1.
Queen Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
Queen Elizabeth II
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The Queen in March 2015
Queen Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Queen Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by Philip de László, 1933
Queen Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth in Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
2.
Photography
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Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. A negative image on film is used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print. The word photography was created from the Greek roots φωτός, genitive of φῶς, light and γραφή representation by means of lines or drawing, several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Johann von Maedler, a Berlin astronomer, is credited in a 1932 German history of photography as having used it in an article published on 25 February 1839 in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung. Both of these claims are now widely reported but apparently neither has ever been confirmed as beyond reasonable doubt. Credit has traditionally given to Sir John Herschel both for coining the word and for introducing it to the public. Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, later Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid also independently described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Daniele Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1566, wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, the discovery of the camera obscura that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscura that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley, a hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. So the birth of photography was primarily concerned with inventing means to capture, renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. The camera obscura literally means dark chamber in Latin and it is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through and create an image onto the piece of paper. Around the year 1800, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance and he used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate. The shadow images eventually darkened all over, the first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. Niépce was successful again in 1825, in 1826 or 1827, he made the View from the Window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature. Because Niépces camera photographs required a long exposure, he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy, Daguerres efforts culminated in what would later be named the daguerreotype process
Photography
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Lens and mounting of a large-format camera
Photography
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A camera obscura used for drawing images
Photography
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Earliest known surviving heliographic engraving, 1825, printed from a metal plate made by Nicéphore Niépce. The plate was exposed under an ordinary engraving and copied it by photographic means. This was a step towards the first permanent photograph taken with a camera.
Photography
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World's earliest surviving camera photograph, 1826 or 1827: View from the Window at Le Gras
3.
Dogs
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The domestic dog is a member of genus Canis that forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, the dog was the first domesticated species and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be attuned to human behavior. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colours, dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on society has given them the sobriquet mans best friend. The term domestic dog is used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, the term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce. The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga frog, picga pig, stagga stag, wicga beetle, worm, the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary. In 14th-century England, hound was the word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound. It is believed this dog type was so common, it became the prototype of the category hound. By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, the word hound is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon-, dog. This semantic shift may be compared with in German, where the corresponding words Dogge, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam, the process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp, the modern English word whelp is an alternate term for puppy. A litter refers to the offspring at one birth which are called puppies or pups from the French poupée, doll. The term dog typically is applied both to the species as a whole, and any male member of the same. An adult female is a bitch, in some countries, especially in North America, dog is used instead due to the vulgar connotation of bitch. An adult male capable of reproduction is a stud, an adult female capable of reproduction is a brood bitch, or brood mother. Immature males or females are pups or puppies, a group of pups from the same gestation period is a litter
Dogs
Dogs
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Lateral view of skeleton.
Dogs
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A heavy winter coat with countershading in a mixed-breed dog
Dogs
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A mixed-breed terrier. Mixed-breed dogs have been found to run faster and live longer than their pure-bred parents (See heterosis)
4.
Michael Ignatieff
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Michael Grant Ignatieff, PC CM is a Canadian author, academic and former politician. He was the leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and Leader of the Official Opposition from 2008 until 2011, known for his work as a historian, Ignatieff has held senior academic posts at the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard and Toronto. While living in the United Kingdom from 1978 to 2000, Ignatieff became well known as a television and radio broadcaster and his documentary series Blood and Belonging, Journeys into the New Nationalism aired on BBC in 1993, and won a Canadian Gemini Award. His book of the name, based on the series, won the Gordon Montador Award for Best Canadian Book on Social Issues. His memoir, The Russian Album, won Canadas Governor Generals Literary Award and his novel, Scar Tissue, was short-listed for the Booker Prize in 1994. In 2000, he delivered the Massey Lectures, entitled The Rights Revolution, in the 2006 federal election, Ignatieff was elected to the House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for Etobicoke—Lakeshore. That same year, he ran for the leadership of the Liberal Party and he served as the partys deputy leader under Dion. After Dions resignation in the wake of the 2008 election, Ignatieff served as leader from December 2008 until he was elected leader at the partys May 2009 convention. In the 2011 federal election, Ignatieff lost his own seat in the Liberal Partys worst showing in its history, winning only 34 seats, the party placed a distant third behind the Conservatives and NDP, and thus lost its position as the Official Opposition. On May 3,2011, Ignatieff announced that he would resign as leader of the Liberal Party, pending the selection of an interim leader, following his electoral defeat, Ignatieff taught at the University of Toronto. In 2013, he returned to the Harvard Kennedy School part-time, on July 1,2014, he returned to Harvard full-time. In 2016, he left Harvard to become president and rector of the Central European University in Budapest and he continues to publish articles and essays on international affairs as well as Canadian politics. In December 2016, Ignatieff was named a Member of the Order of Canada, Ignatieff was born on May 12,1947 in Toronto, the elder son of Russian-born Canadian Rhodes Scholar and diplomat George Ignatieff, and his Canadian-born wife, Jessie Alison. Ignatieffs family moved abroad regularly in his childhood as his father rose in the diplomatic ranks. George Ignatieff was a diplomat and chief of staff to the prime minister under Lester Bowles Pearson and he also worked for Pearsons leadership campaigns. At the age of 11, Ignatieff was sent back to Toronto to attend Upper Canada College as a boarder in 1959. At UCC, Ignatieff was elected a prefect as Head of Wedds House, was the captain of the varsity soccer team. As well, Ignatieff volunteered for the Liberal Party during the 1965 federal election by canvassing the York South riding and he resumed his work for the Liberal Party in 1968, as a national youth organizer and party delegate for the Pierre Elliott Trudeau party leadership campaign
Michael Ignatieff
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The Honourable Michael Ignatieff PC
Michael Ignatieff
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Ignatieff at the Lakeshore Santa Claus Parade, December 5, 2009
Michael Ignatieff
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Ignatieff with US President Barack Obama in Ottawa on February 19, 2009
5.
Normandy
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Normandy is one of the regions of France, roughly corresponding to the historical Duchy of Normandy. Administratively, Normandy is divided into five departments, Calvados, Eure, Manche, Orne and it covers 30,627 km², forming roughly 5% of the territory of France. Its population of 3.37 million accounts for around 5% of the population of France, Normans is the name given to the inhabitants of Normandy, and the region is the homeland of the Norman language. The historical region of Normandy comprised the region of Normandy, as well as small areas now part of the départements, or departments of Mayenne. For a century and a following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, Normandy and England were linked by Norman. Archaeological finds, such as paintings, prove that humans were present in the region in prehistoric times. Celts invaded Normandy in successive waves from the 4th to the 3rd century BC, when Julius Caesar invaded Gaul, there were nine different Celtic tribes living in Normandy. The Romanisation of Normandy was achieved by the methods, Roman roads. Classicists have knowledge of many Gallo-Roman villas in Normandy, in the late 3rd century, barbarian raids devastated Normandy. Coastal settlements were raided by Saxon pirates, Christianity also began to enter the area during this period. In 406, Germanic tribes began invading from the east, while the Saxons subjugated the Norman coast, the Roman Emperor withdrew from most of Normandy. As early as 487, the area between the River Somme and the River Loire came under the control of the Frankish lord Clovis, the Vikings started to raid the Seine Valley during the middle of the 9th century. As early as 841, a Viking fleet appeared at the mouth of the Seine, after attacking and destroying monasteries, including one at Jumièges, they took advantage of the power vacuum created by the disintegration of Charlemagnes empire to take northern France. The fiefdom of Normandy was created for the Norwegian Viking leader Hrólfr Ragnvaldsson, Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks, Charles the Simple, through the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. In exchange for his homage and fealty, Rollo legally gained the territory which he, the name Normandy reflects Rollos Viking origins. The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo-Romance language and they became the Normans – a Norman-speaking mixture of Saxons and indigenous Franks and Celts. Besides the Norman conquest of England and the subsequent conquests of Wales and Ireland, Norman families, such as that of Tancred of Hauteville, Rainulf Drengot and Guimond de Moulins played important parts in the Norman conquest of southern Italy and Crusades. They also carved out a place for themselves and their descendants in the Crusader states of Asia Minor, the 14th century Norman explorer Jean de Béthencourt established a kingdom in the Canary Islands
Normandy
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Roman theatre in Lillebonne
Normandy
Normandy
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Allied invasion of Normandy, D-Day, 1944
Normandy
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A typical northeastern Norman village
6.
D-Day
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The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday,6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. The largest seaborne invasion in history, the operation began the liberation of German-occupied northwestern Europe from Nazi control, planning for the operation began in 1943. Adolf Hitler placed German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in command of German forces, the amphibious landings were preceded by extensive aerial and naval bombardment and an airborne assault—the landing of 24,000 American, British, and Canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight. Allied infantry and armoured divisions began landing on the coast of France at 06,30, the target 50-mile stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors, Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their positions, particularly at Utah. Casualties were heaviest at Omaha, with its high cliffs, at Gold, Juno, and Sword, several fortified towns were cleared in house-to-house fighting, and two major gun emplacements at Gold were disabled, using specialised tanks. The Allies failed to any of their goals on the first day. Carentan, St. Lô, and Bayeux remained in German hands, and Caen, German casualties on D-Day have been estimated at 4,000 to 9,000 men. Allied casualties were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead, museums, memorials, and war cemeteries in the area now host many visitors each year. Between 27 May and 4 June 1940, over 338,000 troops of the British Expeditionary Force, after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began pressing his allies for the creation of a second front in western Europe. In late May 1942 the Soviet Union and the United States made a joint announcement that a. full understanding was reached with regard to the urgent tasks of creating a front in Europe in 1942. Instead of a return to France, the Western Allies staged offensives in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations. By mid-1943 the campaign in North Africa had been won, the Allies then launched the invasion of Sicily in July 1943, and subsequently invaded Italy in September the same year. By then, Soviet forces were on the offensive and had won a victory at the Battle of Stalingrad. The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion within the year was taken at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943. Initial planning was constrained by the number of landing craft, most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean. At the Tehran Conference in November 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill promised Stalin that they would open the second front in May 1944. Four sites were considered for the landings, Brittany, the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy, as Brittany and Cotentin are peninsulas, it would have been possible for the Germans to cut off the Allied advance at a relatively narrow isthmus, so these sites were rejected
D-Day
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Men of the 16th Infantry Regiment, U.S. 1st Infantry Division wade ashore on Omaha Beach on the morning of 6 June 1944.
D-Day
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Meeting of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), 1 February 1944. Front row: Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder; General Dwight D. Eisenhower; General Bernard Montgomery. Back row: Lieutenant General Omar Bradley; Admiral Bertram Ramsay; Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory; Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith
D-Day
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Shoulder patches were designed for units of the fictitious First United States Army Group under Patton.
D-Day
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Surface weather analysis map showing weather fronts on 5 June
7.
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
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Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge is the wife of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. Following his father Charles, Prince of Wales, William is second in line to succeed his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, the duchess grew up in Chapel Row, a village near Newbury, Berkshire, England. She studied art history in Scotland at the University of St Andrews and their engagement was announced on 16 November 2010 before they married on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey. The duke and duchess have two children, Prince George and Princess Charlotte of Cambridge, who are third and fourth in line to the British throne. Catherine Elizabeth Middleton was born at Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading on 9 January 1982 to an upper-middle-class family and she was christened at St Andrews Bradfield, Berkshire, on 20 June 1982. The family of her father Michael has ties to British aristocracy and her Middleton relatives were reported as having played host to British royalty as long ago as 1926. She has a sister, Philippa Pippa, and a younger brother. The family lived in Amman, Jordan, from May 1984 to September 1986, her father worked for British Airways, following her return to Berkshire in 1986, she was enrolled aged four at St Andrews School, a private school near the village of Pangbourne in Berkshire. She boarded part-weekly at St Andrews in her later years and she then studied briefly at Downe House. In November 2006, Middleton accepted a position as a buyer with the clothing chain Jigsaw. She also worked until January 2011 at Party Pieces, her role within the business included catalogue design and production, marketing. In 2001, Middleton met Prince William while they were students in residence at St Salvators Hall at the University of St Andrews. The couple began dating in 2003, although their relationship remained unconfirmed, on 17 October 2005, Middleton complained through her lawyer about harassment from the media, stating that she had done nothing significant to warrant publicity. Middleton attended Prince Williams Passing Out Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 15 December 2006, on 17 May 2008, Middleton attended the wedding of Prince Williams cousin Peter Phillips to Autumn Kelly, which the prince did not attend. On 19 July 2008, she was a guest at the wedding of Lady Rose Windsor, Prince William was away on military operations in the Caribbean, serving aboard HMS Iron Duke. In 2010, Middleton pursued an invasion of privacy claim against two agencies and photographer Niraj Tanna, who took photographs of her over Christmas 2009 and she obtained a public apology, £5,000 in damages, and legal costs. In April 2007, Prince William and Middleton split up, the couple decided to break up during a holiday in the Swiss resort of Zermatt. Newspapers speculated about the reasons for the split, although these reports relied on anonymous sources, Middleton and her family attended the Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium, where she and Prince William sat two rows apart
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
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The Duchess of Cambridge in 2014
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
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The newly married Duke and Duchess of Cambridge on the balcony of Buckingham Palace
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
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The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge with their son Prince George of Cambridge the day after his birth
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
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The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge at the Canada Day celebrations in Ottawa, 1 July 2011
8.
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
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Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, KG, KT, PC, ADC is the elder son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales. He is second in line to succeed his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, William was educated at four schools in the United Kingdom and obtained a degree from the University of St Andrews. He spent parts of a gap year in Chile, Belize, in December 2006, he completed 44 weeks of training as an officer cadet and was commissioned in the Blues and Royals regiment. In April 2008, he qualified as a pilot by completing training at Royal Air Force College Cranwell. He then underwent helicopter flying training in order to become a pilot with the RAF Search. His service with the British Armed Forces ended in September 2013, William married Catherine Middleton, on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey. Hours before the wedding, he was created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, the couples first child, Prince George, was born on 22 July 2013, and their second, Princess Charlotte, was born on 2 May 2015. William, the first child of the Prince and Princess of Wales, was born at St Marys Hospital and his names, William Arthur Philip Louis, were announced by Buckingham Palace a week later on 28 June. He was baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 4 August by the Archbishop of Canterbury and he was the first child born to a Prince and Princess of Wales since Prince John in 1905. William was affectionately called Wombat by his parents or Wills, Williams first public appearance was on 1 March 1991, during an official visit of his parents to Cardiff, Wales. After arriving by aeroplane, William was taken to Llandaff Cathedral where he signed the visitors book, on 3 June 1991, William was admitted to Royal Berkshire Hospital after being accidentally hit on the side of the forehead by a fellow student wielding a golf club. He did not lose consciousness, but suffered a fracture of the skull and was operated on at Great Ormond Street Hospital. In a 2009 interview, he dubbed this scar a Harry Potter scar and he was reported to have said, I call it that because it glows sometimes and some people notice it—other times they dont notice it at all. His mother wanted him and his younger brother Harry to have wider experiences than are usual for royal children and she took them to Walt Disney World and McDonalds as well as AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless. She bought them typical teenage items, such as video games, Diana, who was by then divorced from the Prince of Wales, died in a car accident in the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, along with his brother who was 12, the Prince of Wales waited until his sons woke the following morning to tell them about their mothers death. At his mothers funeral, William accompanied his father, brother, paternal grandfather, William began to accompany his parents on official visits at an early age. William was educated at independent schools, starting at Jane Mynors nursery school, following this, he attended Ludgrove School near Wokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers by Rory Stewart
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
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The Duke of Cambridge in Japan in 2015
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
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Chapel of Eton College
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
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St Salvator's Quad, University of St. Andrews
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
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William in his flight lieutenant's uniform in 2010.
9.
IPod
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The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23,2001, about 8½ months after iTunes was released, the most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15,2015. There are three current versions of the iPod, the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano, like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch. Before the release of iOS5, the branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad. As of iOS5, separate apps named Music and Videos are standardized across all iOS-powered products, while the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod, in mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15,2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor. The core is over 5 times faster than models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors, Space grey, pink, gold, silver, though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apples digital hub category, when the company began creating software for the market of personal digital devices. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, the product was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23,2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put 1,000 songs in your pocket, Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayers reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system, portalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the softwares look, starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched fonts again to Podium Sans—a font similar to Apples corporate font, color display iPods then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2006 Apple presented an edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2
IPod
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Various iPod models, all of which have been discontinued or updated.
IPod
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iPod line as of 2014. From left to right: iPod Shuffle, iPod Nano, iPod Touch.
IPod
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Four iPod wall chargers for North America, all made by Apple. These have FireWire (left) and USB (right three) connectors, which allow iPods to charge without a computer. The units have been miniaturized over time.
IPod
10.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
Barack Obama
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Barack Obama
Barack Obama
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Obama with his half-sister Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham, in Honolulu, Hawaii
Barack Obama
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Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998
Barack Obama
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Obama in his official portrait as a member of the United States Senate
11.
Gerald Ford
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Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, following the resignation of Richard Nixon. Prior to this he served eight months as the 40th Vice President of the United States, before his appointment to the vice presidency, Ford served 25 years as U. S. Representative from Michigans 5th congressional district, the nine of them as the House Minority Leader. As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War, with the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U. S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation, one of his most controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Fords presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, in the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. Arthur not to be elected in his own right, following his years as President, Ford remained active in the Republican Party. After experiencing health problems, he died at home on December 26,2006, Ford lived longer than any other U. S. president –93 years and 165 days – while his 895-day presidency was the shortest of all presidents who did not die in office. Gerald Rudolph Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14,1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. His mother was Dorothy Ayer Gardner and his father was Leslie Lynch King Sr. a wool trader, Dorothy separated from King just sixteen days after her sons birth. She took her son with her to the Oak Park, Illinois, home of her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law, from there, she moved to the home of her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Dorothy and King divorced in December 1913, she gained custody of her son. Fords paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930, Ford later said his biological father had a history of hitting his mother. James M. Ford later told confidantes that his father had first hit his mother on their honeymoon for smiling at another man. After two and a half years with her parents, on February 1,1916, Dorothy married Gerald Rudolff Ford and they then called her son Gerald Rudolff Ford, Jr. The future president was never adopted, and did not legally change his name until December 3,1935. He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half-brothers from his mothers marriage, Thomas Gardner Tom Ford, Richard Addison Dick Ford. Ford also had three half-siblings from the marriage of Leslie King, Sr. his biological father, Marjorie King, Leslie Henry King
Gerald Ford
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Ford in August 1974
Gerald Ford
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Eagle Scout Gerald Ford (circled in red) in 1929; Michigan Governor Fred W. Green at far left, holding hat
Gerald Ford
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Ford as a center on the University of Michigan football team, 1933
Gerald Ford
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The Gunnery officers of the USS Monterey. Ford is second from the right, in the front row.
12.
Bowing
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Bowing is the act of lowering the torso and head as a social gesture in direction to another person or symbol. It is most prominent in Asian cultures but it is typical of nobility and aristocracy in many countries. It is also used in contexts, as a form of worship or veneration. It is especially prominent in India, Thailand, Laos, China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Vietnam where it may be executed standing or kneeling. Some bows are performed equally by two or more people while others are unequal - the person bowed to either does not bow in return or performs a less low bow in response. The depth of the bow was related to the difference in rank or degree of respect or gratitude, in Early Modern European courtly circles, males were expected to bow and scrape. Scraping refers to the back of the right leg as one bows. Typically, while executing such a bow, the right hand is pressed horizontally across the abdomen while the left is held out from the body. Social bowing is all but extinct, except in very formal settings, though hand-kissing of women by men. Similar gestures are made to the Speaker of the House of Commons when entering or leaving the chamber of the House of Commons in session, members of the Royal Family of the various Commonwealth Realms are either bowed or curtsied to, depending on the gender of the subject. Australians are expected to bow to the Governor-General of Australia, the spouse of the Governor-General, bows are the traditional greeting in East Asia, particularly in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China, and Vietnam. In Taiwan, China, and Vietnam, shaking hands or a slight bow have become more popular than a full bow, however, bowing is not reserved only for greetings. Bowing is a gesture of respect, different bows are used for apologies and gratitude. Basic bows originate at the waist and are performed with the straight and the hands at the sides or clasped in front. Generally, bows can be divided into three types, informal, formal, and very formal. Informal bows are made at about a fifteen degree angle and more formal bows at about thirty degrees, in extreme cases a kneeling bow is performed, which may be so deep that the forehead touches the floor. There is an extremely complex etiquette surrounding bowing, including the length and depth of bow, bows are a required and expected part of any apology or expression of thanks in East Asia, especially Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. Bows of apology tend to be deeper and last longer than other types of bow and they occur with frequency during the apology, generally at about 45-50 degrees with the head lowered and lasting for at least the count of three, sometimes longer
Bowing
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Bowing
Bowing
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Man bowing and scraping
Bowing
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Judo practitioner (right) performs a bow while seated in seiza.
Bowing
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Muslim practitioners performing Sajdah or Sujud.
13.
First Lady of the United States
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First Lady of the United States is the informal but accepted title held by the wife of the President of the United States, concurrent with the presidents term of office. Although the first lady’s role has never been codified or officially defined, melania Trump is the current First Lady. While the title was not in use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington. During her lifetime she was referred to as Lady Washington. Since the 1790s the role of first lady has changed considerably and it has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Additionally, over the individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors. Historically, should a president be unmarried, or a widower, the use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D. C. social circles. The title first gained recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as the First Lady of the Land while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B, the frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled The First Lady in the Land, by the 1930s, it was in wide use. Use of the later spread from the United States to other nations. The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States, the position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society, the role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House and she organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four main themes of the first ladyship, as public woman, as political celebrity, as political activist. Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital and this socializing became known as the Republican Court and provided elite women with an opportunity to play backstage political role
First Lady of the United States
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Incumbent Michelle Obama
First Lady of the United States
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Dolley Madison was said to be the first President's wife to be referred to as "First Lady" at her funeral in 1849.
First Lady of the United States
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First Ladies (from left to right) Michelle Obama, Laura Bush, former Secretary of State and presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, Barbara Bush, and Rosalynn Carter during the dedication of the George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum in 2013.
First Lady of the United States
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Missouri Governor John Ashcroft and First Lady Barbara Bush with a "Parents as Teachers" group at the Greater St. Louis Ferguson-Florissant School District in October 1991. Mrs. Bush (in rocking chair) is reading Brown Bear, Brown Bear to the children.
14.
Barbara Bush
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Barbara Bush is the wife of George H. W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States, and served as First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993. She is the mother of George W. Bush, the 43rd President, and Jeb Bush and she served as the Second Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Barbara Pierce was born in Flushing, New York and she attended Milton Public School from 1931 to 1937, and Rye Country Day School from 1937-1940. She graduated from Ashley Hall School in Charleston, South Carolina and she met George Herbert Walker Bush at age 16, and the two married in Rye, New York in 1945, while he was on leave during his deployment as a Naval officer in World War II. While George was attending Yale University at age 22, Barbara and George were living in New Haven, Connecticut and had their first son, George Walker Bush, on July 6,1946. The Bush family soon moved to Midland, Texas, where their son, Jeb was born in, on February 11,1953, as George Bush entered political life. While First Lady of the United States, Barbara Bush worked to advance the cause of universal literacy, Barbara Pierce was born at Booth Memorial Hospital in Flushing, Queens, in New York City, and raised in the suburban town of Rye, New York. She is the child of Pauline and her husband Marvin Pierce, who later became president of McCall Corporation. Her siblings include Martha Pierce Rafferty, James Pierce, and Scott Pierce and her ancestor Thomas Pierce, Jr. an early New England colonist, was also an ancestor of Franklin Pierce, the 14th president of the United States. She is the cousin, four times removed, of Franklin Pierce. Barbara attended Rye Country Day School from 1931 to 1937 and later boarding school at Ashley Hall in Charleston and she was athletic as a youth and enjoyed swimming, tennis, and bike-riding. Her interest in reading began early in her life, she recalls gathering with her family during the evenings and she met George Herbert Walker Bush, a student at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts at age 16 during a dance while on Christmas vacation. After a year-and-a-half, the two became engaged to be married, just before he went off to World War II as a Navy torpedo bomber pilot and he named three of his planes after her, Barbara, Barbara II, and Barbara III. Over the next 13 years, George and Barbara Bush had six children also they have fourteen grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren and they have twin daughters and two granddaughters. Pauline Robinson Robin Bush died of leukemia at the age of three, john Ellis Jeb Bush married Columba Gallo on 23 February 1974. They have three children and four grandchildren, Neil Mallon Bush married Sharon Smith in 1980 and divorce in April 2003. They have three children and one grandson and he remarried Maria Andrews in 2004. Marvin Pierce Bush married Margaret Molster in 1981, dorothy Doro Bush Koch she married William LeBlond in 1982 and divorce in 1990
Barbara Bush
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Barbara Bush in 1989
Barbara Bush
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Barbara Bush, center, surrounded by her family, early 1960s
Barbara Bush
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Barbara Bush joins her husband, the Vice President, on a trip to Great Britain to meet with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her husband Denis, 1984
Barbara Bush
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Bush with children and White House staff in the China Room. The first lady is attempting to make a paw print of her pet Millie for a holiday card.
15.
Jack Kemp
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Jack French Kemp was an American politician and a professional gridiron football player. He was the Republican Partys nominee for Vice President in the 1996 election, Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries. Before entering politics, Kemp was a quarterback for 13 years. He played briefly in the National Football League and the Canadian Football League and he served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to a second consecutive championship. He played in the AFL for all 10 years of its existence, appeared in its All-Star game seven times, played in its championship game five times, Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association, for which he served five terms as president. During the early part of his career, he served in the United States Army Reserve. As an economic conservative, Kemp advocated low taxes and supply-side policies during his political career and his positions spanned the social spectrum, ranging from his conservative opposition to abortion to his more libertarian stances advocating immigration reform. After his days in office, Kemp remained active as a political advocate and commentator. He also authored, co-authored, and edited several books and he promoted American football and advocated for retired professional football players. Kemp was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 by President Barack Obama, one of his most famous quotes was, We must win the war on poverty by enlisting the greatest weapon ever invented, Free Enterprise. Frances was a social worker and Spanish teacher. Kemp grew up in the heavily Jewish Wilshire district of West Los Angeles, Kemp attended Melrose Avenues Fairfax High School, which was, at the time, known both for its high concentration of Jewish students and concentration of celebrities children. Over 95% of Kemps classmates were Jewish, and he became a supporter of Jewish causes. His classmates included musician Herb Alpert, baseball pitcher Larry Sherry, during his years in high school, Kemp worked with his brothers at his fathers trucking company in downtown Los Angeles. In his spare time, he became a reader, preferring history. After graduating from school in 1953, he attended Occidental College. Kemp selected Occidental because its football team used professional formations and plays, at 5 feet 10 inches and 175 pounds, he considered himself too small to play for the USC Trojans or UCLA Bruins, the major Southern California college football programs. At Occidental, Kemp was a record-setting javelin hurler and played several positions on the team, quarterback, defensive back, place kicker
Jack Kemp
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Jack Kemp
Jack Kemp
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Congressional Portrait Collection image (c. 1975)
Jack Kemp
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Jack, Joanne and Judith Kemp
Jack Kemp
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Kemp and naval officers
16.
Prime Minister of Australia
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The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
Prime Minister of Australia
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Incumbent Malcolm Turnbull since 15 September 2015
Prime Minister of Australia
Prime Minister of Australia
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The first Prime Minister of Australia, Edmund Barton (sitting second from left), with his Cabinet, 1901.
Prime Minister of Australia
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Prime Ministers Curtin, Fadden, Hughes, Menzies and Governor-General The Duke of Gloucester 2nd from left, in 1945.
17.
Newfoundland and Labrador
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Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province of Canada. Situated in the countrys Atlantic region, it comprises the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador to the northwest, in 2013, the provinces population was estimated at 526,702. About 92% of the population lives on the island of Newfoundland. The province is Canadas most linguistically homogeneous, with 97. 6% of residents reporting English as their mother tongue in the 2006 census, historically, Newfoundland was also home to unique varieties of French and Irish, as well as the extinct Beothuk language. In Labrador, local dialects of Innu-aimun and Inuktitut are also spoken, Newfoundland and Labradors capital and largest city, St. Johns, is Canadas 20th-largest census metropolitan area and is home to almost 40 percent of the provinces population. St. Johns is the seat of government, home to the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the highest court in the jurisdiction and it became the tenth province to enter the Canadian Confederation on March 31,1949, as Newfoundland. On December 6,2001, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the official name to Newfoundland. The name Newfoundland is a translation of the Portuguese Terra Nova, the influence of early Portuguese exploration is also reflected in the name of Labrador, which derives from the surname of the Portuguese navigator João Fernandes Lavrador. Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly province in Canada, and is located at the corner of North America. The Strait of Belle Isle separates the province into two divisions, Labrador, which is a large area of mainland Canada, and Newfoundland. The province also includes over 7,000 tiny islands, each side is about 400 km long, and its area is 108,860 km2. Newfoundland and its small islands have a total area of 111,390 km2. Newfoundland extends between latitudes 46°36′N and 51°38′N, Labrador is an irregular shape, the western part of its border with Quebec is the drainage divide of the Labrador Peninsula. Lands drained by rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean are part of Labrador, most of Labradors southern boundary with Quebec follows the 52nd parallel of latitude. Labradors extreme northern tip, at 60°22′N, shares a border with Nunavut. Together, Newfoundland and Labrador make up 4. 06% of Canadas area, Labrador is the easternmost part of the Canadian Shield, a vast area of ancient metamorphic rock comprising much of northeastern North America. Colliding tectonic plates have shaped much of the geology of Newfoundland, gros Morne National Park has a reputation as an outstanding example of tectonics at work, and as such has been designated a World Heritage Site. The Long Range Mountains on Newfoundlands west coast are the northeasternmost extension of the Appalachian Mountains, the north-south extent of the province, prevalent westerly winds, cold ocean currents and local factors such as mountains and coastline combine to create the various climates of the province
Newfoundland and Labrador
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Churchill Falls in Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador
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Flag
Newfoundland and Labrador
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The Beothuk tribe of Newfoundland is extinct. It is represented in museum, historical and archeological records.
Newfoundland and Labrador
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L'Anse aux Meadows on Newfoundland, site of a Norse colony
18.
Royal Christmas Message
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The Queens Christmas Message is a broadcast made by the sovereign of the Commonwealth realms to the Commonwealth of Nations each Christmas. The tradition began in 1932 with a radio broadcast by King George V on the British Broadcasting Corporations Empire Service, since 1952, the message has been read by Elizabeth II, today, it is broadcast on television, radio, and the Internet via various providers. The King declined, however, believing that radio was mainly an entertainment and it was therefore decided not to do a broadcast at Christmas, but The Queen issued a written message instead. It was reported by The Daily Telegraph that this decision was made after the BBC decided to screen an interview with Diana, Princess of Wales and this was denied by Buckingham Palace which said the new arrangements reflect the composition of the television and radio industries today. Beginning in 2011, Sky News was added to the rotation, Sky News recorded the Queens Christmas message for Christmas 2012, the Queens Diamond Jubilee year, and for the first time it has been recorded in 3D. It is one of the few instances when the sovereign speaks publicly without advice from any ministers of the Crown in any of the monarchs realms. In the United Kingdom and on the Internet, broadcast of the Queens Christmas message is embargoed until 15. 00h GMT on 25 December, during the reign of her daughter Juliana, the Royal Christmas Message was to become an annual tradition. The Archbishop of Canterbury, spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion, the Prime Minister of Singapore gives his speech on this occasion and on the National Day of Singapore. The President of the United States also give out Christmas messages as part of the Presidents Weekly Address, some of these messages come out within a few days before Christmas or on Christmas Day. In addition, beginning in 1986, U. S. President Ronald Reagan and this exchange continued between President George H. W. Bush and Gorbachev until the demise of the Soviet Union. Alternative Christmas message Christmas Eve National Speech The Royal Family Channel on YouTube Transcript of The Queens Christmas Broadcast for 2013
Royal Christmas Message
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George V giving the 1934 Royal Christmas Message
Royal Christmas Message
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The first televised Christmas Message, broadcast in 1957
19.
Podcast
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The word arose as a portmanteau of iPod and broadcast. Thus, the files distributed are typically in audio or video formats, the distributor of a podcast maintains a central list of the files on a server as a web feed that can be accessed through the Internet. This process can be automated so that new files are downloaded automatically, files are stored locally on the users device, ready for offline use. Podcasting contrasts with webcasting or streaming which do not allow for offline listening, many podcast players allow listeners to adjust the playback speed. Podcasts are usually free of charge to listeners and can often be created for little to no cost and it is very much a horizontal media form, producers are consumers, consumers may become producers, and both can engage in conversations with each other. Podcast is a portmanteau, invented by BBC journalist Ben Hammersley in 2004, of the words pod — from iPod, despite the etymology, the content can be accessed using any computer or similar device that can play media files. Use of the term podcast predated Apples addition of support for podcasting to the iPod. Other names for podcasting include net cast, intended as a term without the loose reference to the Apple iPod. The name is used by shows from the TWiT. tv network, some sources have suggested the backronym portable on demand for POD, for similar reasons. Podcasting, once a method of spreading information, has become a recognized medium for distributing audio content. Podcasts are similar to programs, but they are audio files. Listeners can play them at their convenience, using devices that have more common than portable broadcast receivers. The first application to make this process feasible was iPodderX, developed by August Trometer, by 2007, audio podcasts were doing what was historically accomplished via radio broadcasts, which had been the source of radio talk shows and news programs since the 1930s. This shift occurred as a result of the evolution of internet capabilities along with increased access to cheaper hardware and software for audio recording and editing. In August 2004, Adam Curry launched his show Daily Source Code and it was a show focused on chronicling his everyday life, delivering news and discussions about the development of podcasting, as well as promoting new and emerging podcasts. Daily Source Code is believed to be the first podcast produced on a consistent basis, Curry published it in an attempt to gain traction in the development of what would come to be known as podcasting and as a means of testing the software outside of a lab setting. The name Daily Source Code was chosen in the hope that it would attract an audience with an interest in technology, Daily Source Code started at a grassroots level of production and was initially directed at podcast developers. As its audience became interested in the format, these developers were inspired to create and produce their own projects and, as a result, as more people learned how easy it was to produce podcasts, a community of pioneer podcasters quickly appeared
Podcast
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The logo originally used by Apple to represent Podcasting
20.
