We have proved that we can tell these stories through game design,” Mr. Caballero said. “But we haven’t proved that you can be profitable.”

Despite all the attention paid to “That Dragon, Cancer” — podcasts, magazine articles, a documentary film, millions of YouTube views of people playing it — the game’s sales in its first month have been modest, the Greens said.

About 10,000 people have bought it, according to the website SteamSpy. That’s a nice number for a work of creative nonfiction that arrives inside a dust jacket, but not for a three-year software project with eight people working on it.

“Gravitation,” which is free, has been downloaded nearly 80,000 times since 2008, Mr. Rohrer said. The page that hosted Ms. Anthropy’s “dys4ia” when it was free has been viewed more than 600,000 times. Since she started asking $5 for it a little more than a year ago, more than 500 people have bought it.

By comparison, almost four million people own “Grand Theft Auto V” on Steam, the primary digital storefront for PC games, according to SteamSpy.

“I always tell people, ‘You know those indie, artsy films that Ryan likes and no one else likes?’” Mrs. Green said. “‘There are video games like that.’”