1.
Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
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The Royal Victorian Order is a dynastic order of knighthood established in 1896 by Queen Victoria. It recognises distinguished personal service to the monarch of the Commonwealth realms, members of the monarchs family, the present monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is the Sovereign of the order, its motto is Victoria, and its official day is 20 June. The orders chapel is the Savoy Chapel in London, the organisation was founded a year preceding Victorias Diamond Jubilee, so as to give the Queen time to complete a list of first inductees. The orders official day was made 20 June of each year, in 1902, King Edward VII created the Royal Victorian Chain as a personal decoration for royal personages and a few eminent British subjects and it was the highest class of the Royal Victorian Order. It is today distinct from the order, though it is issued by the chancery of the Royal Victorian Order. The order was open to foreigners from its inception, the Prefect of Alpes-Maritimes, Queen Elizabeth II then appointed her daughter, Anne, Princess Royal, to the position in 2007. Foreigners may be admitted as members, there are no limits to the number of any grade. Retiring Deans of the Royal Peculiars of St, prior to 1984, the grades of Lieutenant and Member were classified as Members and Members, respectively, but both with the post-nominals MVO. On 31 December of that year, Queen Elizabeth II declared that those in the grade of Member would henceforth be Lieutenants with the post-nominals LVO. Upon admission into the Royal Victorian Order, members are given various insignia of the organisation, each grade being represented by different emblems and robes. For Knights and Dames Grand Cross, Commanders, and Lieutenants, the orders ribbon is blue with red-white-red stripe edging, the only difference being that for foreigners appointed into the society, their ribbon bearing an additional central white stripe. For Knights Grand Cross, the ribbon is 82.5 millimetres wide, for Dames Grand Cross 57.1 millimetres, for Knights and Dames Commander 44.4 millimetres, and for all other members 31.7 millimetres. Though after the death of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross their insignia may be retained by their family, the collar must be returned. Knights and Dames Grand Cross also wear a mantle of blue satin edged with red satin and lined with white satin. Since 1938, the chapel of the Royal Victorian Order has been the Queens Chapel of the Savoy, in central London, upon the occupants death, the plate is retained, leaving the stalls festooned with a record of the orders Knights and Dames Grand Cross since 1938. There is insufficient space in the chapel for the display of knights and dames banners, founded by Michael Jackson, the group has, since 2008, gathered biennially. The practice of notifying the Prime Minister of Canada of nominees ended in 1982, in Canada, the order has come to be colloquially dubbed as the Royal Visit Order, as the majority of appointments are made by the sovereign during her tours of the country. Persons have been removed from the order at the monarchs command, anthony Blunt, a former surveyor of the Queens Pictures, was in 1979 stripped of his knighthood, after it was revealed that he had been a spy
Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
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Royal Victorian Order
Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
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Queen Victoria pictured at age 81, four years after she founded the Royal Victorian Order
Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
2.
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
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The Queen in March 2015
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
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Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
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Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by Philip de László, 1933
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
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Elizabeth in Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
3.