John Humphrys
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Desmond John Humphrys is an award-winning Welsh broadcaster. He presents the programme with Justin Webb, Nick Robinson, Mishal Husain, since 2003 he has been the host of the BBC Two television quiz show Mastermind. Humphrys has a reputation as a tenacious and forthright interviewer, occasionally politicians have been critical of his style after being subjected to a tough interview on live radio. Humphrys was born at 193 Pearl Street, Adamsdown, son of Winifred Mary, a hairdresser, and Edward George Humphrys and he was one of five children. During early life Humphrys had a bout of whooping cough and concerned that he would be known as Dismal Desmond his Mother opted to use the name John and his parents encouraged him to do his homework and he passed the eleven plus exam. He became a pupil at Cardiff High School, but he did not fit into the environment there. He was a pupil and left school at 15 to become a reporter on the Penarth Times. He later joined the Western Mail, Humphrys joined TWW, a commercial television channel based in Wales, and was the first reporter on the scene of the Aberfan disaster in October 1966. He joined the BBC later that year as the reporter for Liverpool and the Northwest. He then worked as a correspondent, initially having to go abroad. Later he took his family with him to the United States, Humphrys became disillusioned with living in hotels and life on-the-road as a foreign correspondent, and returned to London in 1980 to take up the post of BBC Diplomatic Correspondent. In 1981 he became the presenter of the BBCs flagship Nine OClock News. This appointment marked a change in the BBCs approach to news broadcasting, the job on Today was unexpectedly offered when John Timpson was about to retire at the end of 1986. Humphrys began presenting Today in January 1987, joining Brian Redhead and he still made occasional appearances fronting BBC TV news bulletins in the 1990s. During the 1991 Gulf War he was a presenter on the BBC Radio 4 News FM service. From 1993 he presented the weekly On The Record political TV show until its demise in 2002 and he made the headlines on 28 August 2004 for giving the yearly MacTaggart Lecture in which he made scathing criticism of the dumbing-down of British television. He criticised reality shows such as Big Brother, as well as the violence in British soap operas. He made these criticisms after five years with no television set, on 6 September 2005, Humphrys was censured by the Corporation for his use of inappropriate and misguided language
John Humphrys
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Humphrys in 2012
21.
Rolf Harris
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Rolf Harris is an Australian entertainer whose career has encompassed work as a musician, singer-songwriter, composer, comedian, actor, painter and television personality. Harris is widely known for his musical compositions Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport, which became a Top 10 hit in Australia, the UK, and the United States. He often used unusual instruments in his performances, he played the didgeridoo, is credited with the invention of the wobble board, during the 1960s and 1970s, Harris became a popular television personality in the UK, later presenting shows such as Rolfs Cartoon Club and Animal Hospital. In 2005, he painted a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II. He lived in Bray, Berkshire, England, for more than six decades, Harriss career as a popular entertainer stopped when he was convicted and imprisoned for sexual offences. In 2014, at the age of 84, he was jailed on twelve counts of indecent assault that took place between 1968 or 1969 and 1986, on four female victims then aged eight and nineteen. As a result, he was stripped of many of the honours he had been awarded during his career, including the AO, since 2014, Harris has been serving a prison sentence of five years and nine months, at HMP Stafford. Harris was cleared of charges in February 2017, when a jury acquitted him of three charges and was unable to reach a verdict on four others. Harris was born on 30 March 1930 in Bassendean, Perth, Western Australia, to Agnes Margaret and Cromwell Harris and he grew up in Wembley, Western Australia. He was named after Rolf Boldrewood, the pseudonym of an Australian writer whom his mother admired, after his later fame, Harris was often referred to as the boy from Bassendean within Australia. As a child he owned a dog called Buster Fleabags, about whom he wrote a book. He painted a portrait of the then Lieutenant Governor of Western Australia, Sir James Mitchell and he won the 1949 Claude Hotchin prize for oil colours with his landscape On a May Morning, Guildford. As an adolescent and young adult Harris was a champion swimmer, in 1946, he was the Australian Junior 110 yards Backstroke Champion. He was also the Western Australian state champion over a variety of distances and strokes during the period from 1948 to 1952, Harris moved to England in 1952 and became an art student at City and Guilds of London Art School in South London, at the age of 22. He went on to illustrate Harbins Paper Magic programme in 1956, in 1954, Harris was a regular on a BBC Television programme Whirligig, which featured a character called Willoughby, who sprang to life on a drawing board, but was erased at the end of each episode. By this stage, Harris had drifted away from art school as a slightly disillusioned student. At the time that he was working with Veal, Harris was also entertaining with his piano accordion every Thursday night at a called the Down Under, frequented by Australians. At the Down Under venue Harris honed his entertainment skills over several years, eventually writing what became his theme song, Tie Me Kangaroo Down
Rolf Harris
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Harris in November 2010
Rolf Harris
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At 14, he swam the fastest time, swimming from scratch, in the Swim through Bassendean handicap race, 27 January 1945.
Rolf Harris
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Harris sketches a "Rolfaroo" self-portrait in 2008
Rolf Harris
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Harris playing the accordion in 2008
22.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, the BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own. Thus the BBC was granted sufficient leeway to pursue the Governments objectives largely in a manner of its own choosing, supporters of the strike nicknamed the BBC the BFC for British Falsehood Company. Reith personally announced the end of the strike which he marked by reciting from Blakes Jerusalem signifying that England had been saved, Reith argued that trust gained by authentic impartial news could then be used
BBC
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BBC Television Centre at White City, West London, which opened in 1960 and closed in 2013
BBC
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BBC Pacific Quay in Glasgow, which was opened in 2007
BBC
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BBC New Broadcasting House, London which came into use during 2012–13.
BBC
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The headquarters of the BBC at Broadcasting House in Portland Place, London, England. This section of the building is called 'Old Broadcasting House'.
23.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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The Australian Broadcasting Corporation is Australias national public broadcaster, owned and funded by the government. The ABC plays a role in the history of broadcasting in Australia. With a total budget of A$1. Founded in 1929 as the Australian Broadcasting Company, it was made a state-owned corporation on 1 July 1932 as the Australian Broadcasting Commission. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 changed the name of the organisation to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although funded and owned by the government, the ABC remains editorially independent as ensured through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983. The ABC is sometimes referred to as Aunty, originally in imitation of the British Broadcasting Corporations nickname. The first public station in Australia opened in Sydney on 23 November 1923 under the call sign 2SB with other stations in Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth. It also nationalised the Australian Broadcasting Company which had created by entertainment interests to supply programs to various radio stations. Over the next four years the stations were reformed into a broadcasting organisation through regular program relays. The Australian broadcast radio spectrum was constituted of the ABC and the commercial sector, in 1942 The Australian Broadcasting Act was passed, giving the ABC the power to decide when, and in what circumstances, political speeches should be broadcast. Directions from the Minister about whether or not to broadcast any matter now had to be made in writing and it was used only once, in 1963. In the same year, Kindergarten of the Air began on ABC Radio in Perth, cater argues that reform was urgently needed in 1945, By the end of World War II, the ABC was a decadent, hollow institution. Its authority had been compromised by a poorly drafted charter and further undermined by timid management, poor governance, in April 1945, Boyer refused to accept the post of chairman until Prime Minister Curtin issued a mandate of independence which Boyer drafted itself. The ABC commenced television broadcasting in 1956, and followed the earlier practice of naming the station after the first letter of the base state. ABN-2 Sydney was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 5 November 1956, with the first broadcast presented by Michael Charlton, aBV-2 followed two weeks later, on 18 November 1956. Stations in other cities followed, ABQ-2, ABS-2, ABW-2. ABC-3 Canberra opened in 1961, and ABD-6 started broadcasting in 1971, although radio programs could be distributed nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not in place until the early 1960s. This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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ABC mobile studio caravan, used for concerts presented by the ABC at army camps and other locations, 1940
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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The ABC's Perth headquarters in 1937
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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James Dibble, reading the first ABC News television bulletin in NSW, 1956
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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The ABC's Sydney headquarters in Ultimo.
24.
Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen
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Elizabeth R is a 1992 television documentary film about Queen Elizabeth II. It was produced by the BBC and directed by Edward Mirzoeff and it was the second officially approved documentary about the British royal family since 1969s Royal Family. Elizabeth R was followed by the BBC-RDF documentary Monarchy, The Royal Family at Work in 2007, the film was produced by BBC to mark the 40th anniversary of the Queens accession. The director and producer was Edward Mirzoeff, the writers of the screenplay were Mirzoeff and Antony Jay, who also wrote the script of the 1969 royal documentary, Royal Family. The program was narrated by Ian Holm and Rachel Portmans music was composed for the film. The filming took place over 18 months, before its public air, the Royal Family watched it and approved its broadcasting. The format of the 110-minute film is color and NTSC, a VHS video of the program was released in 1992. The script of the program was published as a book with the same title. The film was aired on 6 February 1992, the 40th Accession Day of the Queen and it was aired on PBS in the US on 16 November 1992. It contains a range of royal activities by the Queen in 1991. It shows royal family gatherings, her visit to the United States, a pony ride with her grandchildren at Balmoral Castle. It also displays meetings of the Queen with a number of significant political figures, including Francesco Cossiga, Edward Heath, Ronald Reagan, the Queen is also depicted with her mother, Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, on Derby Day at Epsom in the film. The film mostly received positive reviews, including those from the Queen herself, the Queen organized a party for the crew at Buckingham Palace after watching the film before its public broadcast. It gained the largest audience for a documentary in the history of British television and was watched by more than half of the British population in 1992. Robert Hardman of the Spectator argued that Antony Jay, the script writer, however, Jeff Silverman of Variety said that the film did not refer to any familial troubles and added God save the queen, the BBC couldnt. Its video version became one of the fastest selling video in the United Kingdom the same year, amazon customers rated its video 4.5 out of 5. In February 2016 its IMDb rate is 8.5 out of 10 based on 20 reviews
Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen
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Monarchies
25.
Her Majesty (song)
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Her Majesty is a song written by Paul McCartney that appears on the Beatles album Abbey Road. It is a brief tongue-in-cheek music hall song and her Majesty is the final track of the album and appears 14 seconds after the song The End, but was not listed on the original sleeve. As such, it is considered one of the first examples of a track in rock music. The song is one of the few tracks by the Beatles to directly refer to Queen Elizabeth II. The song was recorded in three takes on 2 July 1969, prior to the Beatles beginning work on Golden Slumbers/Carry That Weight, McCartney sang and simultaneously played a fingerstyle acoustic guitar accompaniment. The decision to exclude it from the Abbey Road medley was made on 30 July, the song runs only 23 seconds, but the Beatles also recorded a longer version of the song during the Get Back sessions. He was instructed by McCartney to destroy the tape, but EMI policy stated that no Beatles recording was ever to be destroyed. The fourteen seconds of silence between The End and Her Majesty are the result of Kurlanders lead-out tape added to separate the song from the rest of the recording. The loud chord that occurs at the beginning of the song is the ending, as recorded and her Majesty ends abruptly because its own final note was left at the beginning of Polythene Pam. Paul applauded Kurlanders surprise effect and the became the unintended closer to the LP. The song was not listed on the vinyl records sleeve as the sleeves had already been printed, on reprinted sleeves, however. The CD version also mimics the original LP version in that the CD contains a 14-second long silence immediately after The End before Her Majesty starts playing, at 23 seconds long, Her Majesty is the shortest song in the Beatles repertoire. Both of the sides of vinyl close with a song that ends abruptly. The song starts panned hard right and slowly pans to hard left and it is one of three Beatles songs to make reference to Queen Elizabeth II – the others being Penny Lane and Mean Mr. Mustard. In October 2009, MTV Networks released a version of the song for the video game The Beatles. Apple Corps granted this and other changes to Harmonix Music Systems, the alteration garnered controversy among some fans who preferred the recorded versions unresolved close. Live performances Eddie Vedder performed the live on 10 April 2008 at Arlington Theater in Santa Barbara, CA. McCartney performed the live at the Party at the Palace concert from the Garden at Buckingham Palace in 2002
Her Majesty (song)
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"Her Majesty"
26.
Lennon and McCartney
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Lennon–McCartney was the songwriting partnership between English musicians John Lennon and Paul McCartney of the Beatles. It is one of the best known and most successful collaborations in history, with the Beatles selling over 600 million records, tapes. Between 1962 and 1969, the partnership published approximately 180 jointly credited songs, of which the vast majority were recorded by the Beatles, unlike many songwriting partnerships that comprise separate lyricist and composer, both Lennon and McCartney wrote words and music. Sometimes, especially early on, they would collaborate extensively when writing songs, later, it became more common for one of the two credited authors to write all or most of a song with limited input from the other. By an agreement made before the Beatles became famous, Lennon, Lennon–McCartney compositions have been the subject of numerous cover versions. According to Guinness World Records, Yesterday has been recorded by more artists than any other song, the Sunday Times called Lennon and McCartney the greatest composers since Ludwig van Beethoven. Their first compositions were written at McCartneys home, at Lennons aunt Mimis house or at the Liverpool Institute and they often invited friends—including George Harrison, Nigel Walley, Barbara Baker, and Lennons art school colleagues—to listen to performances of their new songs. The pair met on 6 July 1957, at a local church fête, where Lennon was playing with his skiffle group, the Quarrymen. Paul, brought along by a friend, Ivan Vaughan, impressed Lennon with his ability on the guitar. Soon after, John Lennon asked McCartney if he would join the Quarrymen, McCartney accepted, and there the legacy was born. In his 1980 Playboy interview, Lennon said of the partnership, he provided a lightness, an optimism, while I would always go for the sadness, the discords, the bluesy notes. There was a period when I thought I didnt write melodies, but, of course, when I think of some of my own songs—In My Life, or some of the early stuff, This Boy—I was writing melody with the best of them. Lennon said the intention of the Beatles music was to communicate. 50 Songwriting, Recording and Career Tips Used by the Beatles points out that at least half of all Lennon–McCartney lyrics have the words you and/or your in the first line, often one of the pair would add a middle eight or bridge section to the others verse and chorus. George Martin attributed the quality of their songwriting to the friendly rivalry between the two. As time went on, the songs became the work of one writer or the other. Lennon advised McCartney to leave that line alone, saying it was one of the strongest in the song, the Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership makes up the majority of the Beatles catalogue. The first two UK studio albums included twelve cover tunes and fifteen Lennon–McCartney songs, with one credited to George Harrison
Lennon and McCartney
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John Lennon (left) and Paul McCartney (right) in 1964
27.
Penny Lane
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Penny Lane is a song by the Beatles. It was written primarily by Paul McCartney but credited to the Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership, the lyrics refer to a real street in Liverpool, England. Pepper sessions, Penny Lane was released in February 1967 as one side of a double A-sided single, the single was the result of the record company wanting a new release after several months of no new Beatles releases. Although the song did not top the charts in Britain, it was still a top ten hit across Europe. The song would make its LP debut on the US version of the album, Magical Mystery Tour. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Penny Lane at number 456 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The songs title is derived from the name of a street near Lennons childhood home for his first five years, in the hometown, Liverpool. McCartney and Lennon would meet at Penny Lane junction to catch a bus into the centre of the city, during the 1960s, this was a significant bus terminus for several routes, and buses with Penny Lane displayed were common throughout Liverpool. The name Penny Lane is also used for the area that surrounds its junction with Smithdown Road, Smithdown Place and Allerton Road, today the street is an important landmark, sought out by many Beatles fans touring Liverpool. In the past, street signs saying Penny Lane were constant targets of tourist theft and had to be continually replaced, eventually, city officials gave up and simply began painting the street name on the sides of buildings. This practice was stopped in 2007 and more theft-resistant Penny Lane street signs have since been installed, Penny Lane is believed to be named after James Penny, an 18th-century slave trader. Production began in Studio 2 at Abbey Road on 29 December 1966 with piano as the main instrument, on 17 January 1967, trumpet player David Mason recorded the piccolo trumpet solo. This is known as one of the few times the producers decision overruled that of the already superstar Beatles. Emerick also notes in his book prior to this recording. Mason was paid 27 pounds and 10 shillings for his performance on the recording, Penny Lanes production effects include percussion effects and piano through a Vox guitar amplifier with added reverb. The original US promo single mix of Penny Lane had an additional flourish of piccolo trumpet notes at the end of the song. This mix was quickly superseded by one without the last trumpet passage and these recordings are among the rarest and most valuable Beatles collectibles. The song has a double structure of B major verse
Penny Lane
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US picture sleeve
Penny Lane
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A Liverpool Penny Lane street sign
Penny Lane
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A view down Penny Lane at the opposite end from the roundabout, approaching the junction with Greenbank Road near to Sefton Park.
Penny Lane
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Tony Slavin (the white building on the corner) now occupies the location of the original Bioletti's barbershop mentioned in the song as "barber showing photographs / of every head he's had the pleasure to know".
28.
Fascist
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Fascism /ˈfæʃɪzəm/ is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, opposed to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism, fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum. Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought changes to the nature of war, society, the state. The advent of war and the total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilians and combatants. A military citizenship arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war, Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature, and views political violence, war, and imperialism as means that can achieve national rejuvenation. Fascists advocate a mixed economy, with the goal of achieving autarky through protectionist and interventionist economic policies. Since the end of World War II in 1945, few parties have openly described themselves as fascist, the descriptions neo-fascist or post-fascist are sometimes applied more formally to describe parties of the far right with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th century fascist movements. The Italian term fascismo is derived from fascio meaning a bundle of rods and this was the name given to political organizations in Italy known as fasci, groups similar to guilds or syndicates. According to Mussolinis own account, the Fascist Revolutionary Party was founded in Italy in 1915, in 1919, Mussolini founded the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento in Milan, which became the Partito Nazionale Fascista two years later. The symbolism of the fasces suggested strength through unity, a rod is easily broken. Similar symbols were developed by different fascist movements, for example, historians, political scientists, and other scholars have long debated the exact nature of fascism. Each interpretation of fascism is distinct, leaving many definitions too wide or narrow, according to many scholars, fascism—especially once in power—has historically attacked communism, conservatism and parliamentary liberalism, attracting support primarily from the far right. Roger Griffin describes fascism as a genus of political ideology whose mythic core in its various permutations is a form of populist ultranationalism. Griffin describes the ideology as having three components, the rebirth myth, populist ultra-nationalism and the myth of decadence. Fascism is a revolutionary, trans-class form of anti-liberal, and in the last analysis. Fascist Philosophies vary by application, but remain distinct by one theoretic commonality, all traditionally fall into the far-right sector of any political spectrum, catalyzed by afflicted class identities over conventional social inequities. John Lukacs, Hungarian-American historian and Holocaust survivor, argues there is no such thing as generic fascism. He claims that National Socialism and Communism are essentially manifestations of populism, Fascism was influenced by both left and right, conservative and anti-conservative, national and supranational, rational and anti-rational
Fascist
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Georges Sorel
Fascist
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Enrico Corradini
Fascist
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Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Italian modernist author of the Futurist Manifesto (1909) and later the co-author of the Fascist Manifesto (1919)
29.
The Smiths
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The Smiths were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1982. The band consisted of vocalist Morrissey, guitarist Johnny Marr, bassist Andy Rourke, critics have called them the most important alternative rock band to emerge from the British independent music scene of the 1980s. The NME named the Smiths the most influential artist ever in a 2002 poll, four of their albums appeared on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. They have also released several compilations, and numerous non-LP singles, the Smiths had several singles reach the UK top twenty and all four of their studio albums reached the UK top five, including one which topped the charts. They won a significant following and remain cult favourites, although they had limited success outside the UK while they were still together. The band broke up in 1987 and have turned down offers to reunite. The bands focus on a guitar, bass, and drum sound, Marrs guitar-playing on his Rickenbacker often had a jangly sound reminiscent of Roger McGuinn of the Byrds. Marrs guitar-playing influenced later Manchester bands, including the Stone Roses, Morrissey and Marrs songs combined themes about ordinary people with complex, literate lyrics delivered by Morrissey with a mordant sense of humour. In 2014 and 2015, they were nominated for induction into the Rock, on 31 August 1978, Morrissey was briefly introduced to the 14-year-old Johnny Marr by mutual acquaintances Billy Duffy and Howard Bates at a Patti Smith gig held at Manchesters Apollo Theatre. According to Morrissey, We got on absolutely famously and we were very similar in drive. Conversing, the two found that they were fans of many of the same bands, the next day, Morrissey phoned Marr to confirm that he would be interested in forming a band with him. A few days later, Morrissey and Marr held their first rehearsal in Marrs rented attic room in Bowdon, the next song that they worked on was titled The Hand that Rocks the Cradle, which again was based on lyrics produced by Morrissey. Marr included a tempo which was based on the Patti Smith song Kimberly, the third track that the duo worked on was Suffer Little Children. Around the time of the formation, Morrissey decided that he would be publicly known only by his surname. In 1983 he forbade those around him using the name of Steven. After remaining with the band for rehearsals, Pomfret departed un-amicably. He was replaced by the bass player Dale Hibbert, who worked at Manchesters Decibel Studios and it was through Hibbert that the Smiths were able to record their first demo at Decibel, doing so one night in August 1982. Aided by drummer Simon Wolstencroft, whom Marr had worked with in Freak Party, meanwhile, Morrissey took the demo recording to Factory Records, but Factorys Tony Wilson wasnt interested
The Smiths
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The Smiths in 1985. Left to right: Andy Rourke, Morrissey, Johnny Marr, Mike Joyce
The Smiths
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Morrissey in 2006
The Smiths
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Johnny Marr
The Smiths
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Rourke in 2011
30.
Pet Shop Boys
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Pet Shop Boys are an English electronic pop duo, formed in London in 1981 and consisting of Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe. Pet Shop Boys have sold more than 50 million records worldwide, Other hit songs include a cover of Go West, Opportunities and What Have I Done to Deserve This. in a duet with Dusty Springfield. At the 2009 Brit Awards in London, Pet Shop Boys received an award for Outstanding Contribution to Music, in 2016, Billboard magazine named Pet Shop Boys the No.1 Billboard Dance duo/group over the 40 years since the charts inception in 1976. In 2017 the duo received NMEs Godlike Genius Award, Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe met in an electronics shop on Kings Road in Chelsea, London, in August 1981. Recognising a mutual interest in music, they began to work together on material, first in Tennants flat in Chelsea and from 1982. It was during early years that several future hit songs were created, including Its a Sin, West End Girls, Rent. Their big break came in August 1983, when Tennant was assigned by Smash Hits to interview The Police in New York, the duo were obsessed with a stream of Hi-NRG records made by New York producer Bobby Orlando, simply known as Bobby O. According to Tennant, I thought, well, if Ive got to go and see The Police play, in April 1984, the Orlando-produced West End Girls was released, becoming a club hit in Los Angeles and San Francisco. On 2 November, it was voted Screamer of the Week by listeners of Long Island and it was a minor dance hit in Belgium and France, but was only available in the United Kingdom as a 12 import. In March 1985, after negotiations, Pet Shop Boys cut their contractual ties with Bobby O. Hiring manager Tom Watkins, they signed with the London-based Parlophone label, in April, Tennant left Smash Hits and in July, a new single, Opportunities, was released, reaching number 116 in the UK. The B-side to this single, In the Night, later resurfaced, in a remixed version, as the opening track to the duos first remix album, Disco. This version was used as the theme for the UK television series The Clothes Show. Unperturbed by the low position, the band returned to the studio in August to re-record West End Girls with producer Stephen Hague. Released in October 1985, this new version entered the charts at a similarly low position. It was subsequently number one in the United States, Canada, Finland, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Israel, New Zealand and Norway and it remains the most-heard Pet Shop Boys song to date. After the success of West End Girls, Pet Shop Boys released a single, Love Comes Quickly. The single reached number 19 in the UK Singles Chart and was followed by their album, Please
Pet Shop Boys
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Performing in Turku, Finland in 1997
Pet Shop Boys
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Pet Shop Boys at an interview in 2013
Pet Shop Boys
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Performing in 2007
Pet Shop Boys
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Pet Shop Boys performing in 2010
31.
Forbes magazine
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Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features articles on finance, industry, investing. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics and its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans. Another well-known list by the magazine is The Worlds Billionaires list, the motto of Forbes magazine is The Capitalist Tool. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Perlis, Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15,1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise, the original name of the magazine was Forbes, Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B. C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B. C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, B. C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes. Bruce Forbes took over on his fathers death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations, during his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazines circulation nearly doubled. On Malcolms death, his eldest son Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. became President and Chief Executive of Forbes, between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. com, a 2009 New York Times report said,40 percent of the enterprise was sold. For a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million, according to Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners, Its probably not worth half of that now. The companys headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City. In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale and this was encouraged by Elevation Partners, of whom were minority shareholders. Sales documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publishers 2012 EBITDA was $15 million, Forbes reportedly sought a price of $400 million. In July 2014, Forbes sold a majority of itself to Integrated Whale Media Investments, Steve Forbes and his magazines writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes On Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group, from the 2009 Times report, Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10
Forbes magazine
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Cover for December 20, 2010, featuring Julian Assange
Forbes magazine
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Forbes
Forbes magazine
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Forbes's former headquarters on 5th Avenue in Manhattan (now owned by New York University)
Forbes magazine
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Forbes Building on Fifth Avenue in New York City (now owned by New York University)
32.
Oprah
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Orpah Gail Winfrey, better known as Oprah Winfrey, is an American media proprietor, talk show host, actress, producer, and philanthropist. She is best known for her talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show, several assessments rank her as the most influential woman in the world. In 2013, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama and honorary degrees from Duke. Winfrey was born into poverty in rural Mississippi to a single mother and later raised in an inner-city Milwaukee neighborhood. She has stated that she was molested during her childhood and early teens and became pregnant at 14, her son died in infancy. Sent to live with the man she calls her father, a barber in Tennessee, Winfrey landed a job in radio while still in high school, by the mid-1990s, she had reinvented her show with a focus on literature, self-improvement, and spirituality. From 2006 to 2008, her endorsement of Obama, by one estimate, Winfrey was named Orpah on her birth certificate after the biblical figure in the Book of Ruth, but people mispronounced it regularly and Oprah stuck. Winfrey was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi, to a teenage mother. She later said that her conception was due to a sexual encounter. Her mother, Vernita Lee, was a housemaid, Winfreys biological father is usually noted as Vernon Winfrey, a coal miner turned barber turned city councilman who had been in the Armed Forces when she was born. However, Mississippi farmer and World War II veteran Noah Robinson, a genetic test in 2006 determined that her matrilineal line originated among the Kpelle ethnic group, in the area that today is Liberia. Her genetic makeup was determined to be 89% Sub-Saharan African, 8% Native American, however, the East Asian may, given the imprecision of genetic testing, actually be Native American markers. Her grandmother taught her to read before the age of three and took her to the church, where she was nicknamed The Preacher for her ability to recite Bible verses. When Winfrey was a child, her grandmother would hit her with a stick when she did not do chores or if she misbehaved in any way. Around this time, Lee had given birth to daughter, Winfreys younger half-sister. By 1962, Lee was having difficulty raising both daughters so Winfrey was temporarily sent to live with Vernon in Nashville, Tennessee, while Winfrey was in Nashville, Lee gave birth to a third daughter who was put up for adoption and later also named Patricia. Winfrey did not learn she had a second half-sister until 2010, by the time Winfrey moved back in with Lee, Lee had also given birth to a boy named Jeffrey, Winfreys half-brother, who died of AIDS-related causes in 1989. When Winfrey discussed the alleged abuse with family members at age 24, Winfrey once commented that she had chosen not to be a mother because she had not been mothered well
Oprah
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Winfrey in 2011
Oprah
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Winfrey on the first national broadcast of The Oprah Winfrey Show in 1986
Oprah
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Winfrey as Sofia in The Color Purple.
Oprah
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Winfrey on the cover of Live Your Best Life, a collection of features from O, The Oprah Magazine.
33.
The Queen and I (novel)
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The Queen and I is a 1992 novel/play written by Sue Townsend. Barker, as the new Prime Minister, transforms Britain into a republic, in Hellebore Close, the new home of the Royal Family, they learn to cope with the normal day of ordinary people. The Queen is visited by a worker but refuses to let her in. She learns how to use a zip or buttons and that five hours of waiting to see a doctor in a hospital is not unusual. She gets to know that living with a small pensioners income is hard, on the whole, the Queen quickly learns to cope with the situation and later does not want to go back to Buckingham Palace because of all the duties that would await her there. On the other hand, her husband Philip cannot cope with the situation and he refuses to eat, is annoyed by sharing a bed with his wife and would like to be anywhere but in Hellebore Close. Charles, former Prince of Wales, discovers his love for gardening. While he and his wife Diana, Princess of Wales, begin affairs with their neighbours, their children, William and Harry, later Charles is imprisoned and sentenced for attacking a police officer, a crime he did not actually commit. His sister Anne takes up with a local handyman, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, is briefly mentioned to be serving aboard a submarine under the Arctic ice cap. Their neighbours, who are at first sceptical, eventually include the family in their society. Although the Queen Mum is the oldest, she learns very fast how to cope with the new situation and her death shakes the whole neighbourhood and everyone takes part in her cheap, but solemn funeral. A disgruntled fishmonger and his wife start a campaign to Bring Our Monarch Back, Jack Barker and his so-called “Kitchen Cabinet” make very expensive promises to the voters, e. g. raising pensions or renewing schools, and soon get into trouble with foreign creditors. After talks with the Japanese Emperor, Barker announces that Britain is to part of the Japanese Empire. In return, all repayments to Japan are suspended indefinitely and this agreement is sealed by the marriage of the Emperors daughter Sayako to Edward, the Queen’s youngest son. It is then revealed that the story was a nightmare. The Queen wakes to find that the Conservatives have won the Election instead, as indeed actually happened, in 2006 a sequel, Queen Camilla, was published, in which the royal family still live in Hell Close and Jack Barker is still in power. Edward is absent for most of the novel, being in New Zealand producing a play and he appears at the end of the book when he is forced into marrying the Japanese Princess Sakeyo. Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Harris, the Queens corgi, tony Threadgold, The Queens new neighbor
The Queen and I (novel)
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First edition
34.
Alan Bennett
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Alan Bennett is a British playwright, screenwriter, actor and author. He was born in Leeds and attended Oxford University where he studied history and he stayed to teach and research medieval history at the university for several years. His collaboration as writer and performer with Dudley Moore, Jonathan Miller and Peter Cook in the satirical revue Beyond the Fringe at the 1960 Edinburgh Festival brought him instant fame. He gave up academia, and turned to writing full-time, his first stage play Forty Years On being produced in 1968, Bennett was born in Armley in Leeds. The youngest son of a butcher, Walter, and his wife Lilian Mary, Bennett attended Christ Church, Upper Armley, Church of England School. He learned Russian at the Joint Services School for Linguists during his service before applying for a scholarship at Oxford University. He was accepted by Exeter College, Oxford, from which he graduated with a degree in history. While at Oxford he performed comedy with a number of successful actors in the Oxford Revue. He was to remain at the university for several years, where he researched and taught Medieval History, in August 1960 Bennett, along with Dudley Moore, Jonathan Miller and Peter Cook, achieved instant fame by appearing at the Edinburgh Festival in the satirical revue Beyond the Fringe. After the festival, the show continued in London and New York and he also appeared in My Father Knew Lloyd George. His highly regarded television comedy sketch series On the Margin was unfortunately erased, however, in 2014 it was announced that copies of the entire series had been found. Bennetts first stage play Forty Years On, directed by Patrick Garland, was produced in 1968, many television, stage and radio plays followed, with screenplays, short stories, novellas, a large body of non-fictional prose, and broadcasting and many appearances as an actor. Bennetts distinctive, expressive voice and the humour and evident humanity of his writing have made his readings of his work very popular. Bennetts readings of the Winnie the Pooh stories are widely enjoyed. Many of Bennetts characters are unfortunate and downtrodden, life has brought them to an impasse or else passed them by. In many cases they have met with disappointment in the realm of sex and intimate relationships, largely through tentativeness and a failure to connect with others. Despite a long history both the National Theatre and the BBC - Bennett never writes on commission, declaring I dont work on commission. If people dont want it then its too bad, Bennett is both unsparing and compassionate in laying bare his characters frailties
Alan Bennett
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Bennett in 1973, photographed by Allan Warren
Alan Bennett
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Bennett (second left) in Beyond the Fringe on Broadway c. 1962
Alan Bennett
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The gravestone, in Larch Wood (Railway Cutting) cemetery, of Alan Bennett's Uncle Clarence, subject of a 1985 radio monologue.
35.
Golden Globe
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe
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The Golden Globe statuette
36.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
Order of the British Empire
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Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
Order of the British Empire
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MBE as awarded in 1918
Order of the British Empire
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Close up of an MBE from 1945 showing the "For God and the Empire"
Order of the British Empire
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Lieutenant General Sir Robert Fulton, KBE
37.
