1.
Louise of Great Britain
–
Louise of Great Britain was Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1746 until her death, as the first wife of King Frederick V. She was the youngest surviving daughter of George II of Great Britain, Princess Louise was born as the fifth daughter and youngest child of the then Prince and Princess of Wales, on 7 December 1724, at Leicester House, London. She was baptised Louisa there on 22 December and her godparents were her elder sister and two cousins, Princess Amelia of Great Britain, Princess Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, and Frederick, Prince Royal of Prussia, later Frederick the Great. On 11 June 1727, when Louise was two old, her grandfather, George I, died, and her father ascended the throne as George II. On 30 August, as a child of the sovereign, Louise was granted use of the arms of the realm, in a dynastic marriage, Louise wed Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway on 11 December 1743 in Copenhagen. A first ceremony was conducted on 10 November 1743 in Hannover with her brother, the marriage was proposed by Great Britain. At the time of the marriage, both France and Great Britain wished to make an alliance with Denmark, and Great Britain had the advantage of being able to make a marriage alliance. Fredericks father, King Christian VI, hoped the marriage would lead to British support for his or his sons claim to the throne of Sweden, on a more personal level, there were hopes that marriage would suppress the frequent drinking and debauched behavior of the Crown Prince. The couple had five children, one of whom did not survive infancy, although the marriage was arranged, the couple got along quite well, and at least during the first years, their relationship was described as happy. Frederick was comfortable with her, and Louise pretended not to notice his adultery, though Frederick came to feel high regard for her and always treated her with kindness, however, he reportedly was not in love with her and continued to have affairs after their marriage. She quickly made herself popular in the Danish court, and her father-in-law remarked that she seemed to him to be kind, when her husband ascended the throne, on 6 August 1746, as Frederick V, Louise became Queen of Denmark and Queen of Norway. Queen Louise was very popular in Denmark, and the popularity of the royal couple has been attributed to Louise. Interested in music, dance and theatre, the royal court acquired a more easy-going tone than under her strictly religious parents-in-law, Louise had a vivacious personality, allowing her to socialize easily with others. Her effort to speak the Danish language, including with her children, was much appreciated and she studied the Danish language under the court priest Erik Pontoppidan, and also hired teachers so that her children could learn to speak their countrys language. She was described as educated and good at conversation, not beautiful but very dignified. She finds pleasure in reading and music, she plays the clavichord well, Queen Louise unsuccessfully opposed the dynastic marriage between her daughter Sophia Magdalena and Crown Prince of Sweden in 1751. The reason was her fear that her daughter would not be treated by the Queen of Sweden. Louisa Ulrika was known for her views and for being opposed to the match
Louise of Great Britain
–
Portrait of Louise aged 23 as queen of Denmark and Norway by Carl Gustav Pilo, c. 1747
Louise of Great Britain
–
The Queen portrayed the year of her death, by court painter C.G. Pilo
2.
Leicester Square
–
Leicester Square is a pedestrianised square in the West End of London, England. It was laid out in 1670 and is named after the contemporary Leicester House, itself named after Robert Sidney, the square was originally a gentrified residential area, with tenants including Frederick, Prince of Wales and artists William Hogarth and Joshua Reynolds. It became more down-market in the late 18th century as Leicester House was demolished and retail developments took place, several major theatres were established in the 19th century, which were converted to cinemas towards the middle of the next. The square remains a popular tourist attraction, including hosting events for the Chinese New Year, the square has always had a park in its centre, which was originally Lammas land. The parks fortunes have varied over the centuries, reaching near dilapidation in the century after changing ownership several times. It was restored under the direction of Albert Grant, which included the construction of four new statues, the square was extensively refurbished and remodelled for the 2012 London Olympics, costing more than £15m and taking over 17 months to complete. The square lies within an area bound by Lisle Street, to the north, Charing Cross Road, to the east, Orange Street, to the south, and Whitcomb Street, to the west. It is within the City of Westminster, north of Trafalgar Square, east of Piccadilly Circus, west of Covent Garden, the nearest tube station is Leicester Square tube station, which opened in 1906. London bus routes 24,29 and 176 run on nearby Charing Cross Road, the land where Leicester Square now lies once belonged to the Abbot and Convent of Westminster Abbey and the Beaumont family. In 1536, Henry VIII took control of 3 acres of land around the square, the square is named after Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester, who purchased this land in 1630. By 1635, he had himself a large house, Leicester House. The area in front of the house was enclosed, depriving inhabitants of St Martin in the Fields parish of their right to use the previously common land. The parishioners appealed to King Charles I, and he appointed three members of the council to arbitrate. Lord Leicester was ordered to keep part of his land open for the parishioners, the square was laid out to the south of Leicester House and developed in the 1670s. The area was originally residential, with properties laid out in a similar style to nearby Pall Mall. In 1687, the part of the square became part of the new parish of St Anne. The Jocelyn Sidney, 7th Earl of Leicester took ownership of the property in 1728 and it was briefly the residence of Frederick, Prince of Wales from 1742 until Leicesters death the following year. The poet Matthew Prior lived at what is now No.21 around 1700, the magistrate Thomas de Veil, later to found Bow Street Magistrates Court, lived at No 40 between 1729 and 1737, this location is now the Odeon West End
Leicester Square
–
Leicester Square in 2012, following redevelopment
Leicester Square
–
Leicester Square in 1750, looking north towards Leicester House, then one of the largest houses in London.