Kensington
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Kensington is an affluent district within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in West London. Its commercial heart is Kensington High Street, the affluent and densely populated area contains the major museum district of South Kensington, which has the Royal Albert Hall for music and nearby Royal College of Music. The area is home to many of Londons European embassies, the first mention of the area is in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it was written in Latin as Chenesitone, which has been interpreted to have originally been Kenesignetun in Anglo-Saxon. A variation may be Kesyngton, in 1396 and he in turn granted the tenancy of Kensington to his vassal Aubrey de Vere I, who was holding the manor in 1086, according to Domesday Book. The bishops heir, Robert de Mowbray, rebelled against William Rufus, Aubrey de Vere I had his tenure converted to a tenancy in-chief, holding Kensington after 1095 directly of the crown. He granted land and church there to Abingdon Abbey at the deathbed request of his young eldest son, Geoffrey. As the Veres became the earls of Oxford, their estate at Kensington came to be known as Earls Court, while the Abingdon lands were called Abbots Kensington and the church St Mary Abbots. The original Kensington Barracks, built at Kensington Gate in the late 18th century, were demolished in 1858, the focus of the area is Kensington High Street, a busy commercial centre with many shops, typically upmarket. The street was declared Londons second best shopping street in February 2005 thanks to its range, however, since October 2008 the street has faced competition from the Westfield shopping centre in nearby White City. Kensingtons second group of buildings is at South Kensington, where several streets of small to medium-sized shops. This is also the end of Exhibition Road, the thoroughfare that serves the areas museums. To the west, a border is kept along the line of the Counter Creek marked by the West London railway line, in the north east, the large Royal Park of Kensington Gardens is a green buffer. The other main area in Kensington is Holland Park, just north of Kensington High Street. Kensington is, in general, an affluent area, a trait that it now shares with its neighbour to the south. In early 2007, houses sold in Upper Phillimore Gardens for in excess of £20 million, Kensington is also very densely populated, it forms part of the most densely populated local government district in the United Kingdom. This high density is not formed from high-rise buildings, instead, unlike northern extremities of the Borough, Kensington lacks high-rise buildings except for the Holiday Inns London Kensington Forum Hotel in Cromwell Road, which is a 27-storey building. The Olympia exhibition hall is just over the border in West Kensington. Kensington is part of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, the head office of newspaper group DMGT is located in Northcliffe House in Kensington, which is the office part of the large Barkers building
Kensington
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Kensington
Kensington
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A picture of Kensington taken by scientist Sir Norman Lockyer in 1909 from a helium balloon. (This is a mirrored image of Kensington)
Kensington
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Kensington Gardens in the summer
Kensington
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Northcliffe House, head office of the Daily Mail and General Trust
4.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
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Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace and Central London skyline
London
London
London
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The name London may derive from the River Thames
5.
Eton College
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Eton College /iːtən/ is an English independent boarding school for boys in Eton, Berkshire, near Windsor. It educates more than 1,300 pupils, aged 13 to 18 years and it was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor, making it the 18th oldest Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference school. Eton is one of the seven public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Eton has educated 19 British prime ministers and generations of the aristocracy and has referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The school is headed by a Provost and Fellows, who appoint the Head Master and it contains 25 boys houses, each headed by a housemaster, selected from the more senior members of the teaching staff, which numbers some 155. Almost all of the pupils go on to universities, about a third of them to Oxford or Cambridge. The Head Master is a member of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference, Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron was the 19th British prime minister to have attended the school, about 20% of pupils at Eton receive financial support, through a range of bursaries and scholarships. In early 2014, this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, Eton has been described as the most famous public school in the world, and been referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The Good Schools Guide called the school the number one public school, adding that The teaching. The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group, Eton today is a larger school than it has been for much of its history. In 1678, there were 207 boys, in the late 18th century, there were about 300, while today, the total has risen to over 1,300. Eton College was founded by King Henry VI as a charity school to free education to 70 poor boys who would then go on to Kings College, Cambridge. Henry took Winchester College as his model, visiting on many occasions, borrowing its Statutes and removing its Headmaster, when Henry VI founded the school, he granted it a large number of endowments, including much valuable land. He persuaded the then Pope, Eugene IV, to grant him a privilege unparalleled anywhere in England, the school also came into possession of one of Englands Apocalypse manuscripts. Legend has it that Edwards mistress, Jane Shore, intervened on the schools behalf and she was able to save a good part of the school, although the royal bequest and the number of staff were much reduced. Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Etons first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, as the school suffered reduced income while still under construction, the completion and further development of the school has since depended to some extent on wealthy benefactors
Eton College
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16-17th century coat of arms produced from the masonry of Eton College building.
Eton College
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Eton College
Eton College
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Eton College, Provost's Garden
Eton College
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Statue of the founder Henry VI in School Yard
6.