Nicknames
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A nickname is a substitute for the proper name of a familiar person, place, or thing, for affection or ridicule. The term hypocoristic is used to refer to a nickname of affection between those in love or with an emotional bond, compared with a term of endearment. The term diminutive name refers to nicknames that convey smallness, hence something regarded with affection or familiarity, the distinction between the two is often blurred. It is a form of endearment and amusement, as a concept, it is distinct from both pseudonym and stage name, and also from a title, although there may be overlap in these concepts. A moniker also means a nickname or personal name, the word often distinguishes personal names from nicknames that became proper names out of former nicknames. English examples are Bob and Rob, nickname variants for Robert, a nickname is often considered desirable, symbolising a form of acceptance, but can sometimes be a form of ridicule. The compound word ekename, literally meaning additional name, was attested as early as 1303 and this word was derived from the Old English phrase eaca an increase, related to eacian to increase. By the fifteenth century, the misdivision of the syllables of the phrase an ekename led to its reanalysis as a nekename, though the spelling has changed, the pronunciation and meaning of the word have remained relatively stable ever since. However, it is common for the nickname to be identified after a comma following the full real name or later in the body of the text. The middle name is generally eliminated, especially in speech, like English, German uses quotation marks between the first and last names. The latter may cause confusion because it resembles an English convention sometimes used for married, in Viking societies, many people had heiti, viðrnefni, or kenningarnöfn which were used in addition to, or instead of the first name. Slaves have often used nicknames, so that the master who heard about someone doing something could not identify the slave, in capoeira, a Brazilian martial art, the slaves had nicknames to protect them from being caught, as practising capoeira was illegal for decades. In Anglo-American culture, a nickname is based on a shortening of a persons proper name. However, in societies, this may not necessarily be the case. For example, my nickname is farmer Phil In Indian society, for example, generally people have at least one nickname, Indian nicknames very often are a trivial word or a diminutive. In Australian society, Australian men will often give ironic nicknames, for example, a man with red hair will be given the nickname Blue or Bluey. A tall man will be called Shorty, an obese person Slim, in England, some nicknames are traditionally associated with a persons surname. A man with the surname Clark will be nicknamed Nobby, the surname Miller will have the nickname Dusty, there are several other nicknames linked traditionally with a persons surname, including Chalky White, Bunny Warren, Tug Wilson, and Spud Baker
Nicknames
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Map of the United States showing the state nicknames as hogs. Lithograph by Mackwitz, St. Louis, 1884.
Nicknames
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The London Underground is nicknamed "the Tube"
Nicknames
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"I, Jimmy Carter..." James Earl Carter is sworn in as President of the United States using his nickname "Jimmy".
Nicknames
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The Weimaraner 's coat color led to its nickname of the "Silver Ghost".
38.
Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
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Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa is the 1st King of Bahrain, having previously been its 2nd Emir. He is the son of Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, the previous, the country has been ruled by the Al Khalifa dynasty since 1783. Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa was born on 28 January 1950 in Riffa and his parents were Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, then Crown Prince, and Hessa bint Salman Al Khalifa. After attending Manama secondary school in Bahrain, Hamad was sent to England to attend Applegarth College in Godalming, Hamad then underwent military training, first with the British Army at Mons Officer Cadet School at Aldershot in Hampshire, graduating in September 1968. Four years later, in June 1972, Hamad attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas, Hamad was designated as heir apparent by his father on 27 June 1964. In 1968, he was appointed as the chairman of the irrigation council, in 1970, Hamad became the head of the Bahraini department of defence and the vice-chairman of the administrative council, remaining in both offices until 1971. From 1971 to 1988 he was the minister of state for defence, in October 1977, Hamad started learning to fly helicopters, successfully completing the training in January 1978. He then worked to establish the Bahrain Amiri Air Force, which came into being in 1987 when the defence force air wing was reconstituted as an air force, on the death of his father Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Hamad became Emir of Bahrain on 6 March 1999. As Emir, Hamad brought several political reforms to Bahrain and these included the release of all political prisoners, the dissolution of the State Security Court and the abolition of the 1974 Decree on State Security Measures. Additionally, many Bahraini citizens were permitted to return several years in exile overseas. In 2002, he declared himself king, after Hamad took power in 1999, he focused on attaining stability in a nation riddled with profound tensions after the 1990s uprising. The King succeeded in improving the standards and in making Bahrain a financial hub. Although King Hamads reign has seen the admittance of Shiites into positions in the government, there have still been calls for an equitable distribution of positions. Also, the vast majority of significant positions in the Bahrain Defence Force are filled with Sunnis, King Hamad claims that he is giving an equal chance to all Bahrainis regardless of their sect. Opposition parties denounced the accusations and described it as propaganda, the Bahrain government responded with what has been described as a brutal crackdown on the protests, including violations of human rights that caused anger. Later on, demonstrators demanded that Hamad step down, as a result of this massive crackdown, Foreign Policy Magazine classified him as ranking 3rd out of 8 of Americas Unsavory Allies calling him one of the bad guys the U. S. still supports. On 11 February 2011, King Hamad ordered that 1,000 Bahraini Dinars be given to family to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the National Action Charter referendum. Agence France-Presse linked the BD1,000 payments to 14 February demonstration plans, on 15 February 2011, Hamad apologized for the deaths of two demonstrators in a rare TV speech and urged an investigation into the incident
Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
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Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa حمد بن عيسى آل خليفة
Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
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The Leys School, Cambridge
Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
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King Hamad with Donald H. Rumsfeld
Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
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President George W. Bush welcomes Hamad to the Oval Office on 29 November 2004
39.
Mswati III
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King Mswati III is the current King of Swaziland and head of the Swazi Royal Family. King Mswati III was born in Manzini, Swaziland to King Sobhuza II and he attended primary school at Masundvwini Primary School and secondary school at Lozitha Palace School. He then attended from 1983 to 1986 Sherborne School in north-west Dorset, HRH Prince Makhosetive was crowned Mswati III, Ingwenyama and King of Swaziland on 25 April 1986 at the age of 18, thus becoming the youngest ruling monarch at the time in the world. Together with his mother Ntombi Tfwala, now Queen Mother, he rules the country as an absolute monarch, Mswati III is known for his practice of polygamy and currently has 13 wives. Although Mswati is respected and fairly popular in Swaziland, his policies and lavish lifestyle have led to local protests and international criticism. Mswati III is one of many sons fathered by the king, Sobhuza II. He was born at the Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital in Manzini, when he and his mother were discharged from the hospital they went to live at one of Sobhuzas residences, Etjeni, near the Masundwini royal residence. As a young prince, Makhosetive attended Masundwini Primary School and later Lozitha Palace School and he sat for the Swaziland Primary Certificate examination in December 1982 at Phondo Royal Residence and received First Class with merit in Mathematics and English. He developed a great interest in the guard, becoming the first young cadet to join the Umbutfo Swaziland Defence Force. When King Sobhuza II died on 21 August 1982, the Great Council of State selected the 14-year-old prince Makhosetive to be the next king, the king and his mother, whose title is Indlovukati, rule jointly. Today King Mswati III is Africas last absolute monarch in the sense that he has the power to choose the minister, other top government posts. Even though he makes the appointments, he still has to get advice from the queen mother and council. In matters of cabinet appointments, he gets advice from the prime minister and he ruled by decree, but did restore the nations Parliament, which had been dissolved by his father in order to ensure concentration of power remained with the king. In 2004, Mswati promulgated a new constitution that allows freedom of speech and assembly for the media and public, Amnesty International has criticized the new constitution as inadequate in some respects. This was last done under Sobhuza II in 1971, as per custom, he was fined a cow by members of her regiment, which he duly paid. The king currently has 15 wives and 25 children, a Swazi kings first two wives are chosen for him by the national councillors. There are complex rules on succession, traditionally the king is chosen through his mother as represented in the Swazi saying Inkhosi, yinkhosi ngenina, meaning a king is king through his mother. According to tradition, he can marry his fiancées only after they have fallen pregnant, until then, they are termed liphovela, or brides
Mswati III
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Mswati III
Mswati III
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King Mswati at the Reed Dance 2006
40.
Saudi Arabia royal family
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The House of Saud is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. The family has thousands of members, the most influential member of the Royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia, currently King Salman. The succession to the Saudi Arabian throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king, Ibn Saud, to another. The next in line, Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef is also from the ruling House of Saud, while the monarchy is hereditary now, future Saudi kings will be chosen by a committee of Saudi princes, in line with a 2006 royal decree. The family is estimated to comprise 15,000 members, but the majority of the power, House of Saud is a translation of Al Saud. The latter is an Arabic dynastic name formed by adding the word Al, meaning family of or House of, in the case of the Al Saud, this is Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin, the father of the dynastys 18th century founder, Muhammad bin Saud. Today, the surname Al Saud is carried by any descendant of Muhammad bin Saud or his three brothers Farhan, Thunayyan, and Mishari. Al Sauds other family branches like Saud al-Kabir, the Al Jiluwi, the Al Thunayan, the Al Mishari, members of the cadet branches hold high and influential positions in government though they are not in line of succession to Saudi throne. Many cadet members intermarry within the Al Saud to reestablish their lineage, the earliest recorded ancestor of the Al Saud was Mani ibn Rabiah Al-Muraydi who settled in Diriyah in 1446–1447 with his clan, the Mrudah. Although the Mrudah are believed to be descended from the Rabiah tribal confederation, Mani was invited by a relative named Ibn Dir. Ibn Dir was the ruler of a set of villages and estates that make up modern-day Riyadh, manis clan had been on a sojourn in east Arabia, near al-Qatif, from an unknown point in time. Ibn Dir handed Mani two estates called al-Mulaybeed and Ghusayba, Mani and his family settled and renamed the region al-Diriyah, after their benefactor Ibn Dir. The Mrudah became rulers of al-Diriyah, which prospered along the banks of Wadi Hanifa, as the clan grew larger, power struggles ensued, with one branch leaving for nearby Dhruma, while another branch left for the town of az-Zubayr in southern Iraq. The Al Migrin became the family among the Mrudah in Diriyah. The name of the clan comes from Sheikh Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin who died in 1725, the First Saudi State was founded in 1744. This period was marked by conquest of neighboring areas and by religious zeal, at its height, the First Saudi State included most of the territory of modern-day Saudi Arabia, and raids by Al Sauds allies and followers reached into Yemen, Oman, Syria, and Iraq. Islamic Scholars, particularly Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab and his descendants, are believed to have played a significant role in Saudi rule during this period, the Saudis and their allies referred to themselves during this period as the Muwahhidun or Ahl al-Tawhid. Later they were referred to as the Wahhabis, a group of particularly strict Sunni, leadership of the Al Saud during the time of their first state passed from father to son without incident
Saudi Arabia royal family
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Ibn Saud
Saudi Arabia royal family
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House of Saud
Saudi Arabia royal family
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U.S. President Barack Obama offers condolences on death of Saudi King Abdullah, Riyadh, 27 January 2015
Saudi Arabia royal family
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Deputy Crown Prince and Defence Minister Mohammad with U.S. Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter, Pentagon, 13 May 2015
41.
Kuwaiti Royal Family
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The House of Sabah is the ruling family of Kuwait. The family originated from the Utub federation, the Emir of Kuwait is the head of state. He is nominated by a council headed by prominent members of the family. The parliament effectively removed Saad al-Sabah from his post in 2006 due to his illness, the crown prince has to be a senior member of the House. He is nominated by a council headed by prominent members of the family. The appointment of a crown prince requires approval by a majority of the members of the Kuwaiti parliament. The National Assembly also determines the Emirs salary, the reigning emir must appoint an heir apparent within one year of his accession to the throne, the nomination needs approval by the majority of members of Kuwaits parliament, the National Assembly. The Crown Prince has to be a member of the House of Sabah. The position of Emir is also traditionally alternated between the two branches of the House of Sabah, the Al-Ahmed and Al-Salem branches. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Emir, however the appointment of the prime minister requires approval from the majority of members of the National Assembly parliament. Chieftain Sheikhs of the House of Sabah have been leading the Military of Kuwait since the establishment of defense infantry and cavalry forces. By government protocol, defense, interior and foreign ministers are deputy prime ministers of Kuwait. Alan Rush Article listing positions of a few Sabahs
Kuwaiti Royal Family
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Kuwait
42.
Freedom of press
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Freedom of the press or freedom of the media through various mediums, such as electronic media and published materials. Wherever such freedom exists mostly implies the absence of interference from an overreaching state, with respect to governmental information, any government may distinguish which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public. Many governments are subject to sunshine laws or freedom of information legislation that are used to define the ambit of national interest. This philosophy is usually accompanied by legislation ensuring various degrees of freedom of research, publishing. The depth to which laws are entrenched in a countrys legal system can go as far down as its constitution. The concept of freedom of speech is often covered by the laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to spoken. This idea was famously summarized by the 20th century American journalist, A. J. Liebling, Freedom of the press gives the printer or publisher exclusive control over what the publisher chooses to publish, including the right to refuse to print anything for any reason. If the author cannot reach a agreement with a publisher to produce the authors work. CPJ shares information on breaking cases with other press freedom organizations worldwide through the International Freedom of Expression Exchange, CPJ also tracks journalist deaths and detentions. CPJ staff applies strict criteria for each case, researchers independently investigate, so the concept of independence of the press is one closely linked with the concept of press freedom. Every year, Reporters Without Borders establishes a ranking of countries in terms of their freedom of the press, the survey asks questions about direct attacks on journalists and the media as well as other indirect sources of pressure against the free press, such as non-governmental groups. RWB is careful to note that the only deals with press freedom. In 2016, the countries where press was the most free were Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Denmark and New Zealand, followed by Costa Rica, Switzerland, Sweden, Ireland and Jamaica. The country with the least degree of freedom was Eritrea, followed by North Korea, Turkmenistan, Syria, China, Vietnam. The problem with media in India, the worlds largest democracy, is enormous, India doesnt have a model for a democratic press. The report written by Ravi S Jha says Indian journalism, with its lack of freedom and self-regulation, cannot be trusted now—it is currently known for manipulation, levels of freedom are scored on a scale from 1 to 100. Depending on the basics, the nations are then classified as Free, Partly Free, in 2009 Iceland, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Sweden topped the list with North Korea, Turkmenistan, Myanmar, Libya, Eritrea at the bottom. According to Reporters Without Borders, more than a third of the people live in countries where there is no press freedom
Freedom of press
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Journalism
Freedom of press
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Georgiy Gongadze, Ukrainian journalist, founder of a popular Internet newspaper Ukrayinska Pravda, who was kidnapped and murdered in 2000.
43.
National Lampoon's European Vacation
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European Vacation is a 1985 American comedy film directed by Amy Heckerling and written by John Hughes and Robert Klane based on a story by Hughes. The second film in National Lampoons Vacation film series, it stars Chevy Chase, Dana Hill and Jason Lively replace Dana Barron and Anthony Michael Hall as Griswald children Audrey and Rusty. After Hall declined to reprise his role, the decided to recast both children. The film is the installment of the series to credit the family’s name spelled as Griswald. The Griswald family competes in a show called Pig in a Poke. In a whirlwind tour of western Europe, chaos of all sorts ensues and they stay in a fleabag London hotel with a sloppy, tattooed Cockney desk clerk. While in their English rental car, a yellow Austin Maxi, Clark drives the family endlessly around the busy Lambeth Bridge roundabout for hours, unable to maneuver his way out of traffic. His tendency to drive on the side of the road causes frequent accidents, including accidentally knocking over a bicyclist. At Stonehenge, Clark backs the car into an ancient stone monolith, toppling all the stones like dominoes, in Paris, the family wears stenciled berets, causing Rusty to be teased by young women at the Eiffel Tower observation deck. Clark offers to get rid of the beret for Rusty, but when he throws it away, another visitors dachshund mistakes it for a Frisbee, later, Rusty meets an exotic dancer at a bawdy Paris can-can dance show. The familys video camera is stolen by a passerby whom Clark had asked to take a picture of the family, Clark also manages to anger a French waiter with his terrible French. In Rome, the Griswalds rent a car at an office, but unbeknownst to them. The lead thief gives them a car with the manager in the trunk, after screaming angrily at Clark, Ellen storms off to their hotel, where she encounters the thief who rented them the car. She confesses her recent troubles, still unaware that he is a criminal, the man then tries to get the car keys, which are in her purse, but fails. When the police arrive at the hotel, he kidnaps Ellen, on the flight back to the U. S. Clark accidentally causes the plane to knock the Statue of Libertys torch upside down. The musical score for National Lampoons European Vacation was composed by Charles Fox, lindsey Buckinghams Holiday Road was once again featured as the films theme song, with many other contemporary songs included throughout the film. John Back in America by Network The film opened July 26,1985 in 1,546 North American theaters and grossed $12,329,627 its opening weekend, after its initial run, the film grossed a total of $49,364,621 domestically. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 39% based on reviews from 23 critics, with an average of 4.7 out of 10
National Lampoon's European Vacation
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Theatrical release poster
44.
Austin Powers in Goldmember
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Austin Powers in Goldmember is a 2002 American spy action comedy film. It is the third and final installment of the Austin Powers trilogy starring Mike Myers in the title role, the film was directed by Jay Roach, and co-written by Mike Myers and Michael McCullers. Myers also plays the roles of Dr. Evil, Goldmember, the movie co-stars Beyoncé Knowles in her theatrical film debut, as well as Robert Wagner, Seth Green, Michael York, Verne Troyer, Michael Caine, Mindy Sterling and Fred Savage. In a self-parody of the Austin Powers series, there is a film within the film in the opening, the film grossed $296.6 million at the box office internationally. Dr. Evil plans to back in time to 1975 and bring back Johan van der Smut, aka Goldmember. He intends to use the tractor beam to pull a meteor into the Earth, striking the ice caps. Moments after this plan is revealed, Austin Powers and the British Secret Service attack the base, Austin is knighted for his services, but is disappointed when his father, the famous super-spy Nigel Powers, does not attend the event. Basil Exposition later informs Austin that Nigel has been kidnapped, Austin visits the imprisoned Dr. Evil, who tells him that Goldmember is behind the abduction. Time-travelling to 1975, Austin infiltrates Goldmembers roller disco club and is reunited with his lover, FBI agent Foxxy Cleopatra. With Foxxys help, Austin locates his father, but is unable to rescue him, Goldmember takes Nigel through Dr. Evils time machine into the present day. Foxxy wants revenge on Goldmember for murdering her partner, and accompanies Austin in his pursuit, in the present, Dr. Evil and Mini-Me instigate a riot in their prison, allowing them to escape. A British Intelligence mole named Number 3 informs Austin that Dr. Evil has moved to a new lair near Tokyo, Austin and Foxxy travel to Tokyo and confront Fat Bastard, who is now a sumo wrestler, but still does work for Dr. Evil. Fat Bastard explains that a Japanese business man, Mr. Roboto, is working on a device for Dr. Evil, Austin and Foxxy later meet with Mr. Roboto, who pleads ignorance about Nigels whereabouts. Foxxy confronts Goldmember while Austin attempts to free Nigel, but Goldmember escapes with the command unit, unable to settle their differences, Nigel and Austin part ways when they disagree on how to deal with the situation. Meanwhile, Dr. Evils son, Scott Evil, has become evil in an attempt to prove himself to his father. Scott presents his father with sharks with laser beams attached to their heads, Dr. Evil replaces Mini-Me with Scott as his favored son, the rejected Mini-Me defects and joins Austin. Austin, Foxxy and Mini-Me infiltrate the sub, but Austin is captured, Dr. Evil prepares to activate the tractor beam, but Foxxy has stolen the key and frees Austin. Dr. Goldmember activates the tractor beam, but Austin and Dr. Evil work together to reverse its polarity, destroying the meteor, Austin, Foxxy, Dr. Evil, Mini-Me and Nigel are in the audience of a Hollywood theater watching the film
Austin Powers in Goldmember
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Theatrical release poster
Austin Powers in Goldmember
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Austin Powers in Goldmember
45.
Her Majesty (film)
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Her Majesty is a 2001 coming of age film about a young girl who realizes her lifelong dream when Queen Elizabeth II comes to visit her small hometown. Her Majesty was first released theatrically in the U. S. in April 2004 and continued to screen in select cities through March 2005, with positive reviews. The film was released in January 2005 in New Zealand to positive reviews, though it performed poorly at the box office, perhaps due to limited promotion and exposure. Her Majesty also screened theatrically in provinces throughout Canada from January to May 2006 in association with the Film Circuit, the North American DVD of Her Majesty was released on 29 August 2006. Vicky Haughton who co-stars in Her Majesty went on to play the grandmother in the movie Whale Rider and she also had a part in King Kong. Walter Coblenz, the producer, was producer on such films as All the Presidents Men, The Candidate. Virginia Katz, the editor, also edited Kinsey and Dreamgirls, production designer, Kim Sinclair, also won an Academy Award in 2010 for his work on Avatar. The town was built on land owned by the Maori. The thoughts in the town are that the Maori are not to be trusted, Elizabeths brother is one such who had his job taken, because he was lazy and unsuitable. He lies to his family so his father continue to make his car payments for him. However, he decides to take his animosity out on the local crazy Maori lady, Hira Mata. the land her house is built on, which comprises several acres. Her window is broken by Elizabeths brother, leading Elizabeth to steal the money he has hidden in his room to anonymously pay Hira back for the damage. That plan somewhat fails as the ground is very muddy, Hira comes to investigate the noise, causing Elizabeth and her best friend Annabell to turn tail and run into hiding quickly. Elizabeth loses a shoe, and goes back the next day, Hira however was expecting that whoever lost the shoe knew who had broken her window, if they werent directly responsible for it themselves. She terrifies Elizabeth at first, but she is struck by the presence of Hira, over the coming weeks, Elizabeth and Hira form a strong bond of friendship and a sense of family. In the meantime, the Queen has decided to stop in the town of Middleton, Elizabeths father believes his cheese factory should be one of the stops, but is blocked at every turn by the granddaughter of the founder of the town. She plans to have the Queen go see her rhododendron trust and she also plans to give to the Queen a pair of pearl-handled silver dueling pistols, presumably given to her grandfather by the Queens great uncle. Elizabeth learns of this, and despite her not wanting her to visit Hira, she goes to the house and learns the pistols were actually given to Hiras father
Her Majesty (film)
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Her Majesty
46.
Ali G Indahouse
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Ali G Indahouse is a 2002 British comedy film directed by Mark Mylod and starring the fictional character Ali G, who is written and performed by comedian Sacha Baron Cohen. The character of Ali G was originally developed for the Channel 4 series The 11 OClock Show, the film additionally features one of Baron Cohens other characters, Borat Sagdiyev, in a meeting with Ali G, where a double was used for different shots. It is the first of three based on Baron Cohens characters from Da Ali G Show, and is the only one not to be a mockumentary. Ali G is the leader of Da West Staines Massiv, a gang composed of wannabe gangsters from Staines. Da West Staines Massiv are heartbroken to learn that their beloved local leisure centre will be demolished by the local council, Ali is put forward as a candidate to be the next MP for Staines and manages to alienate most who cross his path. During a debate with his rival candidate, Ali tries to insult his rival by claiming that he sucked off a horse, out of his depth as a Member of Parliament, Alis bizarre behaviour and solutions seem to work. He visits a customs checkpoint in Dover, as a compiling a report. With this the Prime Minister offers to save Alis leisure centre, Ali accompanies the Prime Minister to a United Nations peace conference to avert war between the French-speaking African nations of Chad and Burkina Faso. The United States and Russia back opposite countries and both threaten nuclear attacks, Ali sneaks into the catering area and puts a bag of marijuana into the delegates tea. A side-effect is that the two opposing presidents become allies, the Prime Minister says that Ali has saved the world. Carltons secretary Kate Hedges figures out what Ali has done and retrieves the empty bag, upon his return to the UK, Ali is forced to leave parliament. Before the Leisure Centre can be saved, a video emerges of Ali, as Ali was wearing items of the Prime Ministers hat and coat at the time, the media believe the video details the Prime Minister with a prostitute, forcing his resignation. This results in Carlton being made Prime Minister, Carlton orders the destruction of the leisure centre. He has bought all real estate in Staines knowing that the town will be destroyed to make way for a new terminal for Heathrow Airport. They do this successfully and reinstate the original Prime Minister, save the leisure centre, Carlton is forced to work under Ali in Jamaica and dance with other people during Alis parties. Staines is saved from destruction, with the Prime Minister declaring that Slough is to be destroyed instead, the opening gangland dream sequence was filmed in Los Angeles, with all other scenes photographed in London and Staines. When Ali references the Berkshire Massiv of Englefield Green, this is actually in Surrey, the John Nike Leisure Centre is a real facility, though located several miles west of Staines in Bracknell, central Berkshire. The movie premiered in UK theaters on 22 March 2002, and across other countries throughout the rest of 2002
Ali G Indahouse
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Theatrical release poster
47.
Churchill: The Hollywood Years
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Churchill, The Hollywood Years is a 2004 film, directed by Peter Richardson. It stars Christian Slater as Winston Churchill, and Neve Campbell as Elizabeth II, miranda Richardson and Antony Sher also co star. The film is a satire on the Hollywood take on history, such as U-571, in this parody, the British court and war government consist mainly of idiots and traitors. Adolf Hitler moves into Buckingham Palace and plans to marry into the Windsors, mainly filmed at the Royal William Yard, Stonehouse, Plymouth Oldway Mansion doubles as Buckingham Palace Powderham castle, Exeter The old fish quay at Brixham, Devon doubles as Plymouth Docks. The taxi driver and the King mistake Adolf Hitler for Charlie Chaplin, the Siegfried Line rap takes its title and some of its lyrics from the British wartime song Were Going to Hang out the Washing on the Siegfried Line. The introduction to the song is a reference to Top Gun, the song Hitler Has Only Got One Ball is frequently referenced, including once where it is delivered by Tommy Trinder. The presence of Irish Cockneys is a reference to the passengers in Titanic. Churchills final exit in a Spitfire references the portrayal of the American contribution to the Battle of Britain early in the film Pearl Harbor, brian Perkins commentary on Hitler and Elizabeths wedding is a parody of Richard Dimblebys hushed radio commentaries of royal events. Eva Braun is shown listening to the end of an episode of The Archers, even though it did not start until six years after the war ended
Churchill: The Hollywood Years
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UK Theatrical release poster
48.
Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
Academy Award for Best Actress
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Janet Gaynor was the first winner in this category for her roles in 7th Heaven (1927), Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927), and Street Angel (1928).
Academy Award for Best Actress
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Norma Shearer won in 1930 for her performance in The Divorcee.
Academy Award for Best Actress
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Katharine Hepburn has the most wins in this category for her roles in Morning Glory (1933), Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967), The Lion in Winter (1968), and On Golden Pond (1981).
Academy Award for Best Actress
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Bette Davis won two awards from ten nominations for her roles in Dangerous (1935) and Jezebel (1938).
49.
Bollywood
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Bollywood is the sobriquet for Indias Hindi language film industry, based in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is more formally referred to as Hindi cinema, Bollywood is also one of the largest centers of film production in the world. Furthermore, Bollywood is one of the biggest film industries in the world in terms of the number of people employed, according to Matusitz, J. & Payano, P. In 2011, over 3.5 billion tickets were sold across the globe which in comparison is 900,000 tickets more than Hollywood, Bollywood produced 252 films in 2014 out of a total of 1969 films produced in Indian cinema. The name Bollywood is a derived from Bombay, India, and Hollywood, California. Bollywood does not exist as a physical place, some deplore the name, arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood. The naming scheme for Bollywood was inspired by Tollywood, the name that was used to refer to the cinema of West Bengal and it was this chance juxtaposition of two pairs of rhyming syllables, Holly and Tolly, that led to the portmanteau name Tollywood being coined. However, Tollywood is now used popularly to refer to the Telugu Film Industry in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh, the term Bollywood itself has origins in the 1970s, when India overtook America as the worlds largest film producer. Credit for the term has been claimed by different people, including the lyricist, filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna. Raja Harishchandra, by Dadasaheb Phalke, is known as the first silent feature film made in India, by the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Iranis Alam Ara, was a commercial success. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals, Bollywood, the 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times, India was buffeted by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist, but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, in 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya. The next year, he made another film, a version of Mother India. However, colour did not become a feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the fare at the cinema. Following Indias independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s is regarded by historians as the Golden Age of Hindi cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period, examples include the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool and the Raj Kapoor films Awaara, Shree 420 and Dilip Kumars Aan
Bollywood
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Film poster for first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Irani 's Alam Ara (1931)
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Melodrama and romance are common ingredients to Bollywood films. Pictured Achhut Kanya (1936)
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Amitabh Bachchan is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema.
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Madhuri Dixit, often regarded as the best actress of the Indian cinema for her critical and commercial success during the 80s and 90s.
50.
Never Say Never Mind: The Swedish Bikini Team
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Never Say Never Mind, The Swedish Bikini Team is a 2001 British film spoof starring Bruce Payne, John Rhys-Davies and Cecilie Bull. It was directed by Buzz Feitshans IV, evolution films described the film thus, In the tradition of James Bond and Austin Powers, comes a Girl Power action comedy Never Say…Never Mind featuring the Swedish Bikini Team. The SBT is composed of five stunningly beautiful, highly intelligent and adventurous women, on land, on the high seas and high in the sky, the SBT members do their best to repel the forces of evil. On their mission, they find themselves in London where, for their meritorious service to the free world, now, they must locate and erase a black market copy of the infamous Los Alamos hard drive. The SBT are trained in close combat, improvised weapons and modern tactical warfare methods by the extremely secretive CSD. The mysterious Mr. Blue is the founder and CEO of Blue, Ltd and he is a logistics expert who co-ordinates the SBT activities leasing them out to friendly governments and worthy private corporations on a case-by-case basis. They get involved in government and high-level corporate intrigue. In a combination of beauty, brains and bravery, the SBT come together in a display of what girl power is really all about. Their high-tech gizmos and combat techniques are enough to give even James Bond a run for his money, one reviewer stated that the film was enormous fun and full of Bondian touches, a must-see
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Never Say Never Mind: The Swedish Bikini Team
51.
The King's Speech
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The Kings Speech is a 2010 British biographical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and written by David Seidler. Colin Firth plays the future King George VI who, to cope with a stammer, sees Lionel Logue, Seidler read about George VIs life after overcoming a stuttering condition he endured during his youth. He later rewrote his screenplay for the stage to focus on the relationship between the two protagonists. Nine weeks before filming began, Logues notebooks were discovered and quotations from them were incorporated into the script, principal photography took place in London and around Britain from November 2009 to January 2010. The opening scenes were filmed at Elland Road, Leeds, and Odsal Stadium, Bradford, for indoor scenes, Lancaster House substituted for Buckingham Palace, and Ely Cathedral stood in for Westminster Abbey, while the weaving mill scene was filmed at the Queen Street Mill in Burnley. A third technique Hooper employed was the framing of characters, in his first consultation with Logue. Released in the United Kingdom on 7 January 2011, The Kings Speech was a box office. On a budget of £8 million, it earned over £250 million internationally and it was widely praised by film critics for its visual style, art direction, and acting. Other commentators discussed the representation of historical detail, especially the reversal of Winston Churchills opposition to abdication. The film received awards and nominations, particularly for Colin Firths performance. The Kings Speech won seven British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film, Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor, the film also won four Academy Awards, Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Original Screenplay. Prince Albert, Duke of York, the son of King George V. The Duke has given up hope of a cure, but his wife Elizabeth persuades him to see Lionel Logue, during their first private session, Logue insists on being called Lionel by his patient. In addition, breaching royal etiquette, Logue calls the Prince Bertie, Prince Albert leaves in anger but Logue offers him the recording as a keepsake. His attempt to do so is a failure, later, the Duke plays Logues recording and hears himself reciting unhesitatingly. He therefore returns to Logue, where he and his wife both insist that Logue focus only on physical exercises, not therapy, Logue teaches his patient muscle relaxation and breath control but continues to probe gently and persistently at the psychological roots of the stutter. Albert eventually reveals some of the pressures of his childhood and the two men start to become friends. It is pointed out that Edward, as head of the Church of England, cannot marry her, even if she receives her second divorce, when Logue insists that Albert could be a good king instead, the latter labels such a suggestion as treason and dismisses Logue
The King's Speech
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British release poster
The King's Speech
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1934 photograph of George V delivering the Royal Christmas Message; an image recreated in the film
The King's Speech
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Colin Firth and Helena Bonham Carter as the Duke and Duchess of York
The King's Speech
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Third choice to play the lead, Colin Firth's performance earned him BAFTA and Academy awards, among others.
52.
Sarah Gadon
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Sarah Gadon is a Canadian actress. She first gained recognition with roles in David Cronenbergs A Dangerous Method and she has guest starred in a number of notable television series including Are You Afraid of the Dark. Dark Oracle, Doc, In a Heartbeat, La Femme Nikita, Life with Derek and she also does voice-acting, lending her voice to Mattimeo, My Dad the Rock Star, Ruby Gloom, Total Drama and Wayside. In 2015, she co-starred in Miramaxs supernatural thriller The 9th Life of Louis Drax, in 2016, she starred in the Hulu adaptation of Stephen Kings miniseries 11.22.63, in which she portrayed James Francos love interest, Sadie. Gadon was born in Toronto, Ontario, to a psychologist father and teacher mother and she has an older brother named James. Gadon has British and Italian ancestry and she graduated high school as an Ontario Scholar from Vaughan Road Academy in 2005. By 2014, she had completed her studies in the University of Torontos Cinema Studies Institute at Innis College, Gadon started acting at the age of 10 with her first acting role as Julia in an episode of La Femme Nikita. For the next few years, she took roles in various television series. Young Laura Burnham in Twice in a Lifetime, Catherine Hartman in Mutant X, Vicki in Life with Derek and she also has a number of television films to her credit. She was nominated for the Young Artist Award for Best Ensemble in a TV movie for her first film, The Other Me, portraying Heather. Other roles include Samantha in What Girls Learn, Amanda in Cadet Kelly, Julia Norton in Code Breakers and Celeste Mercier in The Cutting Edge, Chasing the Dream. Gadon had a role in many television series, Zoe Kessler in The Border, Katie Atkins in Being Erica, Georgia Bravin in Happy Town. She is also behind the voice of the character in the animated series Ruby Gloom, Beth in Total Drama and Portia in Friends. Gadon was nominated for a Gemini Award in 2008 for Best Individual or Ensemble Performance in an Animated Program or Series for her work in Ruby Gloom and she shared in this nomination with Emily Hampshire. In 2005, she filmed for Where Love Reigns, a promotional film co-starring Douglas Henshall and her filmography includes both feature length and short films. Her first feature film was Fast Food High where she portrayed Zoe and she portrayed Margaret in the dark comedy Siblings, Priscilla in Charlie Bartlett and Laura in Leslie, My Name is Evil. Her short film work includes Haley in Burgeon and Fade, Julia in Grange Avenue, Burgeon and Fade won the Special Jury Award at the WorldFest Houston Festival for original dramatic short film. She also starred in the indie film, The Origin of Teddy Bears
Sarah Gadon
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Gadon promoting Cosmopolis at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival
Sarah Gadon
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Gadon at the 18th CFC Annual Gala and Auction
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Gadon in 2011
53.
