Preoptic area
| Preoptic area | |
|---|---|
Preoptic area is 'PO', at left, in blue.
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| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | Area praeoptica |
| MeSH | A08.186.211.730.385.357.342.450 |
| NeuroNames | hier-360 |
| NeuroLex ID | Preoptic Area |
| Dorlands /Elsevier |
n_11/12582622 |
| TA | A14.1.08.407 |
| FMA | 62313 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy | |
The preoptic area (also called POA) is a region of the hypothalamus. According to the MeSH classification, it is considered part of the anterior hypothalamus. There are four nuclei in this region, according to Terminologia Anatomica (medial, median, lateral, and periventricular).
Contents
Functions[edit]
The preoptic area is responsible for thermoregulation and receives nervous stimulation from thermoreceptors in the skin, mucous membranes, and hypothalamus itself.[1]
This area propagates stimuli to either the heat-losing or the heat-promoting centers of the hypothalamus.
Nuclei[edit]
Median preoptic nucleus[edit]
The median preoptic nucleus is located along the midline in a position significantly dorsal to the other 3 preoptic nuclei, at least in the macaca fascicularis brain. It wraps around the top (dorsal), front, and bottom (ventral) surfaces of the anterior commissure.
The median preoptic nucleus generates thirst. Drinking decreases noradrenaline release in the median preoptic nucleus.[2]
Medial preoptic nucleus[edit]
The medial preoptic nucleus is bounded laterally by the lateral preoptic nucleus, and medially by the preoptic periventricular nucleus. It releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), controls copulation in males, and is larger in males than in females.
Parental Behavior[edit]
The medial preoptic area (mPOA) has been implicated in parental care in both males and females. In rats, oxytocin and vasopressin are associated with maintaining maternal care through local release in the mPOA and the adjacent bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Oxytocin and vasopressin V1a receptor binding are increased in both the mPOA and the BNST in lactating rats when compared to controls. [3] The mPOA also has a high density of estradiol receptors that, when activated, can cause a male rat to show maternal-type behaviors. [4] Additionally, the mPOA is critical for the onset and expression of parental behavior, as evidenced by increases in the immediate early gene c-fos, in experienced rat mothers or fathers when compared to controls. Also in fathers, studies have shown that when they receive ultrasonic or pheromone cues from their mates, their c-fos expression in the mPOA further increased, suggestive that rat paternal behavior is mediated through the mPOA but activated by direct interactions with a mate. [5] Large lesions of the mPOA disrupt the onset of maternal behavior, nest-building, and pup retrieval, with the lateral projections being especially critical. [6]
Sexual Behavior[edit]
The mPOA is sexually dimorphic, that is, it differs in function between males and females. In females, studies have examined the influence of the mPOA on precopulatory and appetitive behaviors. Precopulatory behaviors involve several brain areas, including the mPOA as well as the medial amygdala (MA) and BNST. Studies using female Syrian hamsters have shown that the mPOA is important for sexual odor preference. While control females will investigate male odors more than female odors, those with bilateral lesions to the mPOA (MPOA-X) will show no difference in odor preference, but vaginal scent marking and lordosis remained unaffected. [7] Appetitive behaviors of female rats – including hops, darts, and solicitations – have been linked to dopamine (DA) transmission in the mPOA. Since ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) enhances DA transmission in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways, it has been shown that infusions of ascorbic acid into the mPOA increases appetitive behaviors compared to controls. [8]
In male rats, the mPOA affects the consummatory phase of sexual behavior, but not motivation, with lesions causing a complete loss of copulatory behaviors. [9] Conversely, electrical stimulation of this area triggers male copulatory behavior, as measured by decreases in the latency to ejaculate. [10] Furthermore, testosterone implanted into the mPOA of castrated males completely restores mating, as long as aromatase is not inhibited. [11]
Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus[edit]
The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, or intermediate nucleus, is adjacent to the medial preoptic nucleus. It also mediates non-REM sleep onset.
Preoptic periventricular nucleus[edit]
The preoptic periventricular nucleus is located along the midline and is medial to the medial preoptic nucleus.
Aging[edit]
Studies in female mice have shown that estrogen receptor-alpha declines in the pre-optic hypothalamus as they grow old. The female mice that were given a calorie-restricted diet during the majority of their lives, maintained higher levels of ERα in the pre-optic hypothalamus than their non-calorie-restricted counterparts.[12]
References[edit]
- ^ Martin, John Harry (2003). Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas. McGraw-Hill Professional.
- ^ Drinking decreases the noradrenaline release in the median preoptic area caused by hypovolemia in the rat Hiroko Miyakubo, Kazuo Yamamoto, Satoko Hatakenaka, Yasushi Hayashi and Junichi Tanaka
- ^ Bosch, O.J., Pförtsch, J., Beiderbeck, D. I., Neumann, I. D., and Landgraf, R. (2010). "Maternal behaviour is associated with vasopressin release in the medial preoptic area and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the rat". Journal of Neuroendocrinology 22 (5): 420–429. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.01984.x. PMID 20163514.
- ^ Rosenblatt, J. S., and Ceus, K. (1998). "Estrogen implants in the medial preoptic area stimulate maternal behavior in male rats". Hormones and Behavior 33 (1): 23–30. doi:10.1006/hbeh.1997.1430. PMID 9571010.
- ^ Zhong, J., Liang, M., Akther, S., Higashida, C., Tsuji, T., and Higashida, H. (2014). "c-Fos expression in the paternal mouse brain induced by communicative interaction with maternal mates". Molecular Brain 7 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1186/s13041-014-0066-x. PMID 25208928.
- ^ Numan, M. (1988). "Neural basis of maternal behavior in the rat". Psychoneuroendocrinology 13 (1-2): 47–62. doi:10.1016/0306-4530(88)90006-6. PMID 2897700.
- ^ Martinez, L. A., and Petrulis, A. (2013). "The medial preoptic area is necessary for sexual odor preference, but not sexual solicitation, in female Syrian hamsters". Hormones and Behavior 63 (1). doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.02.003. PMID 23415835.
- ^ Graham, M. D., and Pfaus, J. G. (2013). "Infusions of ascorbic acid into the medial preoptic area facilitate appetitive sexual behavior in the female rat". Physiology and Behavior 122 (1): 140–146. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.09.008. PMID 24064109.
- ^ Paredes, R. G. (2003). "Medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus and sexual motivation". Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 44 (3): 203–212. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00337. PMID 12914583.
- ^ Malsbury, C. W. (1971). "Facilitation of male rat copulatory behavior by electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area". Physiology and Behavior 7 (6): 797–805. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(71)90042-4. PMID 5134017.
- ^ Christensen, L. W., and Clemens, L. G. (1975). "Blockade of testosterone-induced mounting behavior in the male rat with intracranial application of the aromatization inhibitor, androst-1,4,6,-triend-3,17-dione". Endocrinology 97 (6): 1545–51. doi:10.1210/endo-97-6-1545. PMID 1204576.
- ^ Yaghmaie F, Saeed O, Garan SA, Freitag W, Timiras PS, Sternberg H. (2005). "Caloric restriction reduces cell loss and maintains estrogen receptor-alpha immunoreactivity in the pre-optic hypothalamus of female B6D2F1 mice.". Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 26 (3): 197–203. PMID 15990721.
See also[edit]
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