Balliol College, Oxford
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Balliol College /ˈbeɪliəl/, founded in 1263, is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Among the colleges alumni are three former ministers, five Nobel laureates, and numerous literary and philosophical figures, including Adam Smith, Gerard Manley Hopkins. In 2012 Balliol had an endowment of £62. 5m, Balliol College was founded in about 1263 by John I de Balliol under the guidance of the Bishop of Durham. Under a statute of 1881, New Inn Hall was merged into Balliol College in 1887, Balliol acquired New Inn Halls admissions and other records for 1831–1887 as well as the library of New Inn Hall, which largely contained 18th-century law books. Along with many of the ancient colleges, Balliol has evolved its own traditions and customs over the centuries, the patron saint of the College is Saint Catherine of Alexandria. On her feast day, a dinner is held for all final year students within Balliol. This festival was established by 1550. Another important feast is the Snell Dinner and this dinner is held in memory of John Snell, whose benefaction established exhibitions for students from the University of Glasgow to study at Balliol one of whom was Adam Smith. The feast is attended by fellows of Balliol College, the current Snell Exhibitioners, by far the most eccentric event is The Nepotists carol-singing event organised by the Colleges Arnold and Brackenbury Society. This event happens on the last Friday of Michaelmas term each year, on this occasion, Balliol students congregate in the college hall to enjoy mulled wine and the singing of carols. The evening historically ended with a rendition of The Gordouli on Broad Street, outside the gates of Trinity College, verses of this form are now known as Balliol rhymes. The best known of these rhymes is the one on Benjamin Jowett and this has been widely quoted and reprinted in virtually every book about Jowett and about Balliol ever since. This and 18 others are attributed to Henry Charles Beeching, the other quatrains are much less well known. For many years, there has been a traditional and fierce rivalry shown between the students of Balliol and those of its neighbour to the east, Trinity College. It has manifested itself on the field and the river, in the form of songs sung over the dividing walls. The rivalry reflects that which exists between Trinity College, Cambridge and Balliols sister college, St Johns College, Cambridge. In college folklore, the rivalry back to the late 17th century. In fact, in its form, the rivalry appears to date from the late 1890s
Balliol College, Oxford
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Colleges and halls of the University of Oxford Balliol College
Balliol College, Oxford
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The front of the college in Broad Street.
Balliol College, Oxford
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Balliol College Garden
Balliol College, Oxford
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The whole of the front of Balliol College as seen from Broad Street, looking west.
7.
Edmond Warre
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Edmond Warre C. B. C. V. O. was an English rower and Head Master of Eton College from 1884 to 1905. Warre was born in London, the son of Henry Warre, of Bindon House, near Wellington. He was educated at Eton, where he was a contemporary of Algernon Charles Swinburne, and then at Balliol College, Oxford. He was an oarsman and at Eton he won the School Pulling for coxed pairs. He rowed for Oxford in the tideway Boat Races of 1857 and 1858 and he also won the Silver Goblets at Henley Royal Regatta in 1857 partnering Arthur Lonsdale. Warre and Lonsdale were runners up in 1858 but Warre won Silver Goblets again in 1859 partnering John Arkell and he also rowed at Henley in the Diamond Challenge Sculls, Ladies Challenge Plate, and Grand Challenge Cup between 1855 and 1859. In 1859 Warre was elected a Fellow of All Souls College, in 1860 he returned to Eton as an assistant master, and in 1884 became Head Master, a position which he retained until 1905. He took much interest in sport at Eton, and the standard of rowing to which the Eton eights attained was due in a large measure to his coaching. He was a chaplain to Queen Victoria, and later occupied the same office in the households of King Edward VII. He was appointed a member of the Royal Victorian Order in 1901, a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1905 Birthday Honours, Warre died at Eton at the age of 82. His son Felix Warre also rowed in the University Boat Race, list of Oxford University Boat Race crews This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Warre, Edmond. The Rowers of Vanity Fair E Warre Works written by or about Edmond Warre at Wikisource
Edmond Warre
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E Warre "The Head" (Vanity Fair caricatures)
8.