Minions (film)
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Minions is a 2015 American 3D computer-animated comedy film, serving as a spin-off/prequel to the Despicable Me franchise. Produced by Illumination Entertainment for Universal Pictures, it was directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda, written by Brian Lynch, and produced by Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy. The film stars the voices of Coffin, Sandra Bullock, Jon Hamm, Michael Keaton, Allison Janney, Steve Coogan, and Jennifer Saunders with the narration provided by Geoffrey Rush. It was first foreshadowed in the end credits of Despicable Me 2, where Kevin, Stuart, Minions had its premiere on June 11,2015, in Leicester Square, London, and went into general release in the United States on July 10,2015. The film has grossed over $1.1 billion worldwide, making it the 11th highest-grossing film of all time, the 2nd highest-grossing animated film, a sequel is announced to be released on July 3,2020. Minions are small, yellow creatures who have existed since the beginning of time, after many years, the Minions become depressed, restless and unmotivated without a master to serve. To regain their dignity and sense of purpose, Kevin, one fearless Minion, decides to set out to find a new master, Stuart, a musically inclined Minion and Bob, a young and inexperienced but enthusiastic Minion, are recruited. The trio journey to New York where the year is 1968, the trio manage to hitchhike a ride with a family of villains called the Nelsons and impress them with their accidental villainy. Once at the convention, they see Scarlet Overkill, the first female supervillain and they make their way to England to find Kevin, Bob, and Stuart. Enraged by this, Scarlet confronts the Minions, and Bob abdicates in her favor, Making their way to Westminster Abbey, the three of them interrupt the coronation by accidentally dropping a chandelier on Scarlet, who immediately orders their execution. Dozens of villains chase them and Bob and Stuart are caught while Kevin finds his way into a pub and he sees Scarlet on a television, promising that she will kill Stuart and Bob if Kevin doesnt show up by dawn. Kevin sneaks into Scarlets home to weapons, but inadvertently triggers a machine Herb was building. He tramples through London, rescuing his friends just as the other Minions reunite with them, Scarlet tries to eradicate them, but Kevin swallows a massive missile she fires at them. Scarlet and Herb attempt to escape with her rocket-dress, but Kevin holds onto it, the missile detonates, apparently killing Kevin and the Overkills. After the Minions briefly mourn him, Kevin reappears, having returned to his normal size, Bob gives his crown to the frozen Scarlet, as the Minions see Gru as their new potential master and give chase to follow him home. Sandra Bullock as Scarlet Overkill, a female supervillain. On August 21,2012, it was announced that the film would be released on December 19,2014, in February 2013, Sandra Bullock joined the cast to voice Scarlet Overkill, with Jon Hamm joining two months later as her husband Herb Overkill. The official soundtrack for the film was released on July 10,2015, the soundtrack also features the films original music, composed by Heitor Pereira
Minions (film)
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Theatrical release poster
Minions (film)
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Minions peluches at the Romics 2015.
54.
The Goodies
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The Goodies are a trio of British comedians, Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden, and Bill Oddie. They wrote for and performed in their eponymous surreal comedy show during the 1970s and early 1980s, combining sketches, the three actors met each other as undergraduates at Cambridge University, where Brooke-Taylor was studying law, Garden was studying medicine, and Oddie was studying English. Their contemporaries included Graham Chapman, John Cleese, and Eric Idle, who became members of Monty Python. Brooke-Taylor and Cleese studied together and swapped lecture notes as they were law students, but at different colleges within the university. All three Goodies became members of the Cambridge University Footlights Club, with Brooke-Taylor becoming president in 1963, and Garden succeeding him as president in 1964. Brooke-Taylor, Garden and Oddie were cast members of the 1960s BBC radio comedy show Im Sorry, Ill Read That Again, which also featured John Cleese, David Hatch and Jo Kendall, and lasted until 1973. Im Sorry, Ill Read That Again resulted from the 1963 Cambridge University Footlights Club revue A Clump of Plinths. After having its title changed to Cambridge Circus, the revue went on to play at West End in London, England, followed by a tour of New Zealand and Broadway in New York, US. They also took part in various TV shows with other people, Brooke-Taylor also took part in Marty. In 1968 Brooke-Taylor appeared with Cleese, Michael Palin and Graham Chapman in How to Irritate People, Garden and Oddie took part in Twice a Fortnight, before Brooke-Taylor, Garden, and Oddie worked on the late 1960s TV show Broaden Your Mind. The original BBC television series ran from November 1970 to February 1980 on BBC2, with 67 half-hour episodes, the series was created by Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, and originally co-written by all three, with Oddie providing the music for the show. Later episodes were co-written by Garden and Oddie and it was one of the first shows in the UK to use chroma key and one of the first to use stop-motion techniques in a live action format. Other effects include hand editing for repeated movement, mainly used to make animals talk or sing, in the series, the threesome travelled around on, and frequently fell off, a three-seater bicycle called the trandem. Their opponents were three members of the cast of The Liver Birds, Nerys Hughes, Elizabeth Estensen and Michael Angelis. They also presented the Christmas 1976 edition of Disney Time from the toy department of Selfridges store in London, however, after one half-hour Christmas special in 1981, and a six-part series in early 1982, the series was cancelled. In later interviews the cast suggest the reasons were economic. A special episode, which was based on the original 1971 Goodies Kitten Kong episode, was called Kitten Kong, Montreux 72 Edition, the Goodies won the Silver Rose in 1972 for this special episode at the Festival Rose dOr, held in Montreux, Switzerland. In the first episode of the series, The New Office
The Goodies
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Left to right: Bill Oddie, Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden in a screenshot from the title sequence of the BBC TV series
The Goodies
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The Goodies' humour earned it a reputation as a "children's" programme
55.
Margaret Tyzack
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Margaret Maud Tyzack, CBE was an English actress. Her television roles included The Forsyte Saga and I, Claudius and she won the 1970 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for the BBC serial The First Churchills, and the 1990 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for Lettice and Lovage, opposite Maggie Smith. She also won two Olivier Awards and her film appearances included 2001, A Space Odyssey, A Clockwork Orange, Prick Up Your Ears and Match Point. Tyzack was born in Essex, England, the daughter of Doris and she attended the all-girls St Angelas Ursuline School, Newham, and was a graduate of RADA. She appeared in another Gorky play, as Maria Lvovna in Summerfolk RSC1974 and she played the Countess again for the Royal Shakespeare Company on Broadway in 1983. She received an Olivier Award in 1982 for the National Theatre revival of Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf, in 1994 she played Sybil Birling in the Royal National Theatre production of An Inspector Calls. In 2009, she appeared alongside Helen Mirren in Phedre at the Royal National Theatre and she appeared in two films directed by Stanley Kubrick,2001, A Space Odyssey and A Clockwork Orange. However, it was as an actress that Tyzack became a household name. She is remembered for her roles in BBC television productions. She came to notice as Winifred, Soamess sister, in the well received BBC adaptation of Galsworthys The Forsyte Saga in 1967, Tyzack played Queen Anne in The First Churchills, Bette in Cousin Bette, and Antonia, mother of the Emperor Claudius, in I, Claudius. She also played Clothilde Bradbury-Scott in the BBC adaptation of the Agatha Christie story Nemesis in 1987, in the 1990s, she played a major role in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles television series as the young Indiana Jones strict Oxford-educated tutor, Miss Helen Seymour. In the 2000s, she made two appearances in Midsomer Murders, in 2011, she joined the cast of soap opera EastEnders, playing Lydia Simmonds. Tyzack withdrew from the series because of ill health, Tyzack was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1970 and Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2010 New Year Honours, both for services to drama. Tyzack married mathematician Alan Stephenson in 1958 and together they had one son, Tyzack died on 25 June 2011 after a short illness. She died at her home with her family by her side and her family told the Daily Mail that Tyzack had faced her illness with the strength, courage, dignity and even humour with which she lived her life. Love - Pink Lady Prick Up Your Ears - Madame Lambert The Kings Whore - La Comtesse douairière Mrs Dalloway - Lady Bruton Bright Young Things - Lady Throbbing Match Point - Mrs
Margaret Tyzack
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Tyzack as Lydia Simmonds in EastEnders, 2011
56.
Never the Twain
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Never the Twain is a British sitcom that ran for eleven series from 7 September 1981 to 9 October 1991. It was created by Johnnie Mortimer, and was the only sitcom he created without his usual writing partner. Mortimer wrote the entirety of the first two series, one episode of the seventh, and five out of six episodes of the eighth, with the rest being written by John Kane. It was made by Thames Television for the ITV network, since it finished, it has been repeated a few times on satellite television, first on UK Gold and later on ITV3. The title is taken from the Rudyard Kipling poem The Ballad of East and West, the shows theme tune was composed by Jack Trombey and the track was entitled Domino. Oliver Smallbridge, played by Windsor Davies, and Simon Peel, played by Donald Sinden, are antiques dealers who are bitter enemies and next-door neighbours. They are engaged in a game of one-upmanship, so both of them are shocked when they find out that their respective children are in love. The fathers are forced to accept the relationship and marriage. The third series features an attempt by Simon and Oliver to try to renew their business partnership. After the third series, Lyn and David move to Vancouver in Canada, leaving the daily goings on at Simon and Olivers shops and in their private lives as the main themes of the show. Banks and Mrs. Sadlers amorous relationship provides humorous material in these series, the fourth to seventh series were written by a group of writers, Powell and Me and My Girl co-creator Kane being the most prominent. However, at the end of series, Lyn, David. Simon and Olivers daily personal and business lives are the focus of the final three series. In these series, another begins to appear regularly, Simons Aunt Eleanor, moves near Oliver. Also, appearing in episodes of the series were Donald Sindens sons Marc and Jeremy. The complete first series was released on DVD in June 2001, by Clear Vision and it was announced that a different company will release a DVD featuring the first two series, it was released in September 2010. The outside locations for the two shops were filmed in Hersham, Surrey on the site of a restaurant. Beginning in late 2014 the channel ITV3 began showing repeats beginning with one in a late afternoon timeslot with other classic series such as Rising Damp
Never the Twain
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Never the Twain
57.
Silver Nemesis
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Silver Nemesis is the third serial of the 25th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was first broadcast in the UK in three parts from 23 November 1988 to 7 December 1988. It is the last appearance of the Cybermen in the run of Doctor Who. The statue has three components - a bow, an arrow and the figure itself - that must be together in order for it to be activated. They have been separated since 1638 when, in order to foil the first attempt by Peinforte to seize it and this asteroid has been approaching the Earth at twenty-five yearly intervals ever since, leaving a succession of disasters in its wake, and has now crash-landed near Windsor Castle. The Doctor plays the three factions off against one another and eventually appears to defeat to the Cyber Leader. However, this is just part of a carefully laid trap, the working titles for this story included The Harbinger and Nemesis. Writer Kevin Clarke, who appears twice in the serial itself playing a tourist at Windsor and he points out that he had seen very little of Doctor Who and that he met the production team without any idea of what his proposed story would be about. He made up a story on the spot in front of producer John Nathan-Turner that the Doctor is literally God, the Cybermen were added later at the request of Nathan-Turner, to tie in with the programmes silver anniversary. Permission was refused for filming at Windsor Castle so scenes set there were shot at Arundel Castle. The damaged and fallen trees, which can often be seen in shots, were a result of the recent storm of 1987 that had caused widespread damage throughout southern England. Scenes at the Gas Works where The Doctor and Ace meet, fiona Walker had appeared in The Keys of Marinus in 1964 as Kala. Leslie French, who plays the Mathematician, had turned down the role of The Doctor in 1963, thus, his casting was another nod to the series beginnings in this Silver Anniversary story. Anton Diffring took the role so that he could travel from his home in France to watch the Wimbledon tennis tournament, Silver Nemesis was his last work as an actor before his death in 1989. The production team tried to get Prince Edward involved in the show, but his office politely declined in March 1988, nicholas Courtney makes a cameo appearance, conversing with other visitors in the queue to tour Windsor Castle. Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping wrote of the serial in The Discontinuity Guide, A bit of a mess, some passable scenes, but the story lacks pace and character involvement. Its plot is identical to Remembrance of the Daleks only two stories previously. In 2012, Mark Braxton of Radio Times said that the story had a certain comic-strip effervescence despite many of the points not going well together or missing the mark
Silver Nemesis
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The Cybermen from "Silver Nemesis"
Silver Nemesis
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Silver Nemesis
58.
A Question of Attribution
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A Question of Attribution is a 1988 one-act stage play, written by Alan Bennett. It was premièred at the National Theatre, London in December 1988, the two plays are collectively called Single Spies. The one-act play formed the basis of a 1991 television film of the same name broadcast as part of the BBCs Screen One series. The film was directed by John Schlesinger and stars James Fox as Anthony Blunt, David Calder as Chubb, an MI5 officer, the film was produced by long-time Bennett collaborator Innes Lloyd, and is dedicated to his memory. The New York Times called the film a razor-sharp psychological melodrama, Prunella Scales was nominated for Best Actress. The play and subsequent film is based on Anthony Blunts role in the Cambridge Spy Ring and, as Surveyor of the Queens Pictures, personal art advisor to Queen Elizabeth II. It portrays his interrogation by MI5 officers, his work researching and conserving art works, his work at the Courtauld Institute, Bennett described the piece as an inquiry in which the circumstances are imaginary but the pictures are real. As Blunts public exposure as a spy in 1979 draws near, at the end of the film, the time of Blunts exposure, Blunt tells Chubb that X-rays had revealed the presence of a fourth and fifth man. One of the sub-texts in the scene with the Queen is whether or not Her Majesty knew that Blunt was a former Soviet spy. They briefly discuss the Dutch Vermeer forger Han van Meegeren, and how his paintings now look like fakes, but were accepted as genuine in the 1940s, after she has left and an assistant asks what they were talking about, Blunt replies I was talking about art. Im not sure that she was, James Fox - Sir Anthony Blunt David Calder - Chubb Geoffrey Palmer - Donleavy Prunella Scales - H. M. Q. Cambridge Spies, a 2003 BBC TV play about the Cambridge Ring, a Question of Attribution at the Internet Movie Database BBC profile of John Schlesinger, retrieved 17 January 2006
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Monarchies
59.
Irm Hermann
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Irm Hermann is a German actress. Beyond their professional relationship, Irm Hermann soon became one of Fassbinder closest confidantes, from the mid-1970s, she worked more often for other directors. Since Fassbinders early death, she has acted in numerous German film, Hermann starred in the horror drama Die Blutgräfin. Chaos as Usual, Conversations About Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Sutton Publishing,2004, ISBN 1-55783-262-5 Irm Hermann at the Internet Movie Database
Irm Hermann
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Irm Hermann
60.
Philip Larkin
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Philip Arthur Larkin CH CBE FRSL was an English poet, novelist and librarian. His many honours include the Queens Gold Medal for Poetry and he was offered, but declined, the position of Poet Laureate in 1984, following the death of Sir John Betjeman. After graduating from Oxford in 1943 with a first in English language and literature and it was during the thirty years he worked with distinction as university librarian at the Brynmor Jones Library at the University of Hull that he produced the greater part of his published work. Eric Homberger called him the saddest heart in the post-war supermarket—Larkin himself said that deprivation for him was what daffodils were for Wordsworth, influenced by W. H. Auden, W. B. Yeats, and Thomas Hardy, his poems are highly structured, Larkins public persona was that of the no-nonsense, solitary Englishman who disliked fame and had no patience for the trappings of the public literary life. On 2 December 2016, the 31st anniversary of his death, a floor stone memorial for Larkin was unveiled at Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey. Philip Larkin was born on 9 August 1922 at 2, Poultney Road, Radford, Coventry, the son and younger child of Sydney Larkin, who came from Lichfield. His sister Catherine, known as Kitty, was 10 years older than he was and he introduced his son to the works of Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce and above all D. H. Lawrence. His mother was a nervous and passive woman, a kind of defective mechanism. Her ideal is to collapse and to be taken care of, although home life was relatively cold, Larkin enjoyed support from his parents. For example, his passion for jazz was supported by the purchase of a drum kit. From the junior school he progressed to King Henry VIII Senior School and he fared quite poorly when he sat his School Certificate exam at the age of 16. Despite his results, he was allowed to stay on at school, two later he earned distinctions in English and History, and passed the entrance exams for St Johns College, Oxford. Larkin began at Oxford University in October 1940, a year after the outbreak of Second World War, the old upper class traditions of university life had, at least for the time being, faded, and most of the male students were studying for highly truncated degrees. Due to his eyesight, Larkin failed his military medical examination and was able to study for the usual three years. Through his tutorial partner, Norman Iles, he met Kingsley Amis, who encouraged his taste for ridicule and irreverence, Amis, Larkin and other university friends formed a group they dubbed The Seven, meeting to discuss each others poetry, listen to jazz, and drink enthusiastically. During this time he had his first real social interaction with the opposite sex, in 1943 he sat his finals, and, having dedicated much of his time to his own writing, was greatly surprised at being awarded a first-class honours degree. In 1943 Larkin was appointed librarian of the library in Wellington. It was while working there that in early 1944 he met his first girlfriend, Ruth Bowman, in 1945, Ruth went to continue her studies at Kings College London, during one of his visits their friendship developed into a sexual relationship
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Larkin's parents' former Radford council house overlooking a small spinney, once their garden (photo 2008)
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Headstone marking Larkin's grave at Cottingham municipal cemetery, Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire
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This second-floor flat overlooking Pearson Park in Hull was Larkin's rented accommodation from 1956 to 1974 (photo 2008)
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105 Newland Park, Hull, was Larkin's home from 1974 to his death in 1985 (photo 2008)
61.
Hannah Montana
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Hannah Montana, also known as Hannah Montana Forever in its fourth and final season, is an American musical comedy television series created by Michael Poryes, Rich Correll, and Barry OBrien. It focuses on Miley Stewart, who is a teenager living a life as an average schoolgirl by day. The story follows the life of Stewart, her brother. The soundtrack albums Hannah Montana, Hannah Montana 2, Meet Miley Cyrus, Hannah Montana 3, in 2007, the success of the series led to the Best of Both Worlds Tour, which visited North America. The following year, it was adapted into the 3D film Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus, Best of Both Worlds Concert and its accompanying soundtrack. In 2009, the first feature film of the series, titled Hannah Montana, The Movie was released to commercial success, all seasons of the show have been distributed on DVD. The series received favorable reviews from critics, and has been recognized as a guilty pleasure by several media outlets. The shows instant success is credited with the launch of Cyruss career and her establishment as a teen idol. However, as she continued to develop an increasingly provocative image as the series progressed, in its series premiere, Hannah Montana who is first introduced as Miley Stewart, lives a double life as an average schoolgirl by day and a famous recording artist Hannah Montana by night. Mileys best friend Lilly Truscott discovered her secret while attending a Hannah Montana concert, later in the first season, Miley herself revealed her secret to their close friend Oliver Oken with the intention of ending his romantic interest in Hannah Montana. Lilly and Oliver assumed the aliases Lola Luftnagle and Mike Standley III when appearing with Hannah in order to protect Mileys secret, meanwhile, Jackson is employed at Ricos Surf Shop, where his child-aged boss Rico Suave often assigns him to complete embarrassing tasks. Miley, Lilly, and Oliver begin high school in the second season, Rico, who begins high school after skipping several grades, nearly discovers Mileys secret on several occasions. Later in the season, Miley admits to Jake Ryan, whom she disliked and later dated in the first season. However, their rekindled relationship ends after he struggles to adopt a normal, non-celebrity lifestyle. Meanwhile, Jackson continues to find himself in conflict with Rico, while Miley is off shooting a movie, Lilly and Oliver begin dating in the third season. Though Miley initially feels uncomfortable with the dynamic of their friendship. Miley herself begins dating Jake again, but develops feelings for her band mate Jesse, Jackson moves into his own apartment while attending college, while Lilly moves in with the Stewart family after her mother finds work in Atlanta, Georgia. In the two-part season finale, Robby buys a ranch in Malibu to bring Mileys horse Blue Jeans from Tennessee, while Jackson leaves his apartment, Oliver also embarks on a tour with the band that lived above Jacksons former apartment
Hannah Montana
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Miley Cyrus (pictured) served as the series' central focus during its four-season run.
Hannah Montana
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Hannah Montana
Hannah Montana
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Lilly Truscott (Emily Osment, left) and Oliver Oken (Mitchel Musso, right) portrayed Stewart's best friends throughout the series.
Hannah Montana
62.
Voyage of the Damned (Doctor Who)
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Voyage of the Damned is an episode of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. First broadcast on 25 December 2007, it is 72 minutes long, the ships captain, Hardaker, sabotages the ship shortly after the Titanics collision with the TARDIS. The Doctor works with a waitress named Astrid Peth to prevent an imminent collision with Earth, the episode features the only performance in Doctor Who by the Australian singer and actress Kylie Minogue. Executive producer and writer Russell T Davies described her casting as an exceptional case. It was the second most-watched programme of 2007, beaten only by the episode of EastEnders which aired immediately after it, critical opinion about the episode was divided, the writing and Minogues performance were both praised and criticised. The episode opens immediately following the events of Time Crash, with the bow of the Titanic crashing into the TARDIS, the Doctor repairs the damage before landing the TARDIS on the ship. He discovers its not the famed RMS Titanic, but instead is a starliner hailing from the planet Sto, the Titanic is orbiting present day Earth to observe the traditions of primitive cultures, specifically Christmas. The Doctor dons a tuxedo and joins the reception on board, the Doctor convinces Astrid to join him on a brief excursion to the surface of Earth. They are accompanied by married couple Morvin and Foon Van Hoff, a Zocci named Bannakaffalatta, while on Earth, specifically a commercial district of London, the Doctor notes that London seems abandoned, and questions a man in a newspaper stand about it. The man, Wilfred Mott, tells the Doctor that most people have left London because of the two years of alien activity in London on Christmas. Back on the Titanic, Captain Hardaker dismisses the ships officers from the bridge, citing regulations, that require at least two officers remain on the bridge at all times, Midshipman Alonso Frame stays. After the group returns from their excursion, Hardaker drops the vessels protective shielding and this causes nearby meteors to be pulled toward the ship on a collision course. Midshipman Frame attempts to reactivate the shields but is shot by Hardaker as the meteors collide with the ship, the collision causes hull breaches, most of the 2,000 passengers and staff are killed, and the vessel begins plunging toward the Earth. The Doctor makes contact with the wounded Midshipman Frame, who stabilises, Morvin falls off of a ledge into the ships engine, and the rest of the group are surrounded by Angel Hosts. Bannakaffalatta reveals that he is a cyborg, and uses his internal EMP device to disable the Hosts, the EMP burst drains the Zoccis power cells and he dies. Mr. Copper takes the EMP device, saying if they can manage to recharge it. A lone Angel Host attacks them again, and Foon ties herself to it, the Doctor separates from the rest and attempts to reach Deck 31, where he hopes to find the controls for the Heavenly Hosts. He convinces the Hosts that he is a stowaway - neither passenger nor crew and thus not in the Hosts kill mandate -, Max explains that he planned the Titanics inevitable collision with Earth to bankrupt the company that voted him out
Voyage of the Damned (Doctor Who)
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The interstellar cruise ship Titanic, the main setting of the episode, orbits above Earth on Christmas Eve.
Voyage of the Damned (Doctor Who)
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Kylie Minogue, alongside David Tennant, wearing a "cigarette girl" costume, which she described as "the most comfortable [she] had worn in years"
Voyage of the Damned (Doctor Who)
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A scene where the Doctor was lifted by the angelic Host to the ship's bridge was both criticised and praised for its religious imagery.
63.
Jane Alexander
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Jane Alexander is an American author, actress and former director of the National Endowment for the Arts. She is a Tony Award winner and two-time Emmy Award winner, Alexander made her Broadway debut in 1968 in The Great White Hope and won the 1969 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play. Other Broadway credits include,6 Rms Riv Vu, The Night of the Iguana, The Sisters Rosensweig and she has received a total of seven Tony Award nominations and was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1994. She went on to star in the version of The Great White Hope in 1970. Her subsequent Oscar nominations were for All the Presidents Men, Kramer vs Kramer, an eight-time Emmy nominee, she received her first nomination for playing Eleanor Roosevelt in Eleanor and Franklin, a role that required her to age from 18 to 60. She has won two Emmys for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for Playing for Time and Warm Springs, Alexander was born Jane Quigley in Boston, Massachusetts, daughter of Ruth Elizabeth, a nurse, and Thomas B. She graduated from Beaver Country Day School, a school in Chestnut Hill outside of Boston. Also while at Sarah Lawrence, she shared an apartment with Hope Cooke who would become Queen Consort of Sikkim, Alexander spent her junior year studying at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, where she participated in the Edinburgh University Dramatic Society. The experience solidified her determination to continue acting, Alexanders major break in acting came in 1967 when she played Eleanor Backman in the original production of Howard Sacklers The Great White Hope at Arena Stage in Washington, D. C. Like her co-star, James Earl Jones, she went on to play the part both on Broadway, winning a Tony Award for her performance, and in the film version, Alexander also starred in its sequel, Lovey, A Circle of Children, Part II. In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed, one of the cards featured Alexanders name, Alexander also played the protagonist, Dr. May Foster, in the HBO drama series Tell Me You Love Me. Her character, a psychotherapist, serves as the link between three couples coping with relational and sexual difficulties. The shows frank portrayal of sexuality and explicit sex scenes generated controversy. She also had a role as Dr. Graznik in The Ring. In 1993, President Bill Clinton appointed Alexander chair of the National Endowment for the Arts, Alexander moved to Washington, DC and served as chair of the NEA until 1997. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts, in 2004, Alexander, together with her husband, Edwin Sherin, joined the theater faculty at Florida State University. Alexander is also a fellow of the International Leadership Forum, in 2009 Alexander starred in Thom Thomass play A Moon to Dance By at The Pittsburgh Playhouse and at The George Street Playhouse in New Brunswick, N. J. It was directed by her husband, Edwin Sherin. ”Alexander met her first husband, Robert Alexander, in the early 1960s in New York City and they had one son, Jace Alexander, in 1964, and the couple divorced a decade later
Jane Alexander
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Alexander in March 2008
Jane Alexander
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Alexander in the 1960s
64.
Emma Thompson
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Emma Thompson is a British actress, activist, author, comedienne and screenwriter. Born in London to English actor Eric Thompson and Scottish actress Phyllida Law, Thompson was educated at Newnham College, University of Cambridge, where she became a member of the Footlights troupe. Her first film role was in the 1989 romantic comedy The Tall Guy, and in the early 1990s she frequently collaborated with her then husband, the pair became popular in the British media and co-starred in several films, including Dead Again and Much Ado About Nothing. In 1992, Thompson won an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress for the period drama Howards End. In 1993, she garnered dual Academy Award nominations for her roles in The Remains of the Day as the housekeeper of a grand household and In the Name of the Father as a lawyer. Thompson scripted and starred in Sense and Sensibility, which earned her an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, in 2013, she received acclaim and several award nominations for her portrayal of P. L. Travers in Saving Mr. Banks. Thompson is married to actor Greg Wise, with whom she lives in London and they have one daughter and an adopted son. She is an activist in the areas of rights and environmentalism and has received criticism for her outspokenness. She has written two books adapted from The Tale of Peter Rabbit, Thompson was born in Paddington, London, on 15 April 1959. Her godfather was the director and writer Ronald Eyre and she has one sister, Sophie Thompson, who also works as an actress. The family lived in West Hampstead in north London, and Thompson was educated at Camden School for Girls and she spent much time in Scotland during her childhood and often visited Ardentinny, where her grandparents and uncle lived. In her youth, Thompson was intrigued by language and literature, a trait which she attributes to her father, in 1977, she began studying for an English degree at Newnham College, University of Cambridge. Thompson believes that it was inevitable that she would become an actress, commenting that she was surrounded by people and I don’t think it would ever have gone any other way. While there, she had a moment that turned her to feminism. She became a punk rocker, with short red hair and a motorbike. At Cambridge, Thompson was invited into Footlights, the universitys sketch comedy troupe, by its president, Martin Bergman. Also in the troupe were fellow actors Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie, Fry recalled that there was no doubt that Emma was going the distance. Our nickname for her was Emma Talented, in 1980, Thompson served as the Vice President of Footlights, and co-directed the troupes first all-female revue, Womans Hour
Emma Thompson
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Thompson in September 2014 at a London climate march
Emma Thompson
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Newnham College, University of Cambridge, where Thompson began performing
Emma Thompson
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Actor–director Kenneth Branagh, Thompson's first husband, whom she worked with in several stage and screen productions between 1987 and 1993
Emma Thompson
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Anthony Hopkins starred with Thompson in Howards End (1992) and The Remains of the Day (1993)
65.
Playhouse Presents
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Playhouse Presents is a series of self-contained TV plays, made by British broadcaster Sky Arts. The series started airing on 12 April 2012, on Sky Arts 1, each episode is written by a different writer and stars a different cast. The second series airing in April 2013. A third season began airing 1 May 2014, Sky Arts have announced that they are ordering a five-part spin-off of the third play, Nixon’s The One. They say the full cast, including Harry Shearer as Nixon and Henry Goodman as Kissinger, will return for the series run, the series will broadcast in 2013. The four-part adaptation of A Young Doctors Notebook starring Jon Hamm and it became the most successful series in the history of Sky Arts and a second series was commissioned, airing late 2013. Sky Arts announced two films, Foxtrot and Nightshift, for the Playhouse Presents strand in late 2013, while it initially appeared that these would be broadcast as one-offs, they ended up being aired as part of the third season. A Christmas special titled Marked, starring Kiefer Sutherland, Stephen Fry, Playhouse Presents premiered on 4 January 2015 on BBC First. Playhouse Presents at the Internet Movie Database
Playhouse Presents
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Season two title card
66.
Happy & Glorious
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The James Bond film series is a British series of spy films based on the fictional character of MI6 agent James Bond,007, who originally appeared in a series of books by Ian Fleming. It is one of the longest continually-running film series in history, in that time Eon Productions has produced 24 films, most of them at Pinewood Studios. With a combined gross of over $7 billion to date, the produced by Eon constitute the fourth-highest-grossing film series. Six actors have portrayed 007 in the Eon series, the latest being Daniel Craig, Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman co-produced most of the Eon films until 1975, when Broccoli became the sole producer. The single exception during this period was Thunderball, on which Broccoli, from 1984 Broccoli was joined by his stepson Michael G. Wilson as producer and in 1995 Broccoli stepped aside from Eon and was replaced by his daughter Barbara, who has co-produced with Wilson since. Broccolis family company, Danjaq, has ownership of the series through Eon. The Eon series has seen continuity both in the actors and in the production crews, with directors, writers, composers, production designers. No to For Your Eyes Only, the films were distributed solely by United Artists, when Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer absorbed United Artists in 1981, MGM/UA Entertainment Co. was formed and distributed the films until 1995. MGM solely distributed three films from 1997 to 2002 after United Artists was retired as a mainstream studio, Feldman, and a 1983 remake of Thunderball entitled Never Say Never Again, produced by Jack Schwartzman, who had obtained the rights to the film from McClory. It was adapted for the screen by Anthony Ellis and Charles Bennett, Bennett was well known for his collaborations with Alfred Hitchcock, including The 39 Steps and Sabotage. Due to the restriction of a play, the adapted version lost many of the details found in the book, although it retained its violence. The hour-long Casino Royale episode, which starred American actor Barry Nelson as Bond and Peter Lorre as the villain Le Chiffre, in 1959 producer Albert R. Cubby Broccoli at Warwick Films expressed interest in adapting the Bond novels, but his colleague Irving Allen was unenthusiastic. Towards the end of Saltzmans option period, screenwriter Wolf Mankowitz introduced him to Broccoli, a number of Hollywood studios did not want to fund the films, finding them too British or too blatantly sexual. Eventually the two signed a deal with United Artists for 100 per cent financial backing and distribution of seven films, Saltzman and Broccoli also created the company Danjaq, which was to hold the rights to the films which Eon Productions was to produce. Eon had originally intended to film Flemings novel Thunderball first, but Kevin McClory took Fleming to the High Court in London for breach of copyright over the book, and so Eon decided to film Dr. Eon asked several directors—Bryan Forbes, Guy Green, Val Guest and Guy Hamilton—to helm the film, Eon had originally hired Wolf Mankowitz and Richard Maibaum to write Dr. Nos screenplay, partly because of Mankowitzs help in brokering the deal between Broccoli and Saltzman. An initial draft of the screenplay was rejected because the scriptwriters had made the villain, Dr. No, a monkey, and Mankowitz left the film. To play the role of Bond, Sean Connery was not Broccoli or Flemings first choice, but he was selected after Patrick McGoohan had turned down the role
Happy & Glorious
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John Barry composed the scores of 11 Bond films between 1963 and 1987.
Happy & Glorious
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Roald Dahl, who wrote the script for You Only Live Twice
Happy & Glorious
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Sean Connery in Amsterdam in July 1971, filming for the seventh Bond film Diamonds are Forever.
Happy & Glorious
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George Martin scored the music for Live and Let Die.
67.
2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
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The opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympic Games took place on the evening of Friday 27 July in the Olympic Stadium, London. As mandated by the Olympic Charter, the proceedings combined the formal opening of this international sporting event with an artistic spectacle to showcase the host nations culture. The 2012 Games were formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II, the spectacle was entitled Isles of Wonder and directed by Academy Award-winning British film director Danny Boyle. Prior to London 2012 there had been considerable apprehension about Britains ability to stage a ceremony that could reach the standard set at the Beijing Summer Games of 2008. The 2008 ceremony had been noted for its scale, extravagance and expense, hailed as the greatest ever, in contrast, London spent an estimated £27m, which was nevertheless about twice the original budget. Nonetheless, the London opening ceremony was seen as a tremendous success, widely praised as a masterpiece. The ceremony began at 21,00 BST and lasted almost four hours and it was watched by an estimated worldwide television audience of 900 million, becoming the most-viewed Olympic opening ceremony in both the UK and US. The content had largely been kept secret before the performance, despite involving thousands of volunteers, two shorter sections drew particular comment, involving a filmed cameo appearance of the Queen, and a live performance by the London Symphony Orchestra joined by comedian Rowan Atkinson. These were widely ascribed to Britains sense of humour, the ceremony featured children and young people in most of its segments, reflecting the inspire a generation aspiration of Londons original bid for the Games. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games approached Danny Boyle to be the director of the ceremony in June 2010 and he said it felt weirdly more like a. civic or national responsibility to take the job. He said. obviously Im not going to try and build on Beijing and we cant, and you wouldnt want to, so were going back to the beginning. Were going to try and give the impression that were rethinking and restarting, theyve tried to top themselves each time and you cant do that after Beijing. Beijings budget had been £65m, whereas Londons final budget was £27m, the London stadium had the same number of seats as Beijings, but was half the size, this intimacy of scale meant that Boyle felt he could achieve something personal and connecting. K. Chesterton aphorism, The world shall not for lack of wonders. In July 2010 Boyle started brainstorming ideas with designer Mark Tildesley, writer Frank Cottrell Boyce and they considered what was essentially British, with the non-British Larlarb able to offer a view of what the world thought Britain meant. Cottrell Boyce had given Boyle a copy of Pandaemonium, by Humphrey Jennings and it had become traditional during the opening ceremony to produce the Olympic rings in a spectacular manner. Boyle decided that the journey from the pastoral to the industrial, at the same time the team moved to the Three Mills studio complex in east London, where a 4x4 metre scale model of the stadium was built. For security reasons, a single CGI-assisted version of the ceremony was kept on editor Sascha Dhillons laptop, the cast included professional performers and 7,500 volunteers
2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
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Final rehearsal on 25 July
2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
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Danny Boyle, the director of the opening ceremony
2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
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The 2012 Tour de France winner Bradley Wiggins opening the ceremony
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Scene representing Industrial Britain. Rehearsal 23 July 2012 before the ceremony four days later.
68.
June Squibb
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June Louise Squibb is an American actress. She played supporting characters in films, such as Alice, Scent of a Woman, The Age of Innocence, In & Out. Squibb appeared on Broadway for the production of Gypsy. She also starred in two Alexander Payne films, including About Schmidt and Nebraska, for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, Squibb was born and raised in Vandalia, Illinois, the only child of JoyBelle and Lewis Squibb. Her father was in the business and served in the Navy during World War II. Squibbs first husband was actor Edward Sostek, the two divorced and she is the widow of her second husband, acting teacher Charles Kakatsakis, with whom she has one child, Harry Kakatsakis, a filmmaker best known for his short film Admissions. Squibb converted to Judaism when she married Edward Sostek in the 1950s, when asked about ageism in show business, Squibb has stated, Well, it’s like anything else. I always feel, rules are meant to be broken, Squibb began her career in musical theatre at the St. Louis Muny and trained at the Cleveland Play House, and at the HB Studio after moving to New York City. In 2015, she was inducted into the Cleveland Play House Hall of Fame and she got her big break in New York by landing the role of Dulcie in The Boyfriend Off-Broadway in 1958. In 1959, she performed in an Off-Broadway revival of Lend an Ear starring Elizabeth Allen and she made her Broadway debut in the original production of Gypsy starring Ethel Merman, taking over the role of stripper Electra in 1960. She next appeared in The Happy Time, which opened in 1968 and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Musical, in-between these periods June also did modeling work for romance novels and did commercials. In 1995, she appeared in the play Sacrilege on Broadway, Squibb also played many roles in national tours, regional theatre, summer stock and off-Broadway. In 2012, she played the matriarch Stella Gordon in Dividing the Estate at the Dallas Theater Center for which she received standout reviews
June Squibb
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Squibb at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival
69.
7 Days in Hell
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7 Days in Hell is a mockumentary directed by Jake Szymanski and written by Murray Miller. The film premiered on July 11,2015 on HBO and July 8 on HBO Now, Aaron Williams and Charles Poole are professional tennis players who face off in what becomes the longest match in history. The mockumentary explores the backgrounds of the two competitors, Aaron Williams is considered The Bad Boy of Tennis. He was found on the streets and adopted by Richard Williams and he begins to engage in risky behavior with Rod Stewart and David Copperfield when his tennis career takes off. At the 1996 Wimbledon Finals, on his point, his serve hits a line judge. Williams falters and loses the championship, at the ceremony following the match, Williams lashes out and pushes Prince Edward, the Duke of Kent, and disappears. Charles Poole is a child prodigy, thus, Poole is very dim-witted and his mother threatens to disown him if he loses. He appears on a show hosted by Caspian Wint as a 15 year old and is on track to become the youngest professional tennis player in history. He tells Wint that he idolizes Aaron Williams, Williams resurfaces in Sweden creating a male underwear line which causes groin chafing. Because Williams runs out of funds, he descends into pornography and he is arrested, convicted, and is sent to a Swedish prison. Two weeks before 2001 Wimbledon starts, Poole is interviewed by a reporter, when asked if he is a better player than Williams, he says yes. This comment reaches its way to Williams, who is participating in a massive shower orgy, after hearing the comment, he leaves, escapes, and becomes a free man, according to Swedish law. Williams claims he will be playing in Wimbledon, the All-England Chair Committee, led by the Duke of Kent, refuses to let him play. Poole is in his room the night before the match. He receives a call from Queen Elizabeth, who tells him to win, on the first day of the match, the match plays as expected, with Poole winning the first set 6-0. Before the second set starts, a thunderstorm suspends play for the rest of the day, on the second day, a revitalized Williams takes the second and third sets. According to Pudding, everyone at the match knew Williams hid cocaine, the match resumes, and it goes to a fifth set before sunset suspends the match. That night, Poole gets another call from the Queen, and is seen staring at a wall
7 Days in Hell
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7 Days in Hell
70.
Dead Ringers (comedy)
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Dead Ringers is a United Kingdom radio and television comedy impressions show broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and later BBC Two. The programme was devised by producer Bill Dare and developed with Jon Holmes, Andy Hurst and it starred Jon Culshaw, Jan Ravens, Phil Cornwell, Kevin Connelly and Mark Perry. The main writers for season 1–3 on Radio were Jon Holmes and Andy Hurst with Tom Jamieson, other writers have included Simon Blackwell, Jon Culshaw, Jan Ravens, John Finnemore, David Mitchell, Terry Newman, Jonathan Morris and Carl Carter. It was revealed by star Jan Ravens that the BBC quietly cancelled the run in 2007 after five years of broadcast. Dead Ringers return to Radio 4 was announced on 8 July 2014, the programme first aired in 2000. The cast of the first series was different from other instalments, of the established team, only Culshaw and Ravens appeared, as did Kate Robbins, Simon Lipson and Alistair McGowan. Tom Jamieson and Nev Fountain were the writers to write on Dead Ringers from series 1 of the Radio show through all seven series of Dead Ringers TV on BBC2 where they were head writers. The sixth series started on 8 May 2006 and ended on 12 June 2006 running 6 episodes, Series 7 ran from 22 February 2007 to 29 March 2007 on BBC Two at 9. 30pm. In March 2007, the parody of James Blunts Youre Beautiful became the 40th most viewed video on YouTube. The final episode, featuring David Tennant as himself and as a newly-regenerated Tony Blair, was broadcast on 29 March 2007 and it was announced that the series had been axed in 2009. Dead Ringers returned to radio in July 2014, the series is known for portrayal of BBC employees such as Radio 4 newsreader Brian Perkins as a Godfather-like figure, controlling all Radio 4. He sends death threats to members of the BBC. In one sketch, the Dead Ringers Perkins telephoned the real Perkins, Perkins joined in, claiming that he once put colleague Peter Donaldsons feet in concrete and threw him into a canal. The Perkins character was written by Jon Holmes although he claims he was simply transcribing overheard threats from the real one, in the television version this role was taken by Michael Buerk. Other newsreaders parodied in the series included Sophie Raworth and Fiona Bruce. Another character was the director general of the BBC, Greg Dyke, portrayed with a Michael Caine-like accent by Phil Cornwell. Dyke was portrayed claiming to have recommissioned Fame Academy while he was drunk at a BBC Christmas party, Dyke is portrayed as hating the Daleks, Bring back Doctor Who. OK – but theres going to be no Daleks in it, theyve crossed me too many times
Dead Ringers (comedy)
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Dead Ringers
71.
The Kids in the Hall
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The Kids in the Hall is a Canadian sketch comedy group formed in 1984, consisting of comedians Dave Foley, Kevin McDonald, Bruce McCulloch, Mark McKinney, and Scott Thompson. Their eponymous television show ran from 1989 to 1995 on CBC in Canada, and CBS, HBO, the theme song for the show was the instrumental Having an Average Weekend by the Canadian band Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet. The troupe made one film, Brain Candy, which was released in 1996, the troupe reformed for various tours and comedy festivals in 2000. They later reunited for a miniseries, Death Comes to Town in January 2010. Before the troupe formed, Bruce McCulloch and Mark McKinney were working together doing Theatresports in Calgary, norm Hiscock, Gary Campbell, and Frank Van Keeken were co-members and later became writers on the show. At the same time, Dave Foley and Kevin McDonald were performing around Toronto as The Kids in the Hall. In 1984, the two met in Toronto, and began performing regularly as KITH, with a rotating band of members. When Scott Thompson was invited to join in January 1985, the group had its final form, the same year, McCulloch and Foley appeared in the Anne of Green Gables series, as Diana Barrys husband and a former classmate of Annes from the fictional Queens College, respectively. After SNLs Lorne Michaels saw them perform as a troupe, plans began for a TV show, the series first debuted as a one-hour pilot special which aired on HBO and CBC Television in 1988, and began airing as a regular weekly series on both services in 1989. The regular series premiered July 21,1989 on HBO, in the U. S. the first three seasons were on HBO before it moved to CBS in 1993, where it stayed for two more seasons airing late Friday nights. CBC aired the show for the duration of its run. A recurring character was Mr. Tyzik, played by McKinney, McKinney also played Chicken Lady, a shrill-voiced sexually excitable human-chicken hybrid. Many of the sketches featured gay characters and themes, most of these sketches were written by and starred Scott Thompson, the Kids frequently appeared as themselves rather than as characters, and some sketches dealt directly with the fact that they were a comedy troupe producing a TV show. For example, Kevin McDonald announces that if the sketch is not successful. In another episode, Thompson declares that he isnt gay anymore, in yet another sketch McDonald complains the setup is cliché and his character one-dimensional. Monologues were a staple of the show, Scott Thompsons Buddy Cole monologues are the best known, but the other Kids performed solo pieces as well. McCulloch in particular performed monologues that consisted of him, acting as himself, telling stories of the struggles. The show originated in Canada, and the content was at times edited slightly for U. S. broadcast tastes, sketches mocking religion were sometimes cut down or removed, necessitating the addition of material from other episodes to round out the half-hour
The Kids in the Hall
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At the 2008 eTalk Festival Party, during the Toronto International Film Festival (from left: Dave Foley, Mark McKinney, Kevin McDonald, Bruce McCulloch, Scott Thompson (kneeling))
72.
Tracey Takes On...
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Tracey Takes On. is an HBO sketch comedy series starring actress-comedian Tracey Ullman. The show ran for four seasons, and won multiple awards, Each week, each episode would focus on, or take on, a certain subject giving the show focus. Ullman decided on twenty characters to each episode, unlike her Fox series. Shooting the show on location gave her the ability to apply makeup, wigs, the Tracey Ullman Show featured makeups that had not been conducted to a live audience. Ullman found herself fainting on the floor, having to be revived. HBO commissioned a Takes On series after two specials were screened, Tracey Ullman, A Class Act, and Tracey Ullman Takes On New York. Cable television gave her the freedom to create content that would be considered unsuitable for network television, many Tracey Ullman Show alums, such as Julie Kavner, guest-starred throughout the run of the series. Ullman created and portrayed a wide spectrum of characters, men and women of all ages, of different ethnic or cultural backgrounds, the show was known to push the envelope with little to no controversy. Only her character Kay would return from The Tracey Ullman Show, over the course of the show, Ullman played a total of twenty-nine characters. In 2003, the character Ruby Romaine was spun-off into a television series for HBO. A pilot was filmed but a series was never green-lighted by the network. The pilot was aired as a special, Tracey Ullman in the Trailer Tales. In 1998, Ullman released a book based on the series, in 1990, Ullmans husband, television producer, Allan McKeown placed a bid for a television network. His bid included a possible show lineup, among the shows he submitted, he included a Tracey Ullman special. Ullman, who had just ended the run of her eponymous Fox series, had just given birth to their son, when McKeown informed her of the schedule he submitted, she expected nothing would come of it. When McKeown informed her that his bid was successful, Ullman felt a sense of dread, the special turned out to be Tracey Ullman, A Class Act, a show that poked fun at the British class system. The specials success led to HBOs interest in having Ullman do a special for their network and they requested that the show focus on a more American subject. That special, Tracey Ullman Takes On New York, was an award-winning success and its result led to HBO asking Ullman and McKeown doing a Takes On series
Tracey Takes On...
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Still from opening title sequence (1997-99)
Tracey Takes On...
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(top row, left to right) Ruby Romaine; Trevor Ayliss; Rayleen Gibson (second row, left to right) Sheneesha Turner; Her Royal Highness; Chic (bottom row, left to right) Birdie Godsen; Janie Pillsworth; Mrs. Noh Nang Ning
Tracey Takes On...
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"Tracey Takes On..." North American VHS and DVD releases from 1998–2009.
73.
Peter Morgan
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Peter Julian Robin Morgan CBE is a British film writer and playwright. Morgan is best known for writing the films and plays The Queen, Frost/Nixon, The Damned United. He is the creator of Netflixs drama series The Crown, in 2008, Morgan was ranked number 28 in The Telegraphs list of The 100 most powerful people in British culture. In February 2017, he was awarded a British Film Institute Fellowship, Morgan was born in Wimbledon, London. His mother, Inga, was a Catholic Pole who fled the Soviets and his father died when Morgan was nine years old. Morgan attended boarding school at Downside School, Somerset, and gained a degree in Fine Art from the University of Leeds, Morgan wrote television scripts during the 1990s, including an episode of Rik Mayall Presents. and the Comedy Premiere The Chest. He wrote the screenplay to the romantic comedy Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel, in 2003, Morgan broke through with The Deal, a television drama about the power-sharing deal between Tony Blair and Gordon Brown that was struck in the Granita restaurant in London in 1994. In 2006, Morgan received his Academy Award-nomination for The Deals follow-up, The Queen, that showed how the death of Princess Diana impacted Prime Minister Tony Blair and the Royal Family. His work on the film eventually awarded him a Golden Globe from the Hollywood Foreign Press,2006 also saw the release of The Last King of Scotland, the screenplay of which Morgan adapted with Jeremy Brock. In 2007 they jointly won a BAFTA Film Award for their work on the film, also in 2006, Morgans first play, Frost/Nixon, was staged at the Donmar Warehouse theatre in London. Starring Michael Sheen as David Frost and Frank Langella as Richard Nixon and these ended with his tacit admission of guilt regarding his role in the Watergate scandal. The play was directed by Michael Grandage and opened to enthusiastic reviews, in May 2007, the 50th San Francisco International Film Festival honoured Morgan with the years Kanbar Award for Excellence in Screenwriting. In July 2009, filming began on The Special Relationship, the film of Morgans Blair trilogy. The film focuses on Blairs relationship with US president Bill Clinton between 1997 and 2000, Morgan was originally scheduled to direct the film but pulled out a month before filming began. He was replaced by Richard Loncraine, Morgan was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on the film. In 2008 Morgan adapted John le Carrés Tinker, Tailor, Soldier and he has since finished the script for Hereafter, a supernatural thriller in the vein of The Sixth Sense. DreamWorks bought the screenplay on spec in March 2008, the development was later transferred to Warner Bros. and filming began in October 2009 under the direction of Clint Eastwood. In 2008 the film Frost/Nixon, with Sheen and Langella playing the parts they had on stage, opened in the UK, Morgan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for his work on the film
Peter Morgan
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Morgan at a Hereafter press conference, 2010
74.
Left Bank Pictures
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Left Bank Pictures is a British film and television production company. It was formed in 2007 and was the first British media company to investment from BBC Worldwide. Left Bank Pictures productions include the television series Wallander, Strike Back, DCI Banks and their production, The Crown, is the first American-British television series produced exclusively for Netflix. The series, written by Peter Morgan, was released on November 4,2016, Left Bank Pictures was founded in 2007 by Andy Harries, formerly controller of drama, comedy and film at Granada Productions, Francis Hopkinson and Marigo Kehoe. The company was the first British media company to receive equity investment from BBC Worldwide, BBC Worldwide took a 25% stake, worth £1 million, in Left Bank in exchange for first-look distribution rights on all television productions, in a five-year deal. In December 2008, Left Bank Pictures was one of independent production companies to receive the production vision award from the UK Film Council. The award part-funded Left Banks film development slate, in February 2009, Suzanne Mackie, formerly head of development at Harbour Pictures, joined the company as head of film. Hopkinson announced his departure in 2011 to take up a new position with ITV Studios, michael Casey joined the company, taking on the development slate, and Simon Lupton joined the comedy department. The company was put up for sale for £40 million on 6 April 2012, on 5 July 2012, Sony Pictures Television made a deal to acquire Left Bank for £40 million. The sale was completed on 23 August 2012, with SPT becoming the majority shareholder, BBC Worldwide reduced its stake from 25% to 12. 2%. Sony Pictures Television intends to build Left Banks international productions, Left Bank Pictures first television commission was Wallander, a television adaptation of Henning Mankells Kurt Wallander novels. The first series was filmed on location in Skåne, Sweden in the summer of 2008, the series won the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series. The BBC announced the commissioning of a series in May 2009. Filming ran over the summer again and the series was broadcast in January 2010, the final series as broadcast in 2016. In March 2008, it was announced that Left Bank would be producing Strike Back, the production, starring Richard Armitage and Andrew Lincoln, was filmed on location in South Africa in 2009 for broadcast on Sky1 and Sky1 HD in 2010. Also in 2008, Left Bank produced its first feature film, a six-part School of Comedy series was commissioned by E4 and was broadcast in 2009. A second series has since been commissioned, at the end of 2008, Left Bank received its first commission from ITV, to produce Frank Deasys four-part serial drama Father & Son. The drama was co-financed by ITV, the Irish broadcaster RTÉ, the production was based in Dublin, where most of the programme was filmed, even though it was set in Manchester, England
Left Bank Pictures
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Left Bank founders Marigo Kehoe (centre) and Andy Harries (right) with Wallander star Kenneth Branagh (left) in July 2009
75.
Sony Pictures Television
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Sony Pictures Television is an American television production and distribution studio. Based in Culver City, California, it is a division of Sony Pictures, with Children, Designing Women, Seinfeld, The King of Queens, Community, Rules of Engagement, Breaking Bad and The Blacklist. The company also produces Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy, in 2009, SPT collaborated with Jeff Arnold and Dr. Additional co-founders in Sharecare include Harpo Productions, Discovery Communications, as of 2015, its the worlds largest television production and distribution company measured by library and revenue. SPTs history goes back to 1947, when Pioneer Telefilms was founded by Ralph Cohn, whose father Jack, the present name was given to reflect the Sony brand on September 16,2002. On November 24,2004, Sony Pictures Television International formed a joint venture called Huaso with Hua Long Film Digital Production Co. Ltd. of the China Film Group in Beijing. From 2005 to 2006, SPT was the distributor of MGMs TV and film library, in 2006, SPT joined forces with Program Partners to handle advertising sales and distribution rights to foreign television series in the U. S. mostly shows produced in Canada. The same year, SPT signed Embassy Row a three-year deal for new shows, game show revivals. In summer 2007, SPT introduced The Minisode Network, a channel for MySpace airing shows from the 1960s to early 2000s from four to five minutes. In winter 2007, The Minisode Network was also added to a few more sites like AOL TV, YouTube, and its sister site Crackle. On March 27,2008, SPT International acquired a minority stake in the new production company Gogglebox Entertainment, on June 4,2008, SPT bought Hilversum, Netherlands-based production company 2waytraffic, international holders of the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. On January 14,2009, SPT acquired Embassy Row, a television, fourteen days later, SPTI acquired a 50% stake in Colombian independent TV production company Teleset. Three months later on April 1, Sony Pictures Entertainment consolidated its US, Sony Pictures Television International now operates in-name-only. On September 25,2011, Andrea Wong was tapped to head the international television production division of Sony Pictures Television to oversee all international businesses for the studio. On January 19,2012, SPT acquired Dolphin Broadcast Services Ltd. SPT also took a majority stake in Dolphins advertising sales business. On March 1,2012, SPT acquired a majority stake in UK independent production company Silver River Productions, on May 31, SPT launched Sony Movie Channel and AXN in Canada in partnership with Hollywood Suite. Two of Hollywood Suites networks, Hollywood Festival re-launched as Sony Movie Channel, on August 23,2012, SPT acquired a majority stake in Left Bank Pictures, a UK production company founded by Andy Harries, Francis Hopkinson, and Marigo Kehoe. On August 22,2013, Sony Pictures Television acquired a majority stake in Simon Andraes new production company Scarlet Media, however, two months later, Andrae dropped his plans for Scarlet and was tapped to become executive vice-president of alternative entertainment for Fox
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Sony Pictures Television Inc.
Sony Pictures Television
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Primary businesses
76.
Kristin Scott Thomas
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Dame Kristin Ann Scott Thomas, DBE is an English actress. She won the Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award for Four Weddings, for her work in the theatre, she has been nominated for the Olivier Award for Best Actress five times, winning in 2008 for the Royal Court revival of The Seagull. Scott Thomas made her debut in the Prince-directed Under the Cherry Moon in 1986, Further film roles include Bitter Moon, Mission, Impossible, The Horse Whisperer, Gosford Park. She has also worked in French cinema, winning the European Film Award for Best Actress for Philippe Claudels Ive Loved You So Long and her other French films include The Valet, Tell No One, Leaving and Sarahs Key. Scott Thomas was born in Redruth, Cornwall, Scott Thomas was brought up as a Roman Catholic. Her childhood home was in Trent, Dorset, England and her mother remarried, to another Royal Navy pilot, who also died in a flying accident, six years after the death of her father. Scott Thomas was educated at Cheltenham Ladies College and St Antonys Leweston in Sherborne, Dorset, on leaving school she moved to Hampstead, London, and worked in a department store. She then began training to be a teacher at the Central School of Speech. On being told she would never be a good enough actress and her breakthrough role was in a 1988 adaptation of Evelyn Waughs A Handful of Dust, where she won an Evening Standard British Film Award for most promising newcomer. This was followed by roles opposite Hugh Grant in Bitter Moon and Four Weddings,1996 saw the release of her most famous role as Katharine Clifton in The English Patient, which gained her Golden Globe and Oscar nominations as well as critical acclaim. This was followed by a period working in Hollywood on films such as The Horse Whisperer with Robert Redford. However, growing disillusioned with Hollywood, she took a year off to give birth to her third child and she reprised the role in New York in September 2008. In summer 2011 Scott Thomas returned to Londons West End to star as Emma in Harold Pinters Betrayal at the Comedy Theatre, the revival was directed by Ian Rickson. Her husband was played by Ben Miles and the triangle was completed by Douglas Henshall. In January 2013, she starred in another Pinter play, Old Times, in 2014 she appeared at The Old Vic in the title role of Sophocless Electra. Scott Thomas also has acted in French films, in 2006, she played the role of Hélène, in French, in Ne le dis à personne, by French director Guillaume Canet. In 2008, Scott Thomas received many accolades for her performance in Il y a longtemps que je taime, including BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress. She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2003 Birthday Honours and she was named a Chevalier of the Légion dhonneur by the French Government in 2005
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Kristin Scott Thomas at the Cabourg Film Festival 2013
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Scott Thomas at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival.
77.
Royal Journey
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Released in December 1951, Royal Journey is also notable for being the first commercial feature film in Eastmancolor. Royal Journey also shows the royal couple crossing the Rocky Mountains by rail, in Vancouver, they board HMCS Crusader in Vancouver and attend native dances in Thunderbird Park. The action then shifts to the U. S. where they are welcomed by President Harry S. Truman. Royal Journey was directed by David Bairstow, Gudrun Parker and Roger Blais and it received a Canadian Film Award for best theatrical feature-length documentary and was named best documentary film of 1952 at the British Academy Film Awards. A Queen Is Crowned Royal Journey at the Internet Movie Database Ohayon, Royal Journey, The National Film Boards first major hit
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Monarchies
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Royal Family (documentary)
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Royal Family is a documentary about the family of Queen Elizabeth II, and was aired on 21 June 1969. It was rebroadcast on ITV the following week, the film was commissioned by the Queen to celebrate the investiture of her eldest son, Charles, as Prince of Wales. The script was written by Antony Jay, the idea was to give the public a chance to see behind the scenes at Buckingham Palace, and show that the royal family were just like everyone else. On its broadcast, it was viewed by two thirds of the population of the United Kingdom. It has not, however, been shown since, with many believing that the family were concerned that they were giving the impression that they were too ordinary. In 2011, it was announced that clips from the documentary would be available for public viewing as part of the Queens Diamond Jubilee celebrations. It formed part of an exhibition called Queen, Art and Image, clips were also shown as part of the BBC documentary The Duke at 90 in 2011, to celebrate Prince Philips 90th birthday
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Monarchies
79.
Canadian Medical Association
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The CMA also takes the lead on public health issues. The CMA aims to ensure the survival and robust health of Canadas medicare system in the face of numerous challenges, the CMA is a Canadian civilian organization with the Royal Patronage of Queen Elizabeth II. The CMA has over 80,000 members, making it the largest association of doctors in Canada. The CMA’s first priority is to address the needs of Canadian physicians from medical school through residency, medical practice, CMA members can access a wide range of services and benefits, including but not limited to clinical resources and wealth management. The Canadian Medical Association was founded in 1867, about 100 days after confederation, the first president was Sir Charles Tupper, who later became Prime Minister of Canada. The foundation of the CMA was strongly rooted in its Scottish origins as the first three presidents of the CMA graduated from the Edinburgh Medical School, the CMA also played a central role in the creation of the Registered Retirement Savings Plan in 1957. Today, its arm, MD Financial Management, administers more than $40 billion for CMA members. The CMA believes it is possible for Canada to maintain a publicly funded, universal health care system, however, transformational change is needed to refocus the health system to bring about patient-focused care, as well as shared-decision making. The CMA advocates policies that support a population and a vibrant medical profession. This advocacy is based on submissions to government, developing policies, the CMA Code of Ethics, also contributes to advocacy and awareness campaigns by providing ethical guidance to Canada’s physicians. Focus areas include decision-making, consent, privacy, confidentiality, research, Health Care Transformation is the base of all of the CMAs advocacy efforts. It is focused on ensuring all Canadians will have the best health, the CMA and the Canadian Nurses Association put forward principles to guide the transformation of the health care system in Canada. Approximately 130 partners have signed on to the principles so far, as part of the Health Care Transformation in Canada initiative, the CMA hosted a series of town hall in cities across Canada and online to hear from Canadians. The 2014 dialogue focused on end-of-life care issues in Canada, the CMA wants to make sure seniors health is front and centre in the next federal election. A national seniors strategy could help save Canada’s health care system $2.3 billion a year by providing more high-quality seniors care outside of acute-care hospitals. A national strategy would mean better, more focused services for seniors, a Nanos poll in April 2014 showed that almost six in 10 voters in 26 key ridings across Canada would support another party if their current party fails to make seniors a priority. Ninety-five percent of Canadians aged 45 years and over identify the need for a pan-Canadian seniors strategy, the CMA wants end-of-life care to be the subject of full and frank discussion by Canadians of all ages and walks of life. Over the winter and spring 2014, a total of 11 town hall meetings and a live chat were held across Canada with CMA members, an online dialogue for members was also conducted with more than 1,200 CMA members registering
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Canadian Medical Association
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Logo of MD Financial Management, a subsidiary of the Canadian Medical Association
80.
The Kennel Club
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The Kennel Club is the official kennel club of the United Kingdom. It is the oldest recognised kennel club in the world and its role is to act as governing body for various canine activities including dog shows, dog agility and working trials. It also operates the national register of pedigree dogs in the United Kingdom and its headquarters are located on Clarges Street in Mayfair, London, with business offices in Aylesbury. The Kennel Club registration system divides dogs into seven breed groups, the Kennel Club Groups are, Hound, Working, Terrier, Gundog, Pastoral, Utility and Toy. As of 2011, the Kennel Club recognised 210 breeds of dog and this was increased to 211 breeds with the addition of the Turkish Kangal dog in 2013. The Kennel Club licenses dog shows throughout the UK but the dog show actually run by the KC is the Crufts conformation show. The show has held since 1928 and attracts competitors from all over the world. Crufts is held every March at the NEC, Birmingham, the Kennel Club also holds the dog event Discover Dogs in London every November, featuring the Scruffts dog show for crossbreed and mixed breed dogs. The Kennel club was founded in 1873 after Sewallis E Shirley became frustrated by trying to dog shows without a consistent set of rules to work with. Since the first dog show held in 1859, shows had become popular during the Victorian era. Shirley is listed as an exhibitor of Fox Terriers at the Birmingham Dog Show Society show in 1865, together with a group of other gentlemen he organised the First Grand Exhibition of Sporting and Other Dogs held at Crystal Palace in June 1870. The show was not a success and the gentlemen of the committee had to make up the loss. This seems to have been the trigger for Shirley calling a meeting with others who had deep seated interests in judging and exhibiting pedigree dogs. The Meeting was held at 2 Albert Mansions, Victoria Street, London, all business was conducted from there until a move to Pall Mall in May 1877. It was decided they would be responsible for publishing a Stud Book, the Kennel Club saw particular change under the chairmanship of John MacDougall during the period 1981 to 1996. It was also under his stewardship that the system became computerised. The Kennel Club acquired Crufts dog show after the widow of Charles Cruft was unable to devote the time to running such a large undertaking, no shows were held during the Second World War. The first Crufts show held by the Kennel Club was in 1948 at Olympia, the show was first televised by the BBC in 1950
The Kennel Club
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Logo of The Kennel Club
The Kennel Club
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Sewallis Shirley, the founder of The Kennel Club.
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Charles Cruft, the founder of the Crufts conformation dog show
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A Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, one of the breeds featured in Pedigree Dogs Exposed
81.
Queens' College, Cambridge
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Queens College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. Queens is one of the oldest and largest colleges of the university, founded in 1448 by Margaret of Anjou, the college spans both sides of the river Cam, colloquially referred to as the light side and the dark side, with the world-famous Mathematical Bridge connecting the two. Its most famous matriculant is Desiderius Erasmus, who studied at the college during his trips to England between 1506 and 1515, the college has a financial endowment of £54.9 million The current President of the college is the senior economist and Labour Party adviser, Lord Eatwell. Past Presidents of the college include Saint John Fisher, Queens College was founded in 1448 by Margaret of Anjou, and refounded in 1465 by Elizabeth Woodville. In 1446 Andrew Dokett obtained a Charter from King Henry VI to found St Bernards College, a year later the charter was revoked and Dokett obtained a new charter from the king to found St Bernards College on the present site of Old Court and Cloister Court. In 1448 King Henry VI granted Margaret of Anjou the lands of St Bernards College to build a new college to be called Queens College of St Margaret and St Bernard. On 15 April 1448, Sir John Wenlock, Chamberlain to Queen Margaret, by 1460 the library, chapel, gatehouse and the Presidents lodge were completed and the chapel licensed for service. Between that time and the early 1600s many improvements were made and new buildings constructed, including the Walnut Tree Building, since then the college has refurbished most of its old building and steadily expanded. During the English civil war the college sent all its silver to help the King, as a result, the president and the fellows were ejected from their posts. In 1660 the president was restored, in 1777 a fire in the Walnut-Tree Building destroyed the upper floors which had to be rebuilt 1778-82. In February 1795 the College was badly flooded, reportedly waist-deep in the cloisters, in 1823 the spelling of the colleges name officially changed from Queens to Queens. The earliest known record of the college Boat Club dates from 1831, in 1862 the St Bernard Society, the debating club of the college was founded. In 1884 the first football match was played by the college team, in 1980, the college for the first time allowed females to matriculate as members of college, with the first female members of the college graduating in 1983. These arms are those of the first foundress Queen, Margaret of Anjou, the six quarters of these arms represent the six lordships which he claimed. The green border appears to be intended as a difference for Queens College and these arms are of interest because the third quarter uses gold on silver, a combination which is extremely rare in heraldry. The cross potent is a pun on the letters H and I. These are not the arms of the College, but, rather. The silver boars head was the badge of King Richard III of England, richards wife Anne Neville was the third Queen consort to be patroness of the College
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Colleges of the University of Cambridge Queens' College
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Bird's eye view of Queens' College, Cambridge by David Loggan, published in 1690.
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The Old Chapel in 1872
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Queens' Great Gate
82.
Christ Church, Oxford
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Christ Church is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. The college is associated with Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, which serves as the college chapel and it is the second wealthiest Oxford college by financial endowment with an endowment of £436m as of 2015. Christ Church has produced thirteen British prime ministers, more than any other Oxbridge college, the college was the setting for parts of Evelyn Waughs Brideshead Revisited, as well as a small part of Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland. More recently it has used in the filming of the movies of J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. Distinctive features of the architecture have been used as models by a number of other academic institutions, including the National University of Ireland, Galway. The University of Chicago and Cornell University both have reproductions of Christ Churchs dining hall, christChurch Cathedral in New Zealand, after which the City of Christchurch is named, is itself named after Christ Church, Oxford. Stained glass windows in the cathedral and other buildings are by the Pre-Raphaelite William Morris group with designs by Edward Burne-Jones, Christ Church is also partly responsible for the creation of University College Reading, which later gained its own Royal Charter and became the University of Reading. The first female undergraduates matriculated at Christ Church in 1980 and he planned the establishment on a magnificent scale, but fell from grace in 1529, with the buildings only three-quarters complete, as they were to remain for 140 years. In 1531 the college was suppressed, but it was refounded in 1532 as King Henry VIIIs College by Henry VIII. Since the time of Queen Elizabeth I the college has also associated with Westminster School. The dean remains to this day an ex member of the schools governing body. Major additions have made to the buildings through the centuries. To this day the bell in the tower, Great Tom, is rung 101 times at 9 pm at the former Oxford time every night, in former times this was done at midnight, signalling the close of all college gates throughout Oxford. Since it took 20 minutes to ring the 101, Christ Church gates, unlike those of other colleges, when the ringing was moved back to 9,00 pm, Christ Church gates still remained open until 12.20,20 minutes later than any other college. Although the clock itself now shows GMT/BST, Christ Church still follows Oxford time in the timings of services in the cathedral, King Charles I made the Deanery his palace and held his Parliament in the Great Hall during the English Civil War. In the evening of 29 May 1645, during the siege of Oxford. During the Commonwealth, John Owen attained considerable eminence, the Visitor of Christ Church is the reigning British sovereign, and the Bishop of Oxford is unique among English bishops in not being the Visitor of his own cathedral. The head of the college is the Dean of Christ Church, There are a senior and a junior censor the former of whom is responsible for academic matters, the latter for undergraduate discipline
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Colleges and halls of the University of Oxford Christ Church
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The Hall of Christ Church
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Christ Church's library in the early 19th century.