University of Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s
University of Cambridge
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Emmanuel College Chapel
University of Cambridge
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University of Cambridge coat of arms
University of Cambridge
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Sir Isaac Newton was a student of the University of Cambridge
University of Cambridge
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Trinity Lane in the snow, with King's College Chapel (centre), Clare College Chapel (right), and the Old Schools (left)
9.
Lord Braybrooke
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Lord Braybrooke, Baron of Braybrooke, in the County of Northampton, is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1788 for John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden, in 1749 Whitwell assumed the surname of Griffin, and the same year he was elected to Parliament for Andover, a seat he held until 1784. Moreover, the barony of Griffin of Braybrooke held by his ancestors had become extinct on the death of his uncle. In 1788 the Braybrooke title was revived when Griffin was created Baron Braybrooke, on Lord Braybrooke and Howard de Waldens death in 1797, the barony of Howard de Walden again fell into abeyance. He was succeeded in the barony of Braybrooke according to the remainder by his kinsman Richard Neville-Aldworth. He also inherited the seat of Audley End in Essex. The same year he succeeded in the barony, Neville-Aldworth assumed by Royal Licence the surname of Griffin for himself, his eldest son and he had previously represented Grampound, Buckingham and Reading in Parliament and later served as Lord Lieutenant of Essex. Lord Braybrooke was the husband of Catherine Grenville, daughter of the former Prime Minister George Grenville and their eldest son, the third Baron, sat in the House of Commons as a representative for Thirsk, Saltash, Buckingham and Berkshire. Latimer Neville, 6th Baron Braybrooke was Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge for over 50 years from 1853-1904, but described as a good but dull man lacking intellectual powers. Lieutenant Richard, 8th Baron Braybroke, Grenadier Guards, was killed on active service in Tunisia on 23 January 1943, as of 2010 the title is held by the third Barons great-great-grandson, the tenth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1990. He notably served as Lord Lieutenant of Essex from 1992 to 2000, Lord Braybrooke was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Essex in July 2000. Lord Braybrooke has seven daughters but no sons, consequently, the heir presumptive to the peerage is his fifth cousin Richard Ralph Neville. He is a great-great-great-grandson of George Neville-Grenville, Dean of Windsor, the family seat of Billingbear House burnt down in 1924. Audley End was sold to the Ministry of Works in 1948, Lord Braybrooke remains the Hereditary Visitor of Magdalene College, Cambridge. He is a great-great-great-great-grandson of the 2nd Baron Braybrooke, Baron Howard de Walden Earl of Suffolk George Neville-Grenville, Dean of Windsor Ralph Neville-Grenville, Conservative MP Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David. New York, St Martins Press,1990, Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages
Lord Braybrooke
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Audley End House, the seat of the Barons Braybrooke
10.