Christ Church, Oxford
83.
Westminster School
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Westminster School is an English independent day and boarding school located within the precincts of Westminster Abbey. It has the highest Oxford and Cambridge university acceptance rates of any school or college in the world. With origins before the 12th century, the tradition of Westminster probably dates back as far as AD960. Boys are admitted to the Under School at age seven and to the school at age thirteen. The school has around 750 pupils, around a quarter are boarders, most of whom go home at weekends and it is one of the original seven public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Charging up to £7,800 per term for day pupils and £11,264 for boarders in 2014/15, Westminster is the 13th most expensive HMC day school and 10th most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK. In 1540, Henry VIII ordered the dissolution of the monasteries in England, including that of the powerful Abbots of Westminster, the Royal College of St. Peter carried on with forty Kings Scholars financed from the royal purse. By this point Westminster School had certainly become a public school, during Mary Is brief reign the Abbey was reinstated as a Roman Catholic monastery, but the school continued. Elizabeth I refounded the School in 1560, with new statutes to select 40 Queens Scholars from boys who had attended the school for a year. Queen Elizabeth frequently visited her scholars, although she never signed the statutes nor endowed her scholarships, Elizabeth I appointed William Camden as headmaster, and he is the only layman known to have held the position until 1937. Regardless of politics, he thrashed Royalist and Puritan boys alike without fear or favour, Busby also took part in Oliver Cromwells funeral procession in 1658, when Robert Uvedale, a Westminster schoolboy, succeeded in snatching the Majesty Scutcheon draped on the coffin. Busby remained in office throughout the Civil War and the Commonwealth, when the school was governed by Parliamentary Commissioners, and well into the Restoration. In 1679, a group of scholars killed a bailiff, ostensibly in defence of the Abbeys traditional right of sanctuary, dr Busby obtained a royal pardon for his scholars from Charles II and added the cost to the school bills. Until the 19th century, the curriculum was made up of Latin and Greek. After the Public Schools Act 1868, in response to the Clarendon Commission on the financial and other malpractices at nine pre-eminent public schools, the school began to approach its modern form. It was legally separated from the Abbey, although the organisations remain close, there followed a scandalous public and parliamentary dispute lasting a further 25 years, to settle the transfer of the properties from the Canons of the Abbey to the School. School statutes have been made by Order in Council of Queen Elizabeth II, the Dean of Christ Church, Oxford and the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge are ex officio members of the schools governing body. Westminster Under School was formed in 1943 in the school buildings in Westminster
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Westminster School
Westminster School
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Little Dean's Yard from Liddell's Arch
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The entrance to Dean's Yard and Westminster School war memorial viewed from the Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre in August 2012.
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Liddell's arch, the main entrance to Little Dean's Yard.
84.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
The Guardian
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The Guardian front page on 6 June 2014
The Guardian
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The Guardian senior news writer Esther Addley interviewing Ecuadorian Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño for this article relating to Julian Assange (August 2014)
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The Guardian's HQ in London
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The Guardian' s Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name The Manchester Guardian
85.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
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Wayback Machine
86.
New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
New York Times
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Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on Operation Pillar of Defense.
New York Times
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The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
New York Times
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The New York Times newsroom, 1942
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A speech in the newsroom after announcement of Pulitzer Prize winners, 2009
87.
Global News
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Global News is the news and current affairs division of Global Television Network in Canada, overseeing all local and national news programming on the networks twelve owned-and-operated stations. In addition, it provides news programming to Corus three CTV affiliates in Ontario, Globals lineup of national news and current affairs programming is as follows, The Morning Show, Weekdays 9,00 a. m. AT Global National, Nightly 7,30 p. m. NT,6,30 p. m. AT/ET,5,30 p. m. CT/MT/PT,6,00 p. m. Kelowna The West Block, Sundays 10,00 a. m. The program was moved to 11 pm and renamed The World Tonight in 1987 and was carried by Global News in Ontario, CKND in Winnipeg and STV in Regina, Trueman retired in 1987 and was succeeded by Richard Brown and later Mike Anscombe. In 1994, Global launched First National with Peter Kent, a program focusing on national and international news. After acquiring the Western International Communications group of stations, Global cancelled First National in February 2001, in September 2001, Global replaced Canada Tonight with a new network newscast, Global National, anchored by Kevin Newman. It aired from the new national news centre at CHAN-TVs studio in Burnaby. The program initially aired only on weekdays, then launched a weekend edition anchored by Tara Nelson in February 2005, originally airing in different timeslots around the country, the program moved to a standard 5,30 p. m. start time nationwide in 2006. Since then, Global National has quickly gained ground on longtime number-one CTV National News, Global launched its first investigative newsmagazine series on November 30,2008. The weekly program, titled 16x9 - The Bigger Picture, features a high-gloss, tabloid format, Global also formerly aired a weekly documentary series, Global Currents. During the 2011 federal election, Global News also produced a series, Focus, Decision Canada, covering news. The show, hosted by weekend Global National anchor Carolyn Jarvis, was a nominee for Best Information Program or Series at the 2011 Gemini Awards, the West Block, a Sunday morning national political affairs show hosted by Tom Clark, debuted on November 6,2011. The investigative series 16x9 as well as Global National Mandarin were both cancelled on June 28,2016, Global National Mandarin aired its final broadcast on June 30,2016. In the networks original form as an independent station based exclusively in Ontario, former Toronto Star reporter Rae Corelli joined the anchor desk in 1977. CBC journalist Jan Tennant joined Global in 1984, anchoring an hourlong evening Toronto newscast followed by a national newscast. Until 1997, the name Global News was used only for the newscasts on Global Ontario. With the nationwide launch of the Global brand in 1997, Global News was also adopted as a title for local newscasts on Global O&Os. The long-dominant CHAN Vancouver had been an exception, its news operation was renamed BCTV News on Global when it became a Global O&O in 2001, and its individual newscast titles were also retained
Global News
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Global BC's live van
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Global News
88.
People (magazine)
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People is an American weekly magazine of celebrity and human-interest stories, published by Time Inc. With a readership of 46.6 million adults, People has the largest audience of any American magazine, People had $997 million in advertising revenue in 2011, the highest advertising revenue of any American magazine. In 2006, it had a circulation of 3.75 million and it was named Magazine of the Year by Advertising Age in October 2005, for excellence in editorial, circulation and advertising. People ranked #6 on Advertising Ages annual A-list and #3 on Adweeks Brand Blazers list in October 2006, the magazine runs a roughly 50/50 mix of celebrity and human-interest articles. Peoples website, People. com, focuses on celebrity news, in February 2015, the website broke a new record,72 million unique visitors. People is perhaps best known for its special issues naming the Worlds Most Beautiful, Best & Worst Dressed. The magazines headquarters are in New York and it maintains editorial bureaus in Los Angeles, for economic reasons it closed bureaus in Austin, Miami, and Chicago in 2006. In December 2016, LaTavia Roberson engaged in a feud with People after alleging they misquoted and misrepresented her interview online. The concept for People has been attributed to Andrew Heiskell, Time Inc. s chief executive officer at the time, the founding managing editor of People was Richard B. Stolley, an assistant managing editor at Life and the journalist who acquired the Zapruder tapes of the John F. Kennedy assassination for Time Inc. in 1963. Peoples first publisher was Richard J. Durrell, another Time Inc. veteran, Stolley characterized the magazine as getting back to the people who are causing the news and who are caught up in it, or deserve to be in it. Our focus is on people, not issues, stolleys almost religious determination to keep the magazine people-focused contributed significantly to its rapid early success. It is said that although Time Inc. pumped an estimated $40 million into the venture, initially, the magazine was sold primarily on newsstands and in supermarkets. To get the magazine out each week, founding staff members regularly slept on the floor of their offices two or three nights each week and severely limited all non-essential outside engagements. The premier edition for the week ending March 4,1974 featured actress Mia Farrow, then starring in the movie The Great Gatsby and that issue also featured stories on Gloria Vanderbilt, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and the wives of U. S. Vietnam veterans who were Missing In Action, the magazine was, apart from its cover, printed in black-and-white. The initial cover price was 35 cents, the core of the small founding editorial team included other editors, writers, photographers and photo editors from Life magazine, which had ceased publication just 13 months earlier. This group included managing editor Stolley, senior editors Hal Wingo, Sam Angeloff and Robert Emmett Ginna, writers James Watters and Ronald B
People (magazine)
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The December 1, 2014, edition of People
People (magazine)
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Teen People cover, April 2006
89.
Yahoo!
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Yahoo Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. Yahoo was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 2,1995, Yahoo was one of the pioneers of the early internet era in the 1990s. Marissa Mayer, a former Google executive, Google Employee number 20 and it is globally known for its Web portal, search engine Yahoo. Search, and related services, including Yahoo, answers, advertising, online mapping, video sharing, fantasy sports, and its social media website. It is one of the most popular sites in the United States, according to news sources, roughly 700 million people visit Yahoo websites every month. Yahoo itself claims it attracts more than half a billion consumers every month in more than 30 languages, in January 1994 Yang and Filo were electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University, when they created a website named Jerry and Davids guide to the World Wide Web. The site was a directory of websites, organized in a hierarchy. In March 1994, Jerry and Davids Guide to the World Wide Web was renamed Yahoo, the yahoo. com domain was created on January 18,1995. The word yahoo is a backronym for Yet Another Hierarchically Organized Oracle or Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle, the term hierarchical described how the Yahoo database was arranged in layers of subcategories. However, Filo and Yang insist they mainly selected the name because they liked the definition of a yahoo, rude, unsophisticated. This meaning derives from the Yahoo race of beings from Gullivers Travels. Yahoo grew rapidly throughout the 1990s, like many search engines and web directories, Yahoo added a web portal. By 1998, Yahoo was the most popular starting point for web users and it also made many high-profile acquisitions. Its stock price skyrocketed during the bubble, Yahoo stocks closing at an all-time high of $118.75 a share on January 3,2000. However, after the bubble burst, it reached a post-bubble low of $8.11 on September 26,2001. Yahoo began using Google for search in 2000, over the next four years, it developed its own search technologies, which it began using in 2004. In response to Googles Gmail, Yahoo began to offer unlimited email storage in 2007, the company struggled through 2008, with several large layoffs. In February 2008, Microsoft Corporation made a bid to acquire Yahoo for $44.6 billion
Yahoo!
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Jerry Yang and David Filo, the founders of Yahoo
Yahoo!
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Protest against the mass surveillance by the NSA
Yahoo!
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Yahoo's Bangalore office
90.
Monarchy of Belize
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The monarch of Belize is the head of state of Belize. The incumbent is Queen Elizabeth II, officially called Queen of Belize, the heir apparent is Elizabeths eldest son, Prince Charles, though the Queen is the only member of the royal family with any constitutional role. Most of the Queens powers in Belize are exercised by the Governor-General, Colville Young, the Belizean monarch, besides reigning in Belize, separately serves as head of state for each of fifteen other Commonwealth countries. This developed from the colonial relationship of these countries to Britain, but they are now independent. Throughout the 19th century, colonial settlement increased, and Belize was made the Crown colony of British Honduras by Queen Victoria in 1871, the country was granted its independence from the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981 to form Belize as a kingdom in its own right. Sixteen states within the 53-member Commonwealth of Nations are known as Commonwealth realms, despite sharing the same person as their respective national monarch, each of the Commonwealth realms is sovereign and independent of the others. The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it has often been called British since this time for historical, political. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 was the first indication of this shift in law and this situation applies symmetrically in all the other realms, including the United Kingdom, a situation that has been likened to a treaty amongst these countries. On all matters of the Belizean state, the monarch is advised solely by Belizean Ministers of the Crown, effective with the Belize Act 1981, no British or other realm government can advise the monarch on any matters pertinent to Belize. In Belize, the Queens official title is, Elizabeth The Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Belize and of Her Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Typically, the sovereign is styled Queen of Belize, and is addressed as such when in Belize, the heir apparent is Elizabeth IIs eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Upon the demise of the Crown, the Executive Council of Belize is expected to proclaim him King of Belize upon his accession to the throne. Succession to the throne is by male-preference primogeniture, and governed by the provisions of the Act of Settlement,1701, nevertheless, it is customary for the accession of the sovereign to be publicly proclaimed by the Governor-General. After an appropriate period of mourning has passed, the sovereign is also crowned in Westminster Abbey, a coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign, for example, Edward VIII was never crowned, yet undoubtedly king during his short reign. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death, monarchs are not allowed to unilaterally abdicate. All powers of state are constitutionally reposed in the monarch, who is represented by the Governor General of Belize – appointed by the monarch upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Belize, most of the Queens domestic duties are performed by this vice-regal representative. To a large extent the new constitution included the institutions and procedures with which Belizeans had been familiar for the past eighteen years of self-government under the constitution of 1963. The Form of Oath of Allegiance and Office prescribed in Schedule 3 is a declaration of allegiance to Belize and to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Her Heirs and Successors
Monarchy of Belize
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Queen of Belize
Monarchy of Belize
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Coat of arms of Belize
Monarchy of Belize
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Charles, Prince of Wales, is the heir apparent to the Belizean Throne.
91.
Monarchy of New Zealand
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The Crown is the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the New Zealand government, which is a Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. Most of the powers are exercised by the elected parliamentarians, the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them. The New Zealand monarchy has its roots in the British Crown, from which it has evolved to become a distinctly New Zealand institution, however, the Queen is the only member of the Royal Family with any constitutional role. New Zealand shares the same monarch with the other 15 monarchies in the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations, supports of the monarchy argue it costs New Zealand taxpayers only a small outlay for royal engagements and tours and the expenses of the governor-generals establishment. Monarchy New Zealand states his figure is one dollar per person per year. Thus, New Zealands line of succession remains identical to that of the United Kingdom, as such, the rules for succession are not fixed, but may be changed by a constitutional amendment. The Constitution Act 1986 specifies that should a regent be installed in the United Kingdom, upon a demise of the Crown, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony—hence arises the phrase The King is dead. It is customary, though, for the accession of the new monarch to be proclaimed by the governor-general on behalf of the Executive Council of New Zealand. Following an appropriate period of mourning, the monarch is crowned in the United Kingdom in an ancient ritual. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. One of the first post-Second World War examples of New Zealands status as an independent monarchy was the alteration of the title by the Royal Titles Act 1953. This is one of the key differences from the Queens role in England and this is done in reciprocation to the sovereigns Coronation Oath, wherein he or she promises to govern the Peoples of. According to their laws and customs. Though this power stems from the people, all New Zealanders live under the authority of the monarch, the government of New Zealand is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her Executive Council. In the construct of constitutional monarchy and responsible government, the advice tendered is typically binding, meaning the monarch reigns. The Royal Prerogative also extends to foreign affairs, the sovereign or the governor-general conducts treaties, alliances, the governor-general, on behalf of the Queen, also accredits New Zealand high commissioners and ambassadors, and receives similar diplomats from foreign states. In addition, the issuance of passports falls under the Royal Prerogative, the Crown is further responsible for summoning, proroguing, and dissolving the House of Representatives, after which the governor-general usually calls for a general election. The sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects, however, she does not personally rule in judicial cases, instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust and in the Queens name by Officers of Her Majestys Court
Monarchy of New Zealand
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Queen of New Zealand
Monarchy of New Zealand
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Coat of arms of New Zealand
Monarchy of New Zealand
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Charles, Prince of Wales, is the heir apparent to the New Zealand throne
Monarchy of New Zealand
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The ministers of the Fifth Labour Government with then Governor-General Dame Silvia Cartwright, 20 October 2005
92.
Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Saint Kitts and Nevis is a constitutional monarchy in which a monarch is head of state. The present monarch is Elizabeth II, who is also Sovereign of the other Commonwealth realms, the Queens constitutional roles are mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Royal succession is governed by the English Act of Settlement of 1701, one of the most complicated features of the Saint Kitts and Nevis Monarchy is that it is a shared monarchy. 53 states are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, sixteen of these countries are specifically Commonwealth realms who recognise, individually, the same person as their Monarch and Head of State, Saint Kitts and Nevis is one of these. Despite sharing the same person as their respective monarch, each of the Commonwealth realms – including Saint Kitts and Nevis – is sovereign. The Monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it has often been called British since this time for historical, legal. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 was the first indication of this shift in law and this situation applies symmetrically in all the other realms, including the UK. On all matters of the Saint Kitts and Nevis State, the Monarch is advised solely by Saint Kitts and Nevis ministers. Typically, the Sovereign is styled Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis, the order was made under the West Indies Act 1967 and came into operation on 23 June 1983. The Form of Oath of Allegiance set out in the Fourth Schedule of the Order in Council is a declaration of allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, most of the Queens domestic duties are performed by the Governor General. The Governor-General represents the Queen on ceremonial occasions such as the opening of Parliament, under the Constitution, he is given authority to act in some matters, for example in appointing and disciplining officers of the civil service, in proroguing Parliament. It has been said since the death of Queen Anne in 1714, the last monarch to head the British cabinet, in exceptional circumstances, however, the Monarch or vice-regal can act against such advice based upon his or her reserve powers. There are also a few duties which must be performed by. These include, signing the appointment papers of Governors General, the confirmation of awards of honours, Succession to the throne is by absolute primogeniture, and governed by the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Bill that was passed 8 July 2013 in accordance with the Perth Agreement. Previously succession had been governed by the Act of Settlement and English Bill of Rights, originally passed by the Parliament of England. This legislation lays out the rules that the Monarch cannot be a Roman Catholic, as Saint Kitts and Neviss laws governing succession are currently identical to those of the United Kingdom see Succession to the British Throne for more information. The heir apparent is Elizabeth IIs eldest son, Charles, who has no official title outside of the UK, all laws in Saint Kitts and Nevis are enacted with the sovereigns, or the vice-regals signature. The granting of a signature to a bill is known as Royal Assent, it and proclamation are required for all acts of Parliament, usually granted or withheld by the Governor General
Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Coat of arms of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Charles, Prince of Wales, the current heir to the throne of Saint Kitts and Nevis
93.
Monarchy of Saint Lucia
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The monarchy of Saint Lucia is a system of government in which a hereditary, constitutional monarch is the sovereign of Saint Lucia. The present monarch of Saint Lucia is Elizabeth II, who is also the Sovereign of the Commonwealth realms, the Queens constitutional roles are mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Saint Lucia. Royal succession is governed by the English Act of Settlement of 1701, the present queen Elizabeth II has reigned over the separate Saint Lucian monarchy since 22 February 1979. She along with her husband and other members of the Royal Family undertake various official, ceremonial and representational duties, fifty-three states are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Sixteen of these countries are specifically Commonwealth realms who recognise, individually, despite sharing the same person as their respective national monarch, each of the Commonwealth realms – including Saint Lucia – is sovereign and independent of the others. As a constitutional monarch Queen Elizabeth II entirely on the advice of her Saint Lucian ministers, the monarch is briefed by regular communication for her Saint Lucian government. Most of the Queens daily constitutional roles are mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Saint Lucia, the governor general is appointed entirely upon the advice of her Saint Lucian government. The monarch maintains direct contact with the governor general, the present Governor-General is Her Excellency Dame Pearlette Louisy GCMG. Control of St Lucia was disputed between the British and French from 1659 until 1814 when it was ceded to the British. The Monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it has often been called British since this time for historical, legal. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act,1927 was the first indication of this shift in law and this situation applies symmetrically in all the other realms, including the UK. The island became self-governing in 1967 and achieved independence in 1979, in Saint Lucia, the Queens official title is, Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Typically, the Sovereign is styled Queen of Saint Lucia, and is addressed as such when in Saint Lucia, most of the Queens domestic duties are performed by the Governor General. The Governor-General represents the Queen on ceremonial occasions such as the opening of Parliament, under the Constitution, he is given authority to act in some matters, for example in appointing and disciplining officers of the civil service, in proroguing Parliament. It has been said since the death of Queen Anne in 1714, the last monarch to head the British cabinet, in exceptional circumstances, however, the Monarch or vice-regal can act against such advice based upon his or her reserve powers. There are also a few duties which must be performed by. These include, signing the appointment papers of Governors General, the confirmation of awards of honours, Succession to the throne is by male-preference primogeniture, and governed by the provisions of the Act of Settlement, as well as the English Bill of Rights. These documents, though passed by the Parliament of England, are now part of the Saint Lucian constitutional law
Monarchy of Saint Lucia
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Queen of Saint Lucia
Monarchy of Saint Lucia
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Coat of arms of Saint Lucia
94.
Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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The Crown is thus is the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Vincentian government. The Vincentian monarchy has its roots in the French and British crowns, however, the Queen is the only member of the Royal Family with any constitutional role. The Saint Vincent Constitution Order 1979 was made under the West Indies Act 1967, under the new constitution the Oath of Allegiance to the sovereign was to continue. Upon a demise of the Crown, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, following an appropriate period of mourning, the monarch is also crowned in the United Kingdom in an ancient ritual, but one not necessary for a sovereign to reign. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. Though her authority stems from the people, all Vincentians live under the authority of the monarch, the Crown also sits at the pinnacle of the Royal Saint Vincent Police Force. The monarch and viceroy do not, however, participate in the process, save for the granting of Royal Assent. The sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects, however, she does not personally rule in judicial cases, instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust and in the Queens name by Officers of Her Majestys Court. Extending from this is the notion in common law that the sovereign can do no wrong, civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity are permitted, however, lawsuits against the monarch personally are not cognizable. An image of the Queen and/or the Arms of Her Majesty in Right of Saint Vincent, members of the Royal Family undertake official royal tours. Despite heavy campaigning by the Ministers of the Crown, the referendum was defeated with only 43. 13% of voters supporting the idea, prime Ministers of Queen Elizabeth II List of Commonwealth visits made by Queen Elizabeth II Monarchies in the Americas List of monarchies
Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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Coat of arms of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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Charles, Prince of Wales, is the heir apparent to the Vincentian throne.
Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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Ralph Gonsalves, the Queen's chief minister in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
95.
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
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Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon was the wife of King George VI and the mother of Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon. She was the last Empress consort of India, born into a family of British nobility, she came to prominence in 1923 when she married Albert, Duke of York, the second son of King George V and Queen Mary. The couple and their daughters embodied traditional ideas of family and public service and she undertook a variety of public engagements and became known as the Smiling Duchess because of her consistent public expression. In 1936, her husband became king when his brother, Edward VIII. She accompanied her husband on diplomatic tours to France and North America before the start of World War II, during the war, her seemingly indomitable spirit provided moral support to the British public. In recognition of her role as an asset to British interests, after the war, her husbands health deteriorated and she was widowed at the age of 51. Her elder daughter, aged 25, became the new queen, on the death of Queen Mary in 1953, Elizabeth became the most senior member of the British royal family after the sovereign, and was viewed as the family matriarch. In her later years, she was a popular member of the family. She continued a public life until just a few months before her death at the age of 101, seven weeks after the death of her younger daughter. Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon was the youngest daughter and the ninth of ten children of Claude Bowes-Lyon, Lord Glamis, other possible locations include Forbes House in Ham, London, the home of her maternal grandmother, Louisa Scott. Her birth was registered at Hitchin, Hertfordshire, near the Strathmores English country house, St Pauls Walden Bury, which was also given as her birthplace in the census the following year. She was christened there on 23 September 1900, in the parish church, All Saints. She spent much of her childhood at St Pauls Walden and at Glamis Castle and she was educated at home by a governess until the age of eight, and was fond of field sports, ponies and dogs. When she started school in London, she astonished her teachers by precociously beginning an essay with two Greek words from Xenophons Anabasis and her best subjects were literature and scripture. After returning to education under a German Jewish governess, Käthe Kübler. On her fourteenth birthday, Britain declared war on Germany, four of her brothers served in the army. Her elder brother, Fergus, an officer in the Black Watch Regiment, was killed in action at the Battle of Loos in 1915, another brother, Michael, was reported missing in action on 28 April 1917. Three weeks later, the family discovered he had captured after being wounded
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
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Portrait by Richard Stone, 1986
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
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Glamis Castle, the Strathmores' Scottish home
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
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Elizabeth (back row second from left) as a bridesmaid at the wedding of Princess Mary and Viscount Lascelles, 1922
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
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The Duke (right) and Duchess of York in Queensland, 1927
96.
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
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Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, CI, GCVO, GCStJ was the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom and the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II. Margaret spent much of her childhood in the company of her older sister and her life changed dramatically in 1936, when her paternal uncle, King Edward VIII, abdicated to marry a divorcée, Wallis Simpson. Margarets father became King, and her sister became heir presumptive. During World War II, the two stayed at Windsor Castle, despite suggestions to evacuate them to Canada. During the war years, Margaret was considered too young to perform any official duties, after the war, Margaret fell in love with Group Captain Peter Townsend. In 1952, Margarets father died, her sister became Queen, early the following year, he proposed to Margaret. Many in the government believed he would be a husband for the Queens 22-year-old sister. Margaret eventually abandoned her plans with him and in 1960, she accepted the proposal of the photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones, Margaret was often viewed as a controversial member of the British royal family. Her divorce earned her publicity, and she was romantically associated with several men. Her health gradually deteriorated in the two decades of her life. A heavy smoker for most of her life, she had a lung operation in 1985, a bout of pneumonia in 1993. She died at King Edward VII Hospital on 9 February 2002, Margaret was born on 21 August 1930 at Glamis Castle in Scotland, her mothers ancestral home, and was affectionately known as Margot within the royal family. The Home Secretary, J. R. Clynes, was present to verify the birth, the registration of her birth was delayed for several days to avoid her being numbered 13 in the parish register. At the time of her birth, she was fourth in the line of succession to the British throne and her father was Prince Albert, Duke of York, the second son of King George V and Queen Mary. Her mother was Elizabeth, Duchess of York, the youngest daughter of the 14th Earl, King George V disliked the name Ann but approved of the alternative Margaret Rose. Margaret was baptised in the chapel of Buckingham Palace on 30 October 1930 by Cosmo Lang. Margarets early life was spent primarily at the Yorks residences at 145 Piccadilly and she was educated alongside her sister, Princess Elizabeth, by their Scottish governess Marion Crawford. Margarets education was supervised by her mother, who in the words of Randolph Churchill never aimed at bringing her daughters up to be more than nicely behaved young ladies
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
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Princess Margaret
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
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Princess Margaret (front) with her sister Elizabeth (right) and grandmother Queen Mary (left)
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
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William Timym, "HRH Princess Margaret", c. 1944
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
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A ticket for the wedding procession
97.
Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
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The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II as monarch of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon took place on 2 June 1953 at Westminster Abbey. The coronation took place more than a year later because of the tradition that holding such a festival is inappropriate during the period of mourning follows the death of a monarch. Celebrations took place across the Commonwealth realm and a medal was issued. It was the first British coronation to be televised, much of the physical preparations and decorations along the route were under the responsibility of David Eccles, Minister of Works. Eccles described his role and that of the Earl Marshal thus, laurent said at the time, in my view the Coronation is the official enthronement of the Sovereign as Sovereign of the U. K. We are happy to attend and witness the Coronation of the Sovereign of the U. K. the Coronation Commission announced in June 1952 that the coronation would take place one year later, on 2 June. Elizabeths grandmother Queen Mary died on 24 March 1953, having stated in her will that her death should not affect the planning of the coronation and the event went ahead as scheduled. Elizabeth, meanwhile, rehearsed for the day with her maids of honour, a sheet used in place of the velvet train. Elizabeth took part in two full rehearsals at Westminster Abbey, on 22 and 29 May, though other sources assert that the Queen attended either several rehearsals or one, the Duchess of Norfolk usually stood in for the Queen at rehearsals. The Coronation ceremony of Elizabeth II followed a pattern to the coronations of the kings and queens before her, being held in Westminster Abbey. However, for the new Queen, several parts of the ceremony were markedly different, the coronation of the Queen was the first ever to be televised, and was also the worlds first major international event to be broadcast on television. The event was filmed in colour, separately from the BBCs black. At Goose Bay, Labrador, the film was transferred to a Royal Canadian Air Force CF-100 jet fighter for the trip to Montreal. In all, three voyages were made as the coronation proceeded. The first royal coach left Buckingham Palace and moved down the Mall and it was followed by the Irish State Coach carrying Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, who wore the circlet of her crown bearing the Koh-i-Noor diamond. Queen Elizabeth II proceeded through London from Buckingham Palace, through Trafalgar Square,10,000 service personnel from across the Commonwealth and Empire marched in a procession that was two miles long and took 45 minutes to pass any given point. A further 15,800 lined the route, the parade was led by Colonel Burrows of the War Office staff and four regimental bands. Then came the colonial contingents, then troops from the Commonwealth realms, followed by the Royal Air Force, the British Army, the Royal Navy and finally the Household Brigade
Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
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Queen Elizabeth II with the Duke of Edinburgh in her coronation portrait, 2 June 1953
Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
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A ticket for the stands erected alongside the coronation procession route through Piccadilly Circus
Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
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Queen Sālote Tupou III in her carriage as it proceeds through London to Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953
Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
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The stools used at the coronation.
98.
Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II
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Queen Elizabeth II was proclaimed sovereign throughout her realms after the death of her father, King George VI, who died in the night between 5 and 6 February 1952 while she was in Kenya. Proclamations were made in different realms on 6,7,8, the line of succession was identical in all the Commonwealth realms, but the royal title as proclaimed was not the same in all of them. The Governor-General of Australia, Sir William McKell, issued the proclamation of Elizabeths accession as Queen of Australia. m. m, according to the Times, it was expected that the public proclamation would be made in due form by the heralds of the College of Arms. After the announcement of the Kings death had been communicated to the Legislative Board of Turks and Caicos Islands. Also, the Crown, which had referred to as the Imperial Crown of Great Britain and Ireland, was also now non-specific. These last two points reflected the existence of the Republic of Ireland, as well as the sovereignty of countries over which Elizabeth was now separately queen, Elizabeth was also proclaimed Queen of Ireland in South Africa. Changes of the style and title in any realm do not as such change the constitutional status or position of the monarch or the Crown. Privy council Executive Council Royal Style and Titles Act Queen Elizabeth II proclaimed at the Royal Exchange,6 February 1952 The London Gazette, accession Councils first meeting and proclamation The London Gazette, no.3946. Queens declaration made in the council of 8 February 1952 The London Gazette, ceremonial observed at the proclamation in London The Edinburgh Gazette, no.16949. Ceremonial observed at the proclamation at Meercat Cross, Edinburgh
Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II
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The Royal Cypher of Queen Elizabeth II, surmounted by St Edward's Crown.
99.
Annus horribilis
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Annus horribilis is a Latin phrase, meaning horrible year. It is complementary to annus mirabilis, which means year, however, annus mirabilis is a traditional term. 1992 is not a year on which I shall look back with undiluted pleasure, in the words of one of my more sympathetic correspondents, it has turned out to be an annus horribilis. The sympathetic correspondent was later revealed to be her assistant private secretary. The unpleasant events which happened to the Royal Family in this include, On 12 March 1992, Mauritius. On 19 March, it was announced that her second son Prince Andrew, Duke of York would separate from his wife Sarah, on 23 April, her daughter Anne, Princess Royal divorced Captain Mark Phillips. On 8 June, Diana, Princess of Waless tell-all book Diana, on 20 August, scandalous pictures of the Duchess of York being kissed on her feet by her friend, John Bryan, were published in Daily Mirror. On 24 August, intimate conversations between the Princess of Wales and James Gilbey from a recording of their phone calls were published in The Sun. On 13 November, the affair between the Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles was confirmed by a transcript of a recording of their phone calls published in the Daily Mirror, dubbed Camillagate. On 20 November, just four days before the Guildhall speech, on 9 December, John Major, then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, announced to the House of Commons that the Prince and Princess of Wales had decided to separate. Kofi Annan, then United Nations Secretary-General, used the phrase in his press conference on 21 December 2004. He reflected, Theres no doubt that this has been a difficult year. His remarks were interpreted as having alluded to persistent allegations of corruption in the UNs Iraq Oil-for-Food Program. His remarks came just days before the deadliest event of the year, in 2007, the Spanish Royal Family, in particular Juan Carlos I, faced a difficult year. Family tragedy and a series of controversies led to Spanish newspapers to refer to the year as the annus horribilis. In February, Érika Ortiz Rocasolano, the youngest sister of Letizia, then the Princess of Asturias and this will be the closest thing to work I’ve ever done in my life. It satirized a proposal by the government to give 2,500 euros to the parents of newborn children, the magazine was banned and removed from distribution, which led to a censorship controversy. Shortly after the summit, the house announced the separation of the kings daughter, the Duchess of Lugo
Annus horribilis
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Monarchies
100.