Accolade
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The accolade was the central act in the rite of passage ceremonies conferring knighthood in the Middle Ages. From about 1852, the accolade was used much more generally to mean praise or award or honor. Accolade was first used in 1611 and is French, from the Occitan acolada and this, in turn, came from the Latin ad + collum and in Occitan originally meant embrace. Accolade is akin to dubbing or to dub since the tap on the shoulder with the sword is accepted to be the point at which the title is awarded, the accolade is a ceremony to confer knighthood. It may take many forms, including the tapping of the side of a sword on the shoulders of a candidate or an embrace about the neck. In the first example, the knight-elect kneels in front of the monarch on a knighting-stool, first, the monarch lays the side of the swords blade onto the accolades right shoulder. The monarch then raises the sword gently just up over the apprentices head, the new knight then stands up, and the king or queen presents him with the insignia of his new order. Contrary to popular belief, the phrase Arise, Sir. is not used, there is some disagreement among historians on the actual ceremony and in what time period certain methods could have been used. It could have been an embrace or a blow on the neck or cheek. Gregory of Tours wrote that the kings of France, in conferring the gilt shoulder-belt. In knighting his son Henry, with the ceremony of the accolade, the blow, or colée, when first utilized was given with a bare fist, a stout box on the ear. This was later substituted for by a stroke with the flat part of the sword against the side of the neck. This then developed into the custom of tapping on either the right or left shoulder, or both, which is still the tradition in Great Britain today. An early Germanic coming-of-age ceremony, of presenting a youth with a weapon that was buckled on him, was elaborated in the 10th and 11th centuries as a sign that the minor had come of age. Initially this was a rite often performed on the battlefield. A panel in the Bayeux Tapestry shows the knighting of Harold by William of Normandy, some words that might be spoken at that moment were Advances Chevalier au nom de Dieu. In medieval France, early ceremonies of the adoubement were purely secular, around 1200, these ceremonies began to include elements of Christian ritual. The process of becoming a knight generally included these stages, Page — A child started training at about the age of seven or eight, learning obedience, manners, squire — At twelve to fourteen the young man would observe and help other knights
Accolade
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The Accolade (1901), by Edmund Leighton
Accolade
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King John II of France in a ceremony of "adoubement", early 15th century miniature
Accolade
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King George VI knights General Sir Oliver Leese in the field, 1944.
11.
George VI of the United Kingdom
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George VI was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth, known as Albert until his accession, George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria, and was named after his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort. As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his life in the shadow of his elder brother. He attended naval college as a teenager, and served in the Royal Navy, in 1920, he was made Duke of York. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923 and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret, in the mid-1920s, he had speech therapy for a stammer, which he never fully overcame. Georges elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII upon the death of their father in 1936, however, later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman, Edward abdicated in order to marry, and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor. During Georges reign, the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated, the parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the countrys constitution on the day of his accession. The following year, a new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland, from 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth – except Ireland – was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively, though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained king of countries, but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by problems in the later years of his reign. He was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Elizabeth II, George was born at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. His father was Prince George, Duke of York, the second and eldest-surviving son of the Prince and his mother was the Duchess of York, the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck. His birthday was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Albert, uncertain of how the Prince Consorts widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been rather distressed. Two days later, he again, I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her. Consequently, he was baptised Albert Frederick Arthur George at St. Mary Magdalenes Church near Sandringham three months later, within the family, he was known informally as Bertie
George VI of the United Kingdom
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Formal portrait, c. 1940–46
George VI of the United Kingdom
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Four kings: Edward VII (far right), his son George, Prince of Wales, later George V (far left), and grandsons Edward, later Edward VIII (rear), and Albert, later George VI (foreground), c. 1908
George VI of the United Kingdom
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Prince Albert (left) at an RAF dinner in 1919 with Sir Hugh Trenchard (centre) and Christopher Courtney (right)
George VI of the United Kingdom
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The Duke and Duchess (centre, reading programmes) at Eagle Farm Racecourse, Brisbane, 1927
12.
Eton College Chapel
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Eton College Chapel is the main chapel of Eton College, an independent school in the United Kingdom. The chapel was planned to be a little over double its actual length, a plaque on a building opposite the west end marks the point to which it should have reached. The Chapel is built in the late Gothic or Perpendicular style, the fan vaulting was installed in the 1950s after the wooden roof became infested with deathwatch beetle. It was completed in three years and is made of concrete, faced with stone, supported by steel trusses, with hand-carved Clipsham stone for the stone ribs supporting each bay. Almost every morning there is a service, attended by different Blocks depending on the day. These last no more than twenty minutes, there were to be 14 services a day plus prayers that were said. There would also be offered for the Founders parents and after his death for the Founder instead. This last custom reflected the belief in the Middle Ages that prayers said for a persons soul hastened the progress of that soul from Purgatory to Paradise. For around forty years before the chapel was completed, services were held in the parish church, in the 1460s the annual influx of pilgrims died out, and the large establishment of clergy was permanently reduced in size. A second chapel, Lower Chapel, was built in 1890 to accommodate the number of boys at the school. The chapel choir is made up of boys from the school, up to 75% of the choir are former members of various cathedral and collegiate choirs, and many have been admitted under the schools Music Scholarship scheme. Many continue their careers as choral scholars at Oxford or Cambridge. Formerly there was a choir whose trebles attended the Choir School. The choir sings at three or four services a week, recent cuts in the services mean that the choir only sings on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. There are a number of services that are optional. The audio reinforcement system in the chapel, installed by DRV Integration, was the winner of the AV Magazine audio project of the award in 2003. The wall paintings in the chapel are considered to be the most remarkable work of art in the College and they are the work of at least four master painters, including William Baker, who took eight years to complete them. In the Flemish style, they adorn the sides of the chapel, on the north side the paintings depict the Virgin Mary, while those on the South side tell a popular medieval story about a mythical empress
Eton College Chapel
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Eton College Chapel, seen from Windsor Castle
Eton College Chapel
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The interior of Eton College Chapel.
Eton College Chapel
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The church yard next to the chapel.
13.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and he approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine, owned by Smith, to become editor. Stephen persuaded Smith that the work should focus on subjects from the UK and its present, an early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the name of an earlier eighteenth-century reference work. The first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885, in May 1891 Leslie Stephen resigned and Sidney Lee, Stephens assistant editor from the beginning of the project, succeeded him as editor. While much of the dictionary was written in-house, the DNB also relied on external contributors, by 1900, more than 700 individuals had contributed to the work. Successive volumes appeared quarterly with complete punctuality until midsummer 1900, when the series closed with volume 63, the year of publication, the editor and the range of names in each volume is given below. The supplements brought the work up to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co. to Oxford University Press in 1917, until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century. The supplements published between 1912 and 1996 added about 6,000 lives of people who died in the century to the 29,120 in the 63 volumes of the original DNB. In 1993 a volume containing missing biographies was published and this had an additional 1,000 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions. Consequently, the dictionary was becoming less and less useful as a reference work, in 1966, the University of London published a volume of corrections, cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. There were various versions of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography, the last edition, in three volumes, covered everyone who died before 1986. In the early 1990s Oxford University Press committed itself to overhauling the DNB, the new dictionary would cover British history, broadly defined, up to 31 December 2000. The research project was conceived as a one, with in-house staff co-ordinating the work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. Following Matthews death in October 1999, he was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Professor Brian Harrison, in January 2000. The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7500, most UK holders of a current library card can access it online free of charge. In subsequent years, the print edition has been able to be obtained new for a lower price. At publication, the 2004 edition had 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives, a small permanent staff remain in Oxford to update and extend the coverage of the online edition
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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George Murray Smith conceived of the DNB, subsidised it, and saw it finally into print before he died in 1901.
14.
The London Gazette
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The London Gazette claims to be the oldest surviving English newspaper and the oldest continuously published newspaper in the UK, having been first published on 7 November 1665 as The Oxford Gazette. This claim is made by the Stamford Mercury and Berrows Worcester Journal. It does not have a large circulation, in turn, The London Gazette carries not only notices of UK-wide interest, but also those relating specifically to entities or people in England and Wales. However, certain notices that are only of specific interest to Scotland or Northern Ireland are also required to be published in The London Gazette, the London, Edinburgh and Belfast Gazettes are published by TSO on behalf of Her Majestys Stationery Office. They are subject to Crown Copyright, the London Gazette is published each weekday, except for Bank Holidays. The official Gazettes are published by The Stationery Office, the content, apart from insolvency notices, is available in a number of machine-readable formats, including XML and XML/RDFa via Atom feed. The London Gazette was first published as The Oxford Gazette on 7 November 1665. Charles II and the Royal Court had moved to Oxford to escape the Great Plague of London, the Gazette was Published by Authority by Henry Muddiman, and its first publication is noted by Samuel Pepys in his diary. The King returned to London as the plague dissipated, and the Gazette moved too, the Gazette was not a newspaper in the modern sense, it was sent by post to subscribers, not printed for sale to the general public. Her Majestys Stationery Office took over the publication of the Gazette in 1889, publication of the Gazette was transferred to the private sector, under government supervision, in the 1990s, when HMSO was sold and renamed The Stationery Office. In time of war, dispatches from the conflicts are published in The London Gazette. People referred to are said to have mentioned in dispatches. When members of the forces are promoted, and these promotions are published here. Man tally-ho, Miss piano, Wife silk and satin, Boy Greek and Latin, the phrase gazetted fortune hunter is also probably derived from this. Notices of engagement and marriage were also published in the Gazette. Gazettes, modelled on The London Gazette, were issued for most British colonial possessions
The London Gazette
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The London Gazette, dated 14–17 May 1705 detailing the return of John Leake from Gibraltar after the Battle of Cabrita Point.