Michael Fagan incident
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Michael Fagan broke into Buckingham Palace and entered Queen Elizabeth IIs bedroom in 1982. The incident was one of the 20th centurys worst royal security breaches, Michael Fagan was born in Clerkenwell, London, on 8 August 1948, the son of Ivy and Michael Fagan, who was a steel erector and a champion safe-breaker. He had two sisters, Margaret and Elizabeth. In 1955, he attended Compton Street School in Clerkenwell, in 1966, he left home at 18 to escape from his father, who, Fagan says, was violent, and started working as a painter and decorator. In 1972, he married Christine, with whom he had four children, according to his own account, the 9 July 1982 incident was Michael Fagans second attempted intrusion on the palace, the first happening about a month before. Fagan says he shimmied up the drainpipe, startling a housemaid, when guards reached the scene, Fagan had disappeared, leading them to believe the housemaid was mistaken. Fagan claims he entered the palace through a window on the roof and spent the next half-hour eating cheddar cheese and crackers. He tripped several alarms, but they were faulty and he claims to have viewed royal portraits and rested for a while on the throne. He also speaks of entering the postroom, where Diana, Princess of Wales had hidden presents for her first son, Fagan said he drank half a bottle of white wine before becoming tired and leaving. At the time of the incident,9 July 1982, Michael Fagan was 33 years old. An alarm sensor had detected his prior movements inside the palace but police thought the alarm was faulty, Fagan wandered the palace corridors for several minutes before reaching the section where the royal apartments were located. In an anteroom Fagan broke a glass ashtray, cutting his hand and he was still carrying a fragment of the glass when he entered the Queens bedroom. The Queen woke when he disturbed a curtain, and initial reports said Fagan sat on the edge of her bed, but in a 2012 interview, he said she left the room immediately to seek security. She had phoned the palace switchboard twice for police but none had arrived, Fagan then asked for some cigarettes, which were brought by a maid, who had been cleaning a neighbouring room. The duty footman, Paul Whybrew, who had been walking the Queens dogs, the incident had happened as the armed police officer outside the royal bedroom came off duty before his replacement arrived. A subsequent police report was critical of the competence of officers on duty as well as a system of confused and divided command, since it was then a civil wrong rather than a criminal offence, Fagan was not charged for trespassing in the Queens bedroom. He was charged with theft, but the charges were dropped when he was committed for psychiatric evaluation and he spent the next six months in a psychiatric hospital before being released on 21 January 1983. It was not until 2007, when Buckingham Palace became a site for the purposes of section 128 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005
Michael Fagan incident
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Monarchies
101.
Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal
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The medal was physically identical in all realms where it was awarded, save for Canada, where it contained unique elements. As an internationally distributed award, the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal holds a different place in each order of precedence for honours. The Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal was created by a Royal Warrant from the Queen, from 1977, the award of the medals was at the discretion of each national government. Thus,30,000 were distributed in Britain,1,507 in New Zealand,6,870 in Australia, the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in the UK was designed by David Wynne. It is in the form of a 32 millimetres diameter silver disc with, on the obverse, DEF. surrounding an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II, symbolising her role as fount of honour. On the reverse is a crown atop a wreath that contains the words THE 25th YEAR OF THE REIGN OF QUEEN ELIZABETH II6 February 1977 in six lines, both versions of the medal are worn on the left chest, suspended from a bar on a 31. Like the Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal and Queens Police Medal, medal bars were also available, a certificate was also given with the medal. The Canadian medal was intended to award individuals who had deemed to have made a significant contribution to their fellow citizens. Some orders of precedence are as follows, Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal
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Obverse of medal
Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal
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Monarchies
102.
1977 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours
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The Queens Birthday Honours are announced on or around the date of the Queens Official Birthday in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The dates vary, both from year to year and from country to country, all are published in supplements to the London Gazette and many are conferred by the monarch some time after the date of the announcement, particularly for those service people on active duty. The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour and her Majesty The Queen to be Colonel-in-Chief the Corps of Royal Military Police, and Honorary Air Commodore Royal Air Force Marham. His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh as Colonel-in-Chief Intelligence Corps and her Royal Highness The Princess Anne Mark Phillips, as Colonel-in-Chief Royal Corps of Signals, and Honorary Air Commodore Royal Air Force Lyneham. Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, to be Honorary Air Commodore Royal Air Force Coningsby and his Royal Highness The Duke of Gloucester as Colonel-in-Chief Royal Pioneer Corps and Honorary Colonel Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers. Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Gloucester as Colonel-in-Chief Royal Army Educational Corps and his Royal Highness The Duke of Kent as Colonel-in-Chief The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment. Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Kent as Colonel-in-Chief 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards and her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Mrs. Angus Ogilvy, as Colonel-in-Chief The Kings Own Royal Border Regiment. The Right Honourable Philip John Noel-Baker, Member of Parliament for Coventry, 1929–1931, Derby 1936–1950, Secretary of State for Air 1946–1947. Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations 1947–1950, Minister of Fuel and Power 1950–1951. Field Marshal Sir Richard Michael Power Carver, GCB, CBE, DSO, MC, pratap Chidamber Chitnis, chief executive, The Joseph Rowntree Social Service Trust. Sir Eric Roll, KCMG, CB, Chairman, S. G. Warburg, Kenneth William Wedderburn, Cassel Professor of Commercial Law, London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London. Peter Kingsley Archer, QC, MP, Solicitor General, Member of Parliament for Warley West. Edward Stanley Bishop, MP, Minister of State, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Member of Parliament for the Newark Division of Nottingham. Walter Harrison, MP, Treasurer of Her Majestys Household, Sir Robert Michael Oldfield Havers, QC, MP, Solicitor General 1972–1974. Member of Parliament for the Merton Division of Wimbledon, James Gregor Mackenzie, MP, Minister of State, Scottish Office, Member of Parliament for Rutherglen. Senator the Honourable Reginald Grieve Withers, Minister for Administrative Services and Vice-President of the Federal Executive Council, major-General William Ernest Victor Abraham, CBE, lately National chairman, Burma Star Association. Harold Winter Atcherley, Chairman, Armed Forces Pay Review Body, Sidney Charles Bacon, CB, managing director, Royal Ordnance Factories. George William Barlow, Chairman and chief executive, Ransome Hoffmann Pollard Ltd. Norman Parris Biggs, lately chairman, Williams, Kenneth Lyon Blaxter, FRS, Director, Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen
1977 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours
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Monarchies
103.
Jubilee line
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The Jubilee line is a London Underground line. Opened in 1979, it is the newest line on the network, although sections of track date back to 1932. The later stations are larger and have special safety features, both aspects being attempts to future-proof the line, the Jubilee line is coloured silver/grey on the Tube map, to mark the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II after which the line was named. Between Finchley Road and Wembley Park, the Jubilee line shares its route with the Metropolitan line, between Canning Town and Stratford, the line runs parallel to the Stratford International branch of the Docklands Light Railway. In 1932, the Metropolitan Railway built a branch from its line at Wembley Park to Stanmore. The line, as many others in the northwest London area, was designed to absorb commuter traffic from the new. At first, the Metropolitan had advocated a new line roughly following the line of the Edgware Road between the tube station and a point near Willesden Green. Indeed, construction advanced as far as the rebuilding of Edgware Road station to accommodate 4 platforms of 8-car length, things changed, though, with the formation of the London Passenger Transport Board and the subsequent absorption of the Metropolitan. The solution was now a new branch of the Bakerloo line from Baker Street to serve new stations at St, the new line rose between the Metropolitan tracks at Finchley Road, providing cross-platform interchange with the Metropolitan line. At Wembley Park, the new Bakerloo would run on to serve Kingsbury, Queensbury, Canons Park and Stanmore, the Bakerloo extension, built as above, opened in 1939. The planning for the Tube network immediately before and after World War II considered several new routes, Line C opened as the Victoria line, in stages, from 1968 to 1972. Work on the northeast–southwest route continued, the new line was to have been called the Fleet line after the River Fleet. In 1971, construction began on the new Fleet line, economic pressure and doubt over the final destination of the line had led to a staged approach. Under the first stage, the Baker Street-to-Stanmore branch of the Bakerloo line was joined at Baker Street to a new 2, the new tube was to offer cross-platform interchange between the Bakerloo and Fleet at Baker Street, as pioneered on the Victoria line. The work was completed in 1979, as part of the works, Trafalgar Square and Strand stations were combined into a single station complex, Charing Cross. The existing Charing Cross station on the sub-surface District and Circle lines was renamed Embankment, another part of the works included a section of test tunnel, built near New Cross. When the planned route was altered, this section was abandoned as it was effectively useless. However, this idea was rejected because of the costs involved
Jubilee line
Jubilee line
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1983 Stock train at Kilburn in 1988
Jubilee line
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1996 tube stock at Stratford Station
Jubilee line
104.
Jubilee Walkway
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The Jubilee Walkway is an official walking route in London. It was originally opened as the Silver Jubilee Walkway to commemorate Queen Elizabeth IIs accession, the intention was to connect many of Londons major tourist attractions and it is now one of seven such walks within the Mayor of Londons strategic walking routes. The Jubilee Walkway Trust was set up in 1978 to look after the trail, the Jubilee Walkway can be divided into five smaller loop walks, the Western loop, Eastern loop, City loop, Camden loop and Jubilee loop. Western loop The longest loop within the Jubilee Walkway, the Western loop is six miles in length and originates at Leicester Square in the West End of London. Walking in a direction, some of the major sites taken in on the loop include, Eastern loop Five miles in length. Walking anti-clockwise, the sites on the City loop include. Walking in a direction, the main attractions on the Jubilee loop include, The Jubilee Walkway
Jubilee Walkway
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A walkway marker at Parliament Square
Jubilee Walkway
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One of the ground markers for the Jubilee Walkway; this one is located in Parliament Square.
105.
Jubilee Odyssey
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Odyssey is a roller coaster at Fantasy Island in Ingoldmells, England. Built by Vekoma of the Netherlands in 2002, it was named to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II and it is Vekomas tallest example of their Suspended Looping Coaster design in the world. Standing at 167 feet, it is the third tallest roller coaster in the UK, after the Pepsi Max Big One and it has a maximum speed of 63 mph and is capable of forces up to 4. 8g. Original plans for the ride showed a SLC ride 265 feet in height, the plans were scrapped due to complaints from local residents, limiting the height to a maximum of 180. It was opened and ridden on by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and it was initially sponsored by the chocolate bar Kit Kat, but this association has now ceased. During the 2003 season the restraint design was modified, due to complaints from riders of nipple burn. In September 2005 the trains were returned to Vekoma factories after a breakdown in the form of a restraint connector snapping occurred. The ride received a new scheme in February 2016, with yellow track. Odyssey currently operates only one train, which seats 20 riders in a 2 across in 10 rows formation. It currently costs £4.00 per ride or can be accessed with the Fantasy Island wristband system and it is frequently affected by high winds and will not operate with winds speeds in excess of 25 to 30 mph due to the high risk of the train stalling. Its lift-hill motors and brakes are powered by a £4 million dung-powered generator and its reported construction cost of £28 million is the highest of any roller coaster ever built in the United Kingdom. Its nearest competitor is The Swarm at Thorpe Park, which was completed in 2012 at a cost of £20,000,000, odyssey is the largest SLC in the world. Its 38-metre vertical loop is the highest in the United Kingdom, with a maximum height of 51 metres, it is the third tallest UK roller coaster. Its 43-metre drop is also the third highest in England and its top speed of 63 mph makes it the fourth fastest roller coaster in the UK. It was ranked 209th in Mitch Hawkers Roller Coaster Poll in 2007 and it is also considered amongst coaster enthusiasts as the best SLC Vekoma has ever produced. A year after the opening, the Cobra Roll and Horseshoe were lowered in an attempt to prevent the train stalling. Whilst lowering the track had an impact, the most recent occurrence was during the 2015 pre-season. At the start of the 2016 season it stalled again without passengers, the ride does not operate during certain combinations of high wind speed and direction
Jubilee Odyssey
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Jubilee Odyssey
Jubilee Odyssey
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The Train Sat In The Station
Jubilee Odyssey
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Closed Sign At Entrance To Queue
Jubilee Odyssey
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Jubilee Odyssey's cobra roll and sidewinder inversions
106.
Diamond Jubilee Pageant
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The pageant was to be the first major event of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations for Queen Elizabeth II taking place in 2012. It was to act as a curtain raiser for a programme of Spring, the pageant was a four-day event held in a 3, 000-seat arena the grounds of Windsor Castle in Berkshire, England, taking place on the 10th, 11th, 12th and 13 May 2012. The Queen herself is to attend the days show. The pageant was to be combined with the annual Royal Windsor Horse Show, with the horse show events occurring during the day, and the pageant shows being held in the evening. The theme of the pageant is a combination of the Queens passion for horses, the arena set will feature images of Buckingham Palace in central London. The show will feature military and equestrian displays of riding, as well as dancing and music, the performance is to be hosted by Alan Titchmarsh, with Helen Mirren, Martin Clunes, Sanjeev Bhaskar and Omid Djalili introducing the various acts on stage. The Mounted Band of the Household Cavalry Regiment and the Kings Troop, simon Brooks Ward is the pageants director and producer. Alan Titchmarsh and Angela Rippon are ambassadors for the pageant, the pageant is being privately funded, with surplus monies raised being donated to charity. Tickets for the shows went on sale in November 2011, the event was expected to attract 12,000 spectators. The pageant was broadcast on ITV1 at 18,30 on Sunday 3 June 2012, as a 2-hour programme with the title All the Queens Horses
Diamond Jubilee Pageant
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Diamond Jubilee Pageant
107.
MV Spirit of Chartwell
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MV Spirit of Chartwell is a hotel barge owned and operated by Portuguese holiday company Douro Azul for luxury cruises along the Douro river, Porto, Portugal. The ship was sold in June 2012 to Douro Azul to operate cruises in the Douro river. The ship was formerly a Rhine ship known as Vincent van Gogh and she was refitted as a luxury Thames cruise vessel by the Dutch Kooiman Group in 2009/2010. For the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant in 2012 the vessel was decorated in red, gold and purple. A special warrant was issued by the Secretary of State for Defence to permit Spirit of Chartwell to wear the White Ensign whilst serving as the Royal Barge on 3 June 2012. When the Queen was on board, she flew the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom from the bow. List of river cruise ships Official website Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant
MV Spirit of Chartwell
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History
MV Spirit of Chartwell
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Decorated for the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant
108.
Diamond Jubilee Concert
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The Diamond Jubilee Concert was a concert held on 4 June 2012 outside Buckingham Palace on The Mall in London. The concert was organised by Take That singer-songwriter Gary Barlow and was part of Queen Elizabeth IIs Diamond Jubilee celebrations. The concert was attended by the Queen, who arrived at 9pm. Prince Charles and other members of the family attended the whole concert. After the application period closed, successful applicants were then drawn by random ballot, a total of 1.2 million applications were eventually received,240 for every available pair. The concert took place on bank holiday Monday 4 June as part of the extended weekend celebrations for the Diamond Jubilee, the acts performed on a specially constructed stage, with a canopy, around the Queen Victoria Memorial, in front of the palace. The stage was designed by Mark Fisher, the house band was led by Mike Stevens who was also the Musical Director of the concert using the Take That/Gary Barlow band a few extra musicians and the BBC Concert Orchestra. Performances included one-off collaborations between artists, elton John, Stevie Wonder and Paul McCartney brought their own bands to the concert. Gary Barlow and Andrew Lloyd Webber wrote a song for the jubilee entitled Sing which was performed for the first time at the concert by a choir from many Commonwealth countries, the song draws inspiration from the music and people of the Commonwealth. Its creation was the subject of a one-hour BBC documentary broadcast on 3 June 2012 by BBC One, Concert ticket holders were given access to the palace gardens for an afternoon picnic before the main event. They were served cold hampers with a British themed menu specially designed by Heston Blumenthal, the running order was, Robbie Williams with drummers and trumpeters from the second battalion of the Coldstream Guards – Let Me Entertain You Introduction - Rob Brydon will. i. During the interlude, the Queen arrived, the film was accompanied by the BBC Concert Orchestra, performing an instrumental arrangement of Beautiful Day. Interlude - Lenny Henry Stevie Wonder – Sir Duke, Isnt She Lovely, the concert was broadcast live on BBC One, BBC One HD and BBC Radio 2. American broadcaster ABC showed highlights the following day after as Concert For The Queen and it was later confirmed that the BBCs coverage wouldnt be affected by any strikes. It aired on 5 June on CBC television in Canada, BBC Entertainment showed the concert on 8 June in Latin America. The concert aired from 19,30 until approximately 23,00 UK time, in the UK the programme was seen by an average of 15.32 million viewers on BBC One, peaking near 17 million, making it the 14th highest UK TV audience of 2012. For the ABC broadcast the following aired, will. i, grand Finale - The Queen lit the National Beacon followed by a display of fireworks, during which the melodies of several national hymns were played. Annie Lennoxs participation was listed in the program description yet her appearance did not air, the 5 June show on ABC opened to 6.4 million before rising in the second hour to 7.2 million for an average of 6.8 million viewers for the evening
Diamond Jubilee Concert
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The concert was held at the end of The Mall, directly in front of Buckingham Palace, where a special stage was built.
109.
Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla
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The Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla, inspired by the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant held in England the previous day, celebrated the Queens sixty years of reign. The parade of vessels around the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar on 4 June 2012 was one of numerous events scheduled that year in honor of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The flotilla was hosted by Ocean Village Marina, a north of Gibraltar Harbour. Participation in the event exceeded expectations, with 161 vessels in the flotilla, the Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla, celebrating Queen Elizabeths sixty years of reign, was inspired by the event that was scheduled for 3 June 2012 on the River Thames in London, England. On that Sunday, more than 1,000 vessels assembled in a flotilla, despite the inclement weather, throngs of spectators congregated along the bridges and banks of the Thames to witness the seven mile flotilla that extended from Battersea to Tower Bridge. Many also watched the event that was televised on giant screens across the country, the star of the flotilla was the Royal Barge, the Spirit of Chartwell, which was festooned with numerous flowers. The festivities ended with fireworks from Tower Bridge, and the National Anthem performed by the Royal College of Music Chamber Choir, the flotilla also represented the first public event of the Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust. The goal of the trust is fundraising for worthy causes in the United Kingdom, the proposal for a local flotilla to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee originated at the Ocean Village Marina in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The idea was met with a response from boat owners at the marina just north of Gibraltar Harbour. The flotilla was one of numerous events scheduled in honor of the Queen, the plan was for a mid-morning briefing of skippers, followed by a military re-enactment. Also planned were addresses by the Minister for Culture and the Governor of Gibraltar, and it was anticipated that the flotilla would be led by HMS Scimitar of the Royal Navy. The flotilla was to leave the marina at noon on 4 June 2012, parading from the west side of the runway of Gibraltar International Airport, past Europa Point, at that point, the vessels would turn around for the return trip. She further noted that the restaurants and bars would be featuring special meals and drinks. At sunset, the aerobeacon on top of the Rock of Gibraltar would be lit and those who didnt own a vessel were requested to consider the possibility of chartering a yacht. The host of the event aspired to have the participation of one hundred vessels in the flotilla, on Monday,4 June 2012,161 vessels assembled at the Ocean Village Marina, exceeding expectations. The participants in the Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla were greeted by Gregory Butcher, founder of Ocean Village and this was followed by a brief presentation by representatives of the Gibraltar Port Authority. Recommendations for safety precautions included sunscreen and maintenance of adequate distances between vessels, given the variety of boats in the flotilla, ranging in length from 2 metres to 70 metres, separation of the boats by category was necessary. Small boats were at the front of the parade, followed by power boats more than 9 metres in length, the General Elliot, a vessel of the Gibraltar Port Authority, led the Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla, and was supported by other official vessels
Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla
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A flotilla of more than 150 boats sailing around Gibraltar 's Europa Point to commemorate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee
Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla
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The Spirit of Chartwell at the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant on 3 June 2012
Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla
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Ocean Village Marina, host of the Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla
110.
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
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The ribbon used with the Canadian and British versions of the medal are the same, while the Caribbean medals ribbon differs slightly. The different iterations of the medal were presented to tens of thousands of recipients throughout the Commonwealth realms in the jubilee year. It takes the form of a disc with, on the obverse, in the United Kingdom, the medal, more properly known as The Queens Diamond Jubilee Medal, was designed by Timothy Noad, a calligrapher and illuminator. It depicts on the obverse the Ian Rank-Broadley effigy of the Queen crowned with a tiara and is circumscribed by the inscription ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FID DEF, the reverse shows a faceted hexagon with a crowned royal cipher, inscribed with the years 1952 and 2012. The obverse bears the effigy of the Queen as does the British medal circumscribed by the words DIAMOND JUBILEE HM QUEEN ELIZABETH II. The reverse shows the royal cypher of Elizabeth II with CARIBBEAN REALMS above, the medal itself is rhodium plated. Both the Canadian and British versions of the medal are suspended from a broad red ribbon with blue outer stripes and, at the centre. The ribbon of the Caribbean medal is similar to the aforementioned, holders of the Victoria Cross and George Cross and members of the Royal Household were also eligible. The medals cost the Department for Culture, Media and Sport £8m to produce, the medal could have been awarded posthumously if the recipient was alive on 6 February 2012. The Governor General was also permitted to make awards of the medal. Some orders of precedence are as follows, In keeping with previous jubilees, plans for a medal were first announced by the Lord President of the Council, Lord Mandelson. The first medal was struck by the Governor General on 6 December of the same year and it was at the same time announced that each member of the federal parliament and senator would receive a jubilee medal. At least six Quebec MPs declined the honour, NDP MP Pierre Nantel stated his then four months in the House of Commons did not warrant such recognition and it should go to a more deserving constituent in his riding. The contract to produce the medal and ribbons was awarded to a consortium of small businesses holding royal warrants, led by Worcestershire Medal Service
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
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Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medals: Canada (left), Caribbean realms (centre), and United Kingdom (right)
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
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The Original approved painting of the Canadian Diamond Jubilee Medal
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
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The British version of the Diamond Jubilee medal
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
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Recipients of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal at Royal Canadian Legion Branch 258, Toronto, Ontario, 24 February 2013
111.
Royal visits to Australia
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Since 1867, there have been over fifty visits by a member of the Royal Family to Australia, though only six of those came before 1954. Elizabeth II is the reigning monarch of Australia to have set foot on Australian soil. During her sixteen journeys the Queen has visited every Australian state, the first visit was by Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, son of Queen Victoria, in 1867, during his round-the-world voyage. Stops were made at Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane, the Duke was shot by Henry James OFarrell in an assassination attempt while picnicking on the beach in the Sydney suburb of Clontarf, on 12 March 1868. The Duke recovered fully and continued on to New Zealand seven months later, Prince George of Wales, aged 15, visited Australia with his older brother, Prince Albert Victor of Wales, aged 17, in 1881, as midshipmen in training on HMS Bacchante. They arrived at Albany, Western Australia in May, crossed to South Australia in a vessel, travelled overland to Melbourne. In 1901, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and his wife Alexandra were planning an Empire tour, however, the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901 meant that the couple had to prepare for a coronation in 1902. Consequently, Edwards son Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York, arriving at Albany, Western Australia, on SS Ophir, they sailed to Melbourne, where he opened the first Australian federal parliament. The royal couple travelled by train to Sydney. They visited Queensland from 20 to 25 May, where they laid the stone of St Johns Cathedral. Edward, Prince of Wales arrived in Victoria on 2 April 1920, representing his father, George V, during the tour in which he was accompanied by Lord Louis Mountbatten, his railway carriage overturned near Bridgetown, Western Australia. However, the Prince remained unharmed, and later made light of the situation, an act which endeared him to Australians, and causing them to give him the nickname the Digger Prince. In 1926, Prince Albert, Duke of York, and wife Elizabeth had their first child, the following year they under took a Royal Tour without the baby. The Duchess of York was, in her own words, very miserable at leaving the baby. Their journey by sea took them via Jamaica, the Panama Canal and the Pacific, Elizabeth fretted constantly over her back in Britain. In New Zealand The Yorks enjoyed the local fishing in the Bay of Islands accompanied by Australian sports fisherman Harry Andreas, when they sailed into Sydney harbour on HMS Renown they attracted Australias first gathering of more than one million people. The principal duty of the Prince on this visit was to open the provisional Parliament House in Canberra and they especially desired to meet returned soldiers, new settlers and school children. On 9 May, Prince Albert reviewed over 2,000 Australian troops with various air squadrons flying overhead, one aircraft, that of Flying Officer Charles Ewan, crashed
Royal visits to Australia
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Elizabeth II reads a speech in Sydney, 1954
Royal visits to Australia
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Victorian Railways Royal Train decorated for the visit of Prince George and his wife Mary in 1901
Royal visits to Australia
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His Royal Highness Edward, Prince of Wales, inspects Boy Scouts, Warwick railway station, Queensland, 1920
Royal visits to Australia
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George VI and wife Queen Elizabeth on the balcony of State Car 4 in Victoria in 1927.
112.
Royal tours of Canada by the Canadian Royal Family
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Originally, official tours were events predominantly for Canadians to see and possibly meet members of their Royal Family, with the associated patriotic pomp and spectacle. The couples tour in 2010 was themed Honouring the Canadian Record of Service— Past, Present, official royal tours have always been vested with civic importance, providing a regionalised country with a common thread of loyalty. The first royal figure to be present in Canada was the future King William IV, while invitations had been regularly made since 1858 for the reigning monarch to tour Canada, it was in 1939 that George VI became the first to actually do so. Royal tours can take upwards of a year to organize, the planning is coordinated by the Canadian Secretary to the Queen. What regions are visited is decided by a rotational formula, in summer 2011, The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge toured Canada in their first official overseas trip as a married couple. On 21 August 1786, he celebrated his 21st birthday on his ship in the waters off Newfoundland, the Prince Edward served as military commander at Halifax from 1794 to 1800. The Prince of Wales undertook a tour of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Upper Canada. He travelled through St. Johns, there attending the St. Johns Regatta and he landed at Charlottetown on 10 August 1860, where he was welcomed by Governor George Dundas and proceeded to Government House. There, he held audience with the Executive Council, upon his departure, he left with the Governor £150 for charitable use. At Ottawa, the Prince laid the stone of the parliament buildings. In Quebec, he stayed at the Governor Generals residence at Spencerwood, dedicated the Victoria Bridge, in Toronto, he opened Queens Park before heading on to see Niagara Falls, which were illuminated for the first time for his visit. A year later, The Prince Alfred took five weeks to tour the provinces, Newfoundland. He was from time to time between 1878 and 1883 stationed in Halifax as Commander of the Royal Navys North Atlantic Squadron, in 1869, Queen Victorias third son, Prince Arthur arrived for training with the Rifle Brigade based at Montreal. One of Louises other brothers, The Duke of Connaught, with his wife the Duchess, as modern modes of transportations allowed for easier travel across the oceans, more of the Royal Family came to tour the Kings northern Dominion. They then shot the timber slide at the Chaudière River, watched canoe races and they passed through Ontario, creating incredible excitement seldom seen since the visit of his father in 1860. Amongst other duties, the Prince dedicated the Alexandra Bridge in Ottawa, the Duke and Duchess moved on to Manitoba where the former opened the new science building at the University of Manitoba, and then to Regina in the North-West Territories. In Calgary, they met with First Nations chiefs and viewed exhibitions, westward, they ended up in Vancouver and Victoria, to turn back again towards Banff, where the Duchess went to Tunnel Mountain and Lake Louise while the Duke went to Poplar Point. After passing back through Regina, they reunited in Toronto, welcomed by the Mendelssohn Choir and it was then around southern Ontario and back Montreal again, where the Duke opened the newly rebuilt Victoria Bridge
Royal tours of Canada by the Canadian Royal Family
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A triumphal royal arch in Winnipeg, to celebrate the visit of The Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York in 1901
Royal tours of Canada by the Canadian Royal Family
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The Prince of Wales, talks with river guide Neil McDougall at their camp on the Nipigon River, 1919
Royal tours of Canada by the Canadian Royal Family
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The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh walks with Premier John B. McNair, with The Duke of Edinburgh directly behind, 6 November 1951
Royal tours of Canada by the Canadian Royal Family
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The Queen during a walkabout in Queen's Park, Toronto, July 2010
113.
HMS Vanguard (23)
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HMS Vanguard was a British fast battleship built during World War II and commissioned after the war. She was the ship of her class, the biggest and fastest of the Royal Navys battleships. Work on the ships design commenced before the war because the Royal Navy anticipated being outnumbered by the combined German, work on Vanguard was started and stopped several times during the war and even after construction had begun, her design was revised several times to reflect war experience. These stoppages and changes prevented her from being completed during the war. Vanguards first task after completing her sea trial at the end of 1946 was, early the year, to convey King George VI. While refitting after her return, she was selected for another Royal Tour of Australia and this was cancelled due to King Georges declining health and Vanguard briefly became flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet in early 1949. After her return home in mid-1949, she became flagship of the Home Fleet Training Squadron, throughout her career, the battleship usually served as the flagship of any unit to which she was assigned. During the early 1950s, Vanguard was involved in a number of training exercises with NATO forces, in 1953 she participated in Queen Elizabeth IIs Coronation Review. While she was refitting in 1955, the Admiralty announced that the ship was going to be put into reserve upon completion of the work, Vanguard was sold for scrap and was broken up beginning in 1960. The main constraint on the construction of any new battleships was the available capacity. The turrets were built for the battlecruisers Courageous and Glorious during World War I and were removed during the conversions of these ships to aircraft carriers in the 1920s. To save time, the Lion design was modified to accommodate the four turrets, the square or transom stern was retained as it was estimated to improve speed at full power by.33 knots. This made Vanguard the only British battleship built with a transom stern as the Lions were never finished, a small conning tower was added aft, and four Unrotated Projectile mounts were added to supplement the six octuple-barrel 2-pounder anti-aircraft mounts already planned. More pressing commitments forced the design work to be suspended again in June and, when it resumed in October. Greater fuel capacity was added and the armour protection improved, the thickness of the main belt was reduced by 1 inch to save weight, but the primary method chosen to reduce the draught was to increase the beam by 2.5 feet. The ship had already been ordered on 14 March under the 1940 Emergency War Programme, the space between the inboard and outboard propeller shafts was increased from 33.5 to 51. This change and the relocation of some of the 5. 25-inch ammunition handling rooms from the deck to the middle deck seriously delayed the ships completion. Space for these was made available by removing the two floatplanes, the catapult, and their associated facilities, a proposal was made in 1942 to convert Vanguard to an aircraft carrier
HMS Vanguard (23)
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Profile view of Vanguard
HMS Vanguard (23)
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Vanguard during NATO Operation Mainbrace, 1952
HMS Vanguard (23)
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Rear quarter view of Vanguard showing her transom stern
HMS Vanguard (23)
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The R-5 coming in to land on the ship's foc'sle
114.
HMY Britannia
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Her Majestys Yacht Britannia, also known as the Royal Yacht Britannia, is the former royal yacht of the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in service from 1954 until 1997. During her 43-year career, the yacht travelled more than a million nautical miles around the globe. Today, she is a visitor attraction and evening events venue permanently berthed at Ocean Terminal, Leith, in Edinburgh, Scotland. HMY Britannia was built at the shipyard of John Brown & Co and she was launched by Queen Elizabeth II on 16 April 1953, and commissioned on 11 January 1954. The ship was designed with three masts, a 133-foot foremast, a 139-foot mainmast, and a 118-foot mizzenmast, the top aerial on the foremast and the top 20 feet of the mainmast were hinged to allow the ship to pass under bridges. Britannia was designed to be converted into a ship in time of war. In the event of war, it was intended for the Queen to take refuge aboard Britannia off the north-west coast of Scotland. The crew of Royal Yachtsmen were volunteers from the service of the Royal Navy. As a result, some served for 20 years or more, the ship also carried a platoon of Royal Marines when members of the Royal Family were on board. Britannia sailed on her voyage from Portsmouth to Grand Harbour, Malta, departing on 14 April. She carried Princess Anne and Prince Charles to Malta in order for them to meet the Queen, the Queen and Prince Philip embarked on Britannia for the first time in Tobruk on 1 May 1954. On 20 July 1959, Britannia sailed the newly opened Saint Lawrence Seaway en route to Chicago, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was aboard Britannia for part of this cruise, Presidents Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton were welcomed aboard in later years. Charles and Diana, the Prince and Princess of Wales, took their honeymoon cruise on Britannia in 1981, the ship evacuated over 1,000 refugees from the civil war in Aden in 1986. HMY Britannia, when on royal duties, was escorted by a Royal Navy warship, during her career as Royal Yacht, Britannia conveyed the Queen, other members of the Royal Family and various dignitaries on 696 foreign visits and 272 visits in British waters. In this time, Britannia steamed 1,087,623 nautical miles, in 1997, the Conservative government committed itself to replacing the Royal Yacht if re-elected, while the Labour Party refused to disclose its plans for the vessel. After Labour won the election in May 1997, it announced the vessel was to be retired. It was estimated by the Overseas Trade Board that events held on board the yacht helped raise £3 billion for the treasury between 1991 and 1995 alone. The new government said the expenditure could not be justified given other pressures on the defence budget, proposals for the construction of a new royal yacht, perhaps financed through a loan or by the Queens own funds, have made little headway
HMY Britannia
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Britannia at pierhead on the River Mersey, Liverpool. She is dressed overall.
HMY Britannia
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Monarchies
HMY Britannia
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Bow of HMY Britannia
HMY Britannia
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HMY Britannia at Ocean Terminal Leith
115.
List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II
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Queen Elizabeth II has held numerous titles and honours, both during and before her time as monarch of each of her Commonwealth realms. Each is listed below, where two dates are shown, the first indicates the date of receiving the title or award, and the second indicates the date of its loss or renunciation. Until 1953, her style was by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland. Canadas preferred format was, Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Canada and of Her other realms and territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. With further evolution of the Commonwealth since that time, Elizabeth now holds 16 different regnal titles, one for each of the current Commonwealth realms. In all realms other than Canada and Grenada, the reference to the United Kingdom has been removed, Australia doing so in 1973, in contrast to the Australian governments position 20 years earlier. A legal case, MacCormick v. Lord Advocate, was taken to contest the right of the Queen to title herself Elizabeth II within Scotland, arguing that to do so would be a breach of the Act of Union. The case, however, was lost on the grounds that the pursuers had not title to sue the Crown and the numbering of monarchs was part of the Royal Prerogative, and thus not governed by the Act of Union. It was suggested by Winston Churchill that future British monarchs should be numbered according to either their English or Scottish predecessors, in 2002 Winnie Ewing, then president of the Scottish National Party, wrote to the Queen asking her to adopt the title Elizabeth I in Scotland. Degrees In April 2013 the Queen was presented with an honorary BAFTA award by Sir Kenneth Branagh in a ceremony at Windsor Castle, the BAFTA was given for her lifelong support of the British film and television industry. In 1975 she received the highest distinction of the Scout Association of Japan, the Golden Pheasant Award
List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II
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The Royal Cypher of Queen Elizabeth II, surmounted by St Edward's Crown. The cypher stands for Elizabeth II Regina in Latin.