The London Gazette
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The London Gazette: later reprint of the front page from 3–10 September 1666, reporting on the Great Fire of London.
15.
Hugh Cecil, 1st Baron Quickswood
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Hugh Richard Heathcote Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Baron Quickswood PC, styled Lord Hugh Cecil until 1941, was a British Conservative Party politician. He was the brother of James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury, Lord William Cecil, Lord Cecil of Chelwood and Lord Edward Cecil and he was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford. After his graduation as BA in 1891, Cecil went to work in parliament, from 1891 to 1892 he was Assistant Private Secretary to his father, who was Foreign Secretary. He graduated as MA in 1894, and he entered the Commons as Conservative Member of Parliament for Greenwich in 1895, the ideal to be aimed at in education was the improvement of the national character. This was not the point on which he showed considerable independence of the government of which Balfour. During the early 20th century, Cecil was the leader of the Hughligans. Modelled after Lord Randolph Churchills Fourth Party, the Hughligans included Cecil, F. E. Smith, Arthur Stanley, Ian Malcolm and, until 1904, in 1908, Cecil was the best man at Churchills wedding. Cecil dissented from the beginning from Joseph Chamberlains policy of tariff reform and he took a prominent position among the Free Food Unionists, and consequently was attacked by the tariff reformers and lost his seat at Greenwich in 1906. In 1910 Cecil became an MP for Oxford University, which he represented for the next 27 years and he threw himself immediately with passion into the struggle against the Ministerial Veto Resolutions, comparing the Asquith government to thimble riggers. But he never regained the authority which he had possessed in the House in the early years of the century. In 1916 Cecil was part of the Mesopotamia Commission of Inquiry and he was sworn of the Privy Council on 16 January 1918. Apart from his political career Cecil served as a Lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War, in that capacity, he severely censured, in debate in 1918, the treatment of General Trenchard by the government. Lord Hugh was a committed Anglican, and a member of House of Laity in the Church Assembly from 1919 and he was awarded a Doctorate of Civil Law in 1924 by Oxford University. He pleaded for lenient treatment of conscientious objectors, and endeavoured unsuccessfully to relieve them of disability and he left the House of Commons in 1937 because the year before he had been appointed Provost of Eton College, a post he retained until 1944. On 25 January 1941 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Quickswood and he was a Trustee of London Library, an honorary Doctorate of Civil Law, Durham University. He was also honorary Doctor of Laws at University of Edinburgh in 1910, from 1944 he had an honorary association with New College, Oxford for the rest of his life. He died on 10 December 1956, aged 87, at time the barony became extinct. In Political Socialism, a Remonstrance, edited by Mark H. Judge, London, liberty and Authority, London, Edward Arnold,1910
Hugh Cecil, 1st Baron Quickswood
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Lord Hugh Cecil, circa 1914
Hugh Cecil, 1st Baron Quickswood
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" Greenwich ". Cecil as caricatured by Spy (Leslie Ward) in Vanity Fair, October 1900.
16.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012