116.
Head of the Commonwealth
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There is no set term of office or term limit and the role itself involves no part in the day-to-day governance of any of the member states within the Commonwealth. By 1949, the then British Commonwealth was a group of eight countries, India, however, desired to become a republic, but not depart the Commonwealth by doing so. This was accommodated by the creation of the title Head of the Commonwealth for the King, the title is currently held by the elder daughter of George VI, Queen Elizabeth II. The title was devised in the London Declaration as a result of discussions at the 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference, since 1953, it has formed a part of the monarchs title in each Commonwealth realm. The Head of the Commonwealth or a representative attends the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting and this is a tradition begun by the monarch on the advice of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in 1973, when the CHOGM was first held in Canada. During the summit, the Head of the Commonwealth has a series of meetings with Commonwealth countries leaders, attends a CHOGM reception and dinner. The Queen or a representative is present at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games and on every Commonwealth Day. The Commonwealth Secretariat asserts any successor will be chosen collectively by the Commonwealth heads of government, the Daily Telegraph reported that the post is not hereditary and many leaders want an elected head to make the organisation more democratic. In 1949, King George VI was king of each of the countries that comprised the British Commonwealth, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Ceylon, India. However, the Indian Cabinet desired the country become a republic, when India adopted a republican constitution on 26 January 1950, George VI ceased to be its monarch, but it did regard him as Head of the Commonwealth. Elizabeth II became Head of the Commonwealth on her accession in 1952 and it is an entirely new conception built on the highest qualities of the spirit of man, friendship, loyalty, and the desire for freedom and peace. The following year, a Royal Style and Titles Act was passed in each of the Commonwealth realms, in December 1960, the Queen had a personal flag created to symbolise her as Head of the Commonwealth and not associated with her role as queen of any particular country. Over time, the flag has replaced the British Royal Standard when the Queen visits Commonwealth countries of which she is not head of state, when the Queen visits the headquarters of the Commonwealth Secretariat in London, this personal standard—not any of her royal standards—is raised. Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a behind the force in ending apartheid in South Africa
Head of the Commonwealth
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Incumbent Queen Elizabeth II since 6 Feb 1952
Head of the Commonwealth
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George VI
Head of the Commonwealth
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Elizabeth II
117.
List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II
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This is a list of places, buildings, roads and other things named for Queen Elizabeth II. It is divided by category, though each items location is noted in the entry, later renamed the Mount Kobau National Observatory, and the 3.81 m main telescope was named in her honor. Named for the royal guests it has hosted, including Queen Elizabeth II. On the wall hangs a mirror given as a gift to President Harry S. Truman by then Princess Elizabeth during her visit in 1951
List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth Land, Australian Antarctic Territory
List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II
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The Queen Elizabeth Ranges in the Canadian Rockies
List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II
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View of Queen Elizabeth Park, north of Wellington, New Zealand
List of things named after Queen Elizabeth II
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Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London, England
118.
Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II
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The Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II is an honour bestowed on female members of the British Royal Family by Queen Elizabeth II. The order is worn on formal occasions, the Royal Family Order depicts a young Queen Elizabeth II in evening dress wearing the ribbon and star of the Order of the Garter. The miniature, painted on ivory, is bordered by diamonds and surmounted by a Tudor Crown in diamonds, the reverse, in silver-gilt, is patterned with rays and depicts the royal cypher and St. Edwards Crown in gold and enamel. The watered silk ribbon is yellow and formed into a bow. It is worn pinned to the dress of the recipient on the left shoulder
Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II
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Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II
Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II
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Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother wearing the insignia of the order.
Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II
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Sophie, Countess of Wessex wearing the order
Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II
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Orders exclusively for women:
119.
Queen's Official Birthday
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The sovereigns birthday was first officially marked in the United Kingdom in 1748, for King George II. In some cases, it is a public holiday, sometimes aligning with the celebration of other events. Most Commonwealth realms release a Queens Birthday Honours list at this time, except in the states of Western Australia and Queensland, Australia observes the Queens Birthday on the second Monday in June. There is no rule to determine this date, though it is usually the last Monday of September or the first Monday of October. Starting in 2016, Queensland celebrates the holiday on the first Monday of October, so that a long weekend coincides with the AFL, the day has been celebrated since 1788, when Governor Arthur Phillip declared a holiday to mark the birthday of the King of Great Britain. Until 1936, it was held on the birthday of the monarch. This has more evenly spaced out public holidays throughout the year, the Queens Birthday weekend and Empire Day were the traditional times for public fireworks displays in Australia. The sale of fireworks to the public was banned in various states through the 1980s, tasmania is the only state and the Northern Territory the only territory to still sell fireworks to the public. The Queens Birthday Honours List, in new members of the Order of Australia. A royal proclamation issued on 5 February 1957 established the Canadian monarchs official birthday as the last Monday before 25 May. The sovereigns birthday had been observed in Canada since 1845, when the parliament of the Province of Canada passed a statute to officially recognize Queen Victorias birthday,24 May. Edward VIII abdicated on 11 December 1936, three days before the birthday of his brother, the new king of Canada, George VI, the King expressed to his ministers his wish that his birthday not be publicly celebrated, in light of the recent circumstances. George VIs official birthday in Canada was thereafter marked on various days between 20 May and 14 June, the two holidays are in law entirely distinct except for being appointed to be observed on the same day, it is a general holiday in Nunavut and New Brunswick. The reigning Canadian monarch has been in Canada for his or her birthday twice. The first time was 20 May 1939, when King George VI was on a coast-to-coast tour of Canada, in 2014, the couple attended a ceremony in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Despite Fiji ceasing to be a Commonwealth realm in 1987, following a military coup détat. That year, the government of Commodore Frank Bainimarama announced the holiday would be abolished. In New Zealand, the holiday is the first Monday in June, celebrations are mainly official, including the Queens Birthday Honours list and military ceremonies
Queen's Official Birthday
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In Jersey, the Lieutenant Governor hosts a reception for the public at Government House to mark the Queen's Official Birthday, at which he announces the names of recipients of Birthday Honours.
Queen's Official Birthday
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Aussie Rules Football Queen's Birthday holiday game, 2011
Queen's Official Birthday
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A bread ticket from the City of Toronto granting the holder one loaf in celebration of the Queen's birthday
Queen's Official Birthday
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King George VI in Ottawa, Ontario, on his official birthday, 1939
120.
Wilding series
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The Wildings were a series of definitive postage stamps featuring the Dorothy Wilding photographic portrait of Queen Elizabeth II that were in use between 1952 and 1971. The Wildings were the first and only British stamps to feature graphite lines on the back, the stamps were also the first British pictorial high value stamps and the first to include regional emblems. The stamps reproduced a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II taken during a session on 26 February 1952 by Dorothy Wilding. Seventy five designs were considered to frame the portrait and five basic designs by Edmund Dulac, Enid Marx, Mary Adshead, Michael Farrar-Bell and George Knipe were selected. Four symbolic flowers of each country of the United Kingdom were also depicted, Dorothy Wildings photograph depicts The Queen wearing the State Diadem made for George IV in the 1820s, which was designed to be worn outside a Cap of Maintenance. This diadem was also worn by Queen Victoria on stamps such as the Penny Black, the original photograph was re-touched to bring the diadem further forward on The Queens head. The replacement of the Wildings was initiated by stamp designers Michael Goaman and they proposed an image that would represent the monarchy more than the person of the queen. Eighteen values – in 1/2d increments up to 3d, 1d increments up to 1s, 1/3d, All were printed in photogravure by Harrison and all were perforated 15 x 14. Three separate watermarks were used, Tudor crown + E2R St. Edwards crown + E2R St. Edwards crown For brevity these are known as Tudor Crown, St. Edwards Crown and Crowns respectively. As well as the normal upright watermark – on values up to and including 4d – the stamps are found with inverted, sideways and sideways inverted watermarks from booklets. The original cream paper was changed to white from April 1962 resulting in two variants of the crowns watermark stamps, automatic Letter Facing was introduced on an experimental basis in 1957 so as to automatically orient envelopes for postmarking. The original system used graphite lines on the back of the stamp and this was later replaced by a system based on detecting phosphor bands on the face of the stamp following an intermediate stage of both phosphor and graphite lines. The first phosphor lines were green, for technical reasons green phosphor was replaced by blue phosphor and finally violet phosphor. The significant distinguishing feature is the afterglow time – blue 20 sec. green 10 sec. violet 5 sec. – rather than the colour as such, in 1955 four large format high values – Castles – designed by L. Lamb were introduced. These were the first true British pictorials – previous designs, for example the 1953 Coronation issue, had all featured symbolic designs –, the four were, 2/6d Carrickfergus Castle 5s Caernarvon Castle 10s Edinburgh Castle £1 Windsor Castle All stamps were recess printed on a variety of papers. Three separate printers, Waterlow, De La Rue and Bradbury Wilkinson, were used, two watermarks – St. Edwards Crown and Crowns were used. All stamps were perforated 11 x 12, regional issues, for Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man, were first introduced in 1958. Whilst the Wilding head was common to all stamps the frames differed in that they incorporated regional symbols such as the Scottish thistle or the Welsh dragon, the stamps remained in use longer than the national Wildings
Wilding series
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A pane from a postage stamp booklet showing two different stamps from the Wilding series.
Wilding series
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A 3d Wilding Overprinted with black bars for use as a training stamp, 1954 or later.
Wilding series
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The castles high value definitive stamps of Great Britain.
Wilding series
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A British regional stamp for Guernsey.
121.
Machin series
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The Machin series /ˈmeɪtʃɪn/ of postage stamps is the main definitive stamp series in the United Kingdom, used since 5 June 1967. It is the series to figure the image of Elizabeth II. Designed by Arnold Machin, they consist simply of the profile of the Queen and a denomination. After four decades of service, the series has encompassed almost all changes and this has been encouraging an abundant specialised philatelic collectors market and associated literature. Arnold Machins 1964 effigy of the Queen was replaced on British coins in 1984 by an effigy by Raphael Maklouf. However, the effigy on British stamps has never been updated, since the accession of Elizabeth II in 1952, the definitive series figured a three-quarter photograph of the Queen by Dorothy Wilding. The same effigy had appeared on commemorative stamps too, however, the Wilding design did not please some artists. In a letter of April 1961, Michael Goaman and Faith Jacques argued that it represented the Queen and they complained it embarrassed the commemorative stamps designers because the photograph took up one third of the stamps area and it imposed a perspective on a two-dimensional design. Some new designs were discussed but concerns over the technical aspects delayed a full competition for artists until 1965, in 1966 Gentleman created a small single-coloured profile from a coin by Mary Gillick. The first essays were submitted by Andrew Restall and Arnold Machin with Harrison and they worked from photographs by Anthony Buckley, then from ones by Lord Snowdon, the Queens brother-in-law. Machin had just finished work on the new coins based on the photographers pictures. Arnold Machins method was to sculpt a bas-relief in clay and moulds, the printing essays were then done by Harrisons & Sons from photographs of the sculpture, completed with the additions and adornments by designer Machin. Quickly, he decided to simplify the effigy with just the Queen wearing a tiara, yet these flowers were also dropped, Machins design would eventually have only the Queens profile and the value of the stamp. In March 1966, the Stamp Advisory Committee decided to make new photographs of the Queen available to Gentleman and they were taken by John Hedgecoe on the following 22 June. Elizabeth II selected the pictures to be given to the artists, during the second period of 1966, Machin replaced the tiara with the George IV State Diadem on request of the SAC, the same diadem as was previously seen on the Penny Black. The Queen asked for a corsage at the bottom of her sculpted neck, the final sculpture is a rectangle of plaster,16 inches long and 14 inches wide, kept in a London-based British Postal Museum & Archive vault. The last adjustments to the final image and to the lighting during photography created four effigies. They were unveiled to philatelists on the stamps, the first ones issued 5 June 1967
Machin series
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The 4d bright vermilion of 1969 replaced the dark-coloured 4d of the original 1967 issue.
Machin series
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Postally used Machins showing ellipsoidal shear panels.
122.
Castle series stamps
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The Castle series or Castle High Value series are two definitive stamp series issued in the United Kingdom during Queen Elizabeth IIs reign. The first series, designed by Lynton Lamb was issued in September 1955, the second one was created from pictures taken by Prince Andrew, Duke of York, the Queens second son. The stamps bore the highest denominations completing the Wilding and Machin definitive series, each Castle series was replaced by Machin stamps, respectively in 1969 and 1999. The common aspects of the two series are the four castles, one for each country of the United Kingdom. The 1955 Castle series replaced another four stamp series of high value issued in 1951 and they featured the profile of King George VI and were illustrated by two pictures and two symbols. The Kings death, on 6 February 1952, provoked the preparation for a new series with Elizabeth IIs effigy, because comments in the philatelic press were negative about the two pictorial stamps, the Postal Services Department proposed to replace the pictures with two new allegorical images. But its director decided the artists invited by the Council of Industrial Design must be free in the proposal they had to submit at the beginning of 1953, in June 1953, the allegorical designs didnt please Postmaster General Herbrand Sackville and the Council of Industrial Design. The initial list was, the Tower of London on the 2s6d green, Caernarfon Castle on the 5s red, Edinburgh Castle on the 10s blue and Windsor Castle on the £1 brown. Consulted, the Home Secretary, David Maxwell Fyfe, advised adding a castle from Northern Ireland, the proposed green colour for the 2s6d stamp was changed to brown, the goal was to avoid evocations of Irish nationalist sentiment. The pound sterling stamp became black, the remaining artists prepared their projects during the summer of 1953. They created drawings of the castles helped by postmens and public servants pictures, at the same time, H. J. Bard, an engraver at Waterlow and Sons, prepared the royal effigy reproducing Dorothy Wildings photographic portrait already used on the definitive series. In January 1954, Lynton Lambs scenery, known as broken grotto, was chosen, under the guidance and requirements of officials, Lamb continued his work on the drawings of the castles during 1954, visiting in person Edinburgh and Windsor. On 25 October 1954, Postmaster General Sackville thought the design was ready, there, he defended the passage from two to one colour. Queen Elizabeth II approved the designs in March 1955, at Waterlows, Ward under Lambs attention made the master die for the printing in intaglio. The issue was accepted by the Queen on 29 June 1955. From 1955 to 1957, the stamps were printed by Waterlow and Sons on watermarked paper, in 1958, with the same watermark, then a crowned watermark in 1959, the printing was given to De La Rue. The contract passed in 1967 to Bradbury Wilkinson who did not use watermarked paper anymore, in the United Kingdom, the four stamps were withdrawn on 15 May 1970, one year after the issue of Machin high value stamps printed in high format in intaglio by Bradbury Wilkinson. The three lesser value of the Castle series were invalidated on 1 March 1972, the 2 shilling and 6 pence,5 shilling and 10 shilling stamps were issued with overprints in British postal agencies overseas
Castle series stamps
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First Castle series stamps in 2/6, 5/-, 10/- and £1 denominations issued in 1955
Castle series stamps
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Photograph of Edinburgh Castle from similar viewpoint as the stamps
Castle series stamps
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2’6 brown overprinted for the centenary of the Tangier postal agency, in Morocco.
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Dookie (dog)
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Dookie or Rozavel Golden Eagle was a Pembroke Welsh Corgi bought in 1933 by King George VI and was the first of many Welsh Corgis to join the Royal Family. The dog was especially popular with Queen Elizabeth II, who has owned over thirty corgis. In July 1933 Thelma Gray of Rozavel Kennels brought three corgi puppies to the home at 145 Piccadilly for the family to choose from. Out of the three pups, Dookie was chosen because of his slightly longer tail, the queen having remarked, so that we can see whether he is pleased or not. Dookie was born Rozavel Golden Eagle in 1933 and bred by Thelma Gray at the Rozavel Kennels in Surrey, the bright red pup was sired by Ch. Crymmych President and Ch. After being chosen by the family, Dookie was boarded by Thelma Gray until the family had moved to Windsor, though he did spend some time at Glamis Castle. Gray and her kennel staff joked that the dog had become so snooty after being selected by the family and they began calling him the Duke. The family loved the name and it eventually stuck, Dookie became a loved member of the family and was described as unquestionably the character of the Princesses’ delightful canine family and a born sentimentalist. The princesses even fed the dog by hand and he did however, have a habit of nipping at the heels of guests. Three years later another corgi named Rozavel Lady Jane was purchased to be the companion of Dookie, however, Dookie was not interested in the other corgi and Jane was paired with Rozavel Tafferteffy. Jane produced two pups named Carol and Crackers, Crackers became a constant companion of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and even retired with her to the Castle of Mey in Scotland
Dookie (dog)
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Monarchies
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Susan (dog)
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Susan was a Pembroke Corgi dog owned by Queen Elizabeth II that was given to her on her eighteenth birthday. Following the dogs death in 1959, the Queen personally designed a memorial to be placed at Sandringham House, Susan was the first of a long line of Corgis and Dorgis owned by the Queen, all of them descended from Susan. The dogs have often accompanied the Queen in her public appearances, King George VI bought his first Pembroke Corgi in 1933 from the Rozavel Kennels in Surrey. Named Dookie, he proved popular with his daughters, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret and he also owned six other dogs, but it was the Corgis that the young Princess Elizabeth was most fond of. For her eighteenth birthday in 1944, the King gave a Pembroke Corgi named Susan to Princess Elizabeth, while on honeymoon, Susan accompanied the couple on their travels, including on a tour of Earl Mountbattens Broadlands estate in a Jeep driven by Prince Phillip. In early 1959, Susan caused a stir when she bit a policeman who was patrolling Buckingham Palace and it was the fourth time she had bitten someone at the palace. On the previous occasions it had been a sentry, a detective, following Susans death on 26 January 1959, the Queen drew up plans for a memorial for her dog. She made a sketch of a gravestone and sent this, along with an inscription, to Robert Marrington. The initial inscription on the gravestone was to read Susan died 26 Jan 1959 for 15 years the faithful companion of the Queen. However, after further research by the Queen revealed Susans date of birth. On 18 February, she sent through a revision to the inscription. The sketches were to be sold at auction in 2004, but the Royal Household stepped in, Susan was buried at Sandringham House. Her descendants Sugar, Heather and Pharos joined her there in a pet cemetery. Susan was the progenitor of the Queens line of Corgis and Dorgis, in 2009, the Queen decided to stop breeding her dogs following the deaths of two favourites to cancer. As of 2011, the Queen still has six of Susans descendants, during the course of her life, the Queen has owned more than thirty of Susans descendants
Susan (dog)
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Monarchies
125.
Queen Elizabeth's horses
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From an early age, Queen Elizabeth II has had a keen interest in horses. Into her reign this has developed one of her main leisure time activities. As a child, Elizabeth was given her first horse, a Shetland pony named Peggy, at age 4, by age 18 she was an accomplished rider, and has continued to ride for pleasure into her Diamond Jubilee year. In her role as monarch, Elizabeth has also ridden in a ceremonial role, from her first appearance as princess in 1947 and throughout her reign as queen until 1986, she attended the annual Trooping the Colour ceremony on horseback. For eighteen consecutive years from 1969 to 1986, the horse was a mare named Burmese. From 1987 onwards she has attended in a carriage, Elizabeth owns many thoroughbred horses for use in racing, having inherited several on the death of her father King George VI, in 1952. As of 2013, horses owned by the Queen have won over 1,600 races, including one of the five British Classic Races, some multiple times. She was named British flat racing Champion Owner in 1954 and 1957 and she has had a 2nd place runner in the Derby, Aureole, in 1953, the year of her coronation. Her horse Dunfermline won two of the classics, the Epsom Oaks and St. Leger Stakes, in Elizabeths Silver Jubilee year of 1977. While she doesnt gamble and is said to derive more interest from the outcome of a successful breeding match. She makes regular visits to observe and assess her animals first hand from birth and her horses are foaled at the Royal Stud in the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, England. As yearlings, they are raised at Polhampton Stud in Hampshire, before being passed on to the facilities of any one of five trainers. Once they finish racing, they remain in her care into retirement and her bloodstock and racing adviser is John Warren, who took over the role from his father in law, Henry Herbert, 7th Earl of Carnarvon, on his death in 2001. He had held the post since 1969, as well as thoroughbreds, Elizabeth also breeds Shetland ponies at Balmoral in Scotland and Fell ponies at Hampton Court. In 2007 she opened a full-time Highland pony stud at Balmoral to enhance, Elizabeth II hosts the Royal Windsor Horse Show every year in Windsor Park, part of the royal estate in Buckinghamshire. In her Diamond Jubilee year, a horse themed Diamond Jubilee Pageant was combined with the daytime show. In 2013, as part of the 60th Anniversary Coronation celebrations, Clare Balding presented the BBC Documentary, The Queen, pets of Vladimir Putin Queen Elizabeths corgis
Queen Elizabeth's horses
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Statue of Elizabeth aboard he favorite horse Burmese on the grounds of the Provincial Legislature, Regina Saskatchewan
126.
Aureole (horse)
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Aureole was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire who was owned by Queen Elizabeth II. In a career which lasted from August 1952 until July 1954, he ran fourteen times, as a three-year-old in 1953, he won the Lingfield Derby Trial before finishing second to Pinza in both the Epsom Derby and the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes. After retiring from racing he was sent to stud, where he became a sire of winners. Aureole was a chestnut horse with a white blaze and three white socks, bred by King George VI. When the King died in 1952, the ownership of the unraced two-year-old colt passed to his daughter, Aureole was sired by Hyperion who won the Derby and the St Leger in 1933 before becoming a highly successful breeding stallion. He was Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland on six occasions, Aureoles dam, Angelola, finished second in the Epsom Oaks and came from the same branch of Thoroughbred Family 2-f which produced Round Table, Highclere and Pebbles. Aureole was sent into training with Cecil Boyd-Rochfort at Freemason Lodge stables at Newmarket, Aureole made his first appearance at York Racecourse in August. He delayed the start by playing up, but won comfortably and he was then off the course for two months before running in October at Newmarket here he contested the Middle Park Stakes, one of the years most important two-year-old races. He finished sixth behind Nearula, a colt who went on to win the 19532000 Guineas, Aureole began his three-year-old season in the 2000 Guineas, in which he finished strongly to take fifth place behind Nearula. He was then moved up in distance for the Lingfield Derby Trial over one and he won easily to establish himself as a leading contender for the Epsom Derby. In the week of his owners coronation Aureole started at odds of 9/1 for the Derby, with Pinza, Aureole became highly agitated before the race, but ran well to finish second, four lengths behind Pinza. He developed a slight cough after the Derby and ran disappointingly in the Eclipse Stakes at Sandown, in late July at Ascot he was again matched against Pinza in the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, a race named after his owners parents. He finished second again, this time beaten three lengths, later in the summer, he was treated by a neurologist in an attempt to improve his temperament. In the St Leger at Doncaster in September, Aureole was made 6/4 favourite ahead of the Grand Prix de Paris winner Northern Light. Both the Queen and Sir Winston Churchill were in attendance on an autumn day which attracted a crowd of 250,000 to the Yorkshire course. Aureole again became agitated in the preliminaries and refused to settle in the race and he challenged for the lead in the straight but faded to finish third behind his stable companion Premonition, beaten six lengths. He ended the season with a win in the Cumberland Lodge Stakes at Ascot, Smith got along so well with the colt that he replaced Carr as Aureoles regular jockey. Aureole made his first appearance of 1954 in the Coronation Stakes over ten furlongs at Sandown in April, the race was extremely rough and Aureole, the 4/5 favourite, appeared to be an unlucky loser as he finished second to the Irish Derby winner Chamier
Aureole (horse)
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Monarchies
127.
Height of Fashion (horse)
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Height of Fashion was French-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. Owned and bred by Queen Elizabeth II, was undefeated in her three races as a two-year-old in 1981, winning the Acomb Stakes, May Hill Stakes and Fillies Mile. In the following year she added a win in the Lupe Stakes before a victory in the Princess of Waless Stakes. She ran poorly in her two remaining races and was retired to stud at the end of the season, Height of Fashion proved to be an exceptional broodmare, producing the major stakes winners Unfuwain, Nashwan and Nayef. She died in Kentucky in 2000, Height of Fashion was a massive bay mare bred by her owner Queen Elizabeth II. Her dam Highclere won the 1000 Guineas and the Prix de Diane for the Queen in 1974, apart from Height of Fashion and her descendants she was also the ancestor of the Japanese champion Deep Impact. The filly was sent into training with Dick Hern at West Ilsley in Berkshire, Height of Fashion began her racing career in the Acomb Stakes at York Racecourse. Racing against colts, she won from Ashenden with Count Pahlen in third place and was ridden by Lester Piggott, after the race, Hern described the winner as a grand filly who closely resembled her dam Highclere. She was then moved up to Group Three class for the May Hill Stakes at Doncaster and was ridden to victory by the veteran Joe Mercer at odds of 4/6, Mercer was again the jockey when Height of Fashion ran next in the Hoover Fillies Mile at Ascot Racecourse. She started at odds of 15/8 and completed an undefeated first season by beating the Waterford Candelabra Stakes winner Stratospheric, Height of Fashion began her second season in the Lupe Stakes at Goodwood Racecourse in May. She was hampered when Devon Air fell directly in front of her and she was considered a contender for the Oaks Stakes but bypassed the race as it was felt that she would be unsuited to the course at Epsom. The filly did not run again until July when she ran against colts and she was made the 4/1 second favourite behind Ardross, an outstanding stayer who had won the last two runnings of the Ascot Gold Cup. Ridden by Willie Carson, Height of Fashion led from the start, following her win at Newmarket, Height of Fashion was sold for a reported £1.5 million to Hamdan Al Maktoum. Later in July, Height of Fashion ran in her first Group One race when she was the filly to contest the thirty-second running of the King George VI. She never recovered after banging her head on exiting the starting stalls, on her final appearance on 17 August she failed to recover her previous form as she finished last behind Awaasif in Yorkshire Oaks. Height of Fashion was retired from racing to become a broodmare for Hamdan Al Maktoums Shadwell Stud in Kentucky
Height of Fashion (horse)
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Monarchies
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Highclere (horse)
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Highclere was a British thoroughbred racehorse owned by Queen Elizabeth II. In a racing career lasting from summer 1973 until October 1974 she ran eight times, Highclere won one minor race as a two-year-old but improved to win the 1000 Guineas at Newmarket Racecourse and Prix de Diane at Chantilly. She later finished second to Dahlia in the King George VI and she retired at the end of the season to become a highly successful and influential broodmare. Highclere was a bay filly, bred in England by her owner and she was sired by the Sussex Stakes winner Queens Hussar, whose reputation as a stallion had previously rested almost entirely on the fact that he was the sire of Brigadier Gerard. Her dam Highlight won two races and was a daughter of Hypericum, who won the 1000 Guineas for King George VI in 1946. As a descendant of the broodmare Feola, Highclere came from the branch of Thoroughbred family 2-f which produced Round Table, Pebbles. The filly was named after Highclere Castle, the home of the Queens racing manager, Highclere was sent into training with Dick Hern at his stables in West Ilsley in Berkshire. Her regular jockey was Joe Mercer, Highclere ran three times as a two-year-old in 1973. On her final start, she won the Donnington Stakes at Newbury, at the end of the season she was allotted a weight of 109 pounds in the Free Handicap, a rating of the best two-year-olds to have raced in Britain. The rating placed her twenty-two pounds below the top-rated Apalachee, and nine pounds below Bitty Girl, Gentle Thoughts, on Highcleres first appearance of 1974 she contested the Classic 1000 Guineas over the Rowley Mile at Newmarket. Wearing blinkers for the first time she started at odds of 12/1 in a field of fifteen fillies, the closing stages of the race saw a struggle between Highclere and the Peter Walwyn-trained favourite Polygamy. With the Queens filly prevailing by a short head, the win gave the British monarch her second fillies Classic win, seventeen years after Carrozza won the Epsom Oaks. It was believed that the course and distance of the Oaks would not suit Highclere, and so the filly was rerouted to the French equivalent, with her owner in attendance, Highclere won by two lengths from Comtesse de Loir. On their return from France Dick Hern and Joe Mercer were invited to dine with the Royal Family at Windsor Castle, in July, Highclere raced against colts and older horses in Britains most prestigious all-aged race, the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Diamond Stakes at Ascot. Highclere finished second, beaten two lengths by the French four-year-old filly Dahlia, who was winning the race for the second year, Highclere failed to reproduce her best form in her two remaining races. She finished unplaced behind Dahlia in the Benson and Hedges Gold Cup and was unplaced in the Prix de lArc de Triomphe a race in which Allez France beat Comtesse de Loir by a head. Highclere was then retired to stud, Highclere produced several winners, the best of whom were the colt Milford and the filly Height of Fashion, both of whom won the Princess of Waless Stakes. Height of Fashion went on to produce the 2000 Guineas and Epsom Derby winner Nashwan as well as the multiple Group winners Nayef, another of Highcleres daughters, Burghclere produced Wind In Her Hair, the dam of Deep Impact
Highclere (horse)
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Monarchies
129.
Pall Mall (horse)
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Pall Mall was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire, best known for winning the classic 2000 Guineas in 1958. Owned and bred by Queen Elizabeth II, Pall Mall was one of the leading British two-year-olds of 1957, in the following spring he performed moderately in two trial races before creating a 20/1 upset by winning the 2000 Guineas. He later won the first two runnings of the Lockinge Stakes before being retired to stud where he had success as a sire of winners. Pall Mall was a chestnut horse with a white blaze. The colt was sent into training with Cecil Boyd-Rochfort at his Freemason Lodge stable in Newmarket, Boyd-Rochfort trained the horses owned by British monarchs from 1943 until 1968. Pall Mall was the only British classic winner sired by the 19502000 Guineas winner Palestine, Pall Malls dam Malapert showed no ability as a racehorse and was bought on behalf of King George VI for 100 guineas at the Newmarket sales in December 1949. Pall Malls first racecourse appearance came in May 1957 when he won a race at Haydock Park by five lengths. A month later he was moved up in class to contest the New Stakes over five furlongs at Royal Ascot, ridden by Harry Carr, he started at odds of 6/1 and won by a length from Troubadour and Will Somers. The royal colt showed good form in his three races without winning again. A month after his Ascot win he finished second to the filly Abelia in the July Stakes at Newmarket and he had been expected to win the latter race but was well beaten by Pheidippedes, a colt who had finished unplaced in the New Stakes. On his final appearance of the season he was beaten a head by Kelly in the Champagne Stakes at Doncaster. In the Free Handicap, a ranking of the best two-year-olds to race in Britain, Pall Mall was assigned 126 pounds, two weeks later he won the Classic Trial Stakes at Thirsk by a length but was not particularly impressive. In the 2000 Guineas, run over the Rowley Mile course at Newmarket on 30 April and he was ridden by Doug Smith as Harry Carr had elected to ride the stables other runner Bald Eagle, who was made 7/4 favourite. Pall Mall took the lead a furlong and a half from the finish and won by half a length from Major Portion, the win was a first classic for Boyd-Rochfort and a second for the Queen, who missed the race through illness. Carr resumed his association with Pall Mall in the running of the Lockinge Stakes at Newbury Racecourse a month later. The Guineas winner was made the 4/6 favourite and won easily, at Goodwood in July met Major Portion again in the Sussex Stakes and was beaten a length in what proved to be his final race of the year. At Royal Ascot, raced in handicap company for the only time and he started 5/2 favourite and finished second of the twenty-three runners, beaten one and a half lengths by Faultless Speech, a four-year-old to whom he was conceding 20 pounds. At the Newmarket July meeting, Pall Mall won his last race by taking the Midsummer Stakes, the independent Timeform organisation awarded Pall Mall a peak annual rating of 132
Pall Mall (horse)
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Monarchies
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Personality and image of Queen Elizabeth II
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The image of Queen Elizabeth II has been generally favourable throughout the years. Conservative in dress, she is known for her solid-colour overcoats. She attends many events as part of her public role. Her main leisure interests include racing, photography, and dogs. Her views on issues and other matters are largely subject to conjecture. She has never given an interview and is otherwise not known to discuss her personal opinions publicly. Much of what is known about Elizabeths personality and views has been compiled from impressions and descriptions by those she has met, Lady Pamela Hicks, a cousin of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, commented on Elizabeths personality as individualistic. Hicks mother remembers back to when George VI died, Elizabeth was in Kenya with her husband when she found out, I’m so sorry, but we are going to have to go back to England, she recalled Elizabeth saying. Opinion polls have shown that Queen Elizabeth II has an excellent approval rating, coinciding with her Diamond Jubilee. Internationally she was the 17th most-admired person in the world, in 2002, the Queen was ranked 24th in the 100 Greatest Britons poll. The Queen ignored precedent to bow to Dianas coffin as it passed Buckingham Palace, during most public appearances, she is dressed in solid colours, as this enhances visibility from a distance. In recent years, Elizabeth has also portrayed as being a modern grandmother. She is said to have been addicted to playing with a Nintendo Wii and she set up her e-mail account and owns both a mobile phone and an iPod. In matters of diplomacy, Elizabeth is formal, and royal protocol is very strict. Though some of the rules for dealing with the monarch have been relaxed during her reign, other forms of close personal interaction. The second was Paul Keating, Prime Minister of Australia, when he was photographed with his arm around the Queen in 1992. The third was the Canadian cyclist Louis Garneau, who did the same thing ten years later when posing for a photograph with the Queen at Rideau Hall. In 1997 during the Cabot 500 celebrations of Newfoundland and Labrador and this was frowned upon in the news regarding Tobin breaking the royal rule, but the Premier said that he placed his arm around her as an effort to help an elderly woman climb the stairs
Personality and image of Queen Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II in 2007
Personality and image of Queen Elizabeth II
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United States President Gerald Ford and Queen Elizabeth dance during the state dinner in honor of the Queen and Prince Philip at the White House, 17 July 1976