Leicester Square
–
Leicester Square in 1880, looking north east.
Leicester Square
–
The Shakespeare fountain and statue.
3.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace and Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the River Thames
4.
Carlton House, London
–
Carlton House was a mansion in London, best known as the town residence of the Prince Regent for several decades from 1783. It faced the side of Pall Mall, and its gardens abutted St. Jamess Park in the St Jamess district of London. An existing house was rebuilt at the beginning of the century for Henry Boyle, created Baron Carleton in 1714, who bequeathed it to his nephew. Burlingtons mother sold it in 1732 to Frederick, Prince of Wales, the Prince had the house substantially rebuilt by the architect Henry Holland between 1783 and 1796. By the time the Prince Regent and Henry Holland parted company in 1802, Carlton House was a spacious and opulent residence, from the 1780s it was the centre of a glittering alternate court to that of the Princes parents at St James and Buckingham House. After 1811 when he became Prince Regent the house was altered and redecorated to suit an even amount of usage as a palace in all. In 1820, on the death of his father, George III and he deemed that Carlton House, the official royal residence of St. Jamess Palace and his parents Buckingham House were all inadequate for his needs. Some consideration was given to rebuilding Carlton House on a far larger scale, Carlton House was demolished in 1825 and replaced with two grand white stuccoed terraces of expensive houses known as Carlton House Terrace. The proceeds of the leases were put towards the cost of Buckingham Palace, when the Prince of Wales took possession in August 1783, Sir William Chambers was appointed as architect, but after a first survey, he was quickly replaced by Henry Holland. Both Chambers and Holland were proponents of the French neoclassical style of architecture, Holland began working first on the State Apartments along the garden front, the principal reception rooms of the house. There is an August simplicity that astonished me and you cannot call it magnificent, it is the taste and propriety that strike. Parliament appointed a commission to investigate the huge cost overruns at Carlton House, in May 1787, the Prince of Wales contritely approached his father, King George III, and persuaded him to provide the money to finish the house. When work resumed in the summer of 1787, with a budget of £60,000 to finish the house, it was with the assistance of many of the furniture makers. When completed, Carlton House was approximately 202 feet long, and 130 feet deep, visitors entered the house through a hexastyle portico of Corinthian columns that led to a foyer that was flanked on either side by anterooms. Carlton House was unusual in that the visitor entered the house on the main floor, from the foyer, the visitor entered the two story top lit entrance hall that was decorated with Ionic columns of yellow marble scagliola. Beyond the hall was a room that was also top lit. The octagonal room was flanked on the right by the staircase and flanked on the left by a courtyard. This suite of rooms was equipped with folding doors which provided an impressive enfilade when opened, besides the magnificent French decor and furniture, Carlton House was hung with a superb collection of works of art
Carlton House, London
–
The frontage of Carlton House
Carlton House, London
–
Plan showing the main floor and the suite of reception rooms on the lower ground floor
Carlton House, London
–
Fencing Match between Chevalier de Saint-Georges and ' La chevalière D'Eon ' on April 9, 1787 in Carlton House, painting by Charles Jean Robineau
Carlton House, London
–
The main staircase, from Pyne's Royal Residences (1819)
5.
Westminster Abbey
–
It is one of the United Kingdoms most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556, the abbey had the status of a cathedral, since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England Royal Peculiar—a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the abbey church. According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, construction of the present church began in 1245, on the orders of King Henry III. Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066, all coronations of English and British monarchs have held in Westminster Abbey. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100, two were of reigning monarchs, although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years. The first reports of the abbey are based on a tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years, in the present was, the Fishmongers Company still gives a salmon every year. The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, between 1042 and 1052, King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peters Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style, the building was completed around 1090 and was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edwards death on 5 January 1066. A week later, he was buried in the church, and, nine years later and his successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year. The only extant depiction of Edwards abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry, construction of the present church was begun in 1245 by Henry III who selected the site for his burial. The abbot and monks, in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster, the abbot often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary, the abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings. The Confessors shrine subsequently played a part in his canonisation. The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II. Henry III also commissioned the unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar, Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503. Much of the came from Caen, in France, the Isle of Portland
Westminster Abbey
–
Western façade
Westminster Abbey
–
Flag of Westminster Abbey, featuring the Tudor arms between Tudor Roses above the supposed arms of Edward the Confessor
Westminster Abbey
–
St Peter's Abbey at the time of Edward's funeral, depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry
Westminster Abbey
–
Layout plan dated 1894
6.
Dynasty
–
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
Dynasty
–
Charles I of England and his son, the future James II
7.
House of Hanover
–
Upon Victorias death, the British throne passed to her eldest son Edward VII, a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha through his father. The House of Hanover was formally named the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Hanover line, the senior branch became extinct in 1884, and the House of Hanover is now the only surviving branch of the House of Welf, which is the senior branch of the House of Este. The current head of the House of Hanover is Ernst August, George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, is considered the first member of the House of Hanover. When the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg was divided in 1635, George inherited the Principality of Calenberg and his son, Christian Louis inherited the Principality of Lüneburg from Georges brother. Calenberg and Lüneburg were then shared between Georges sons until united in 1705 under his grandson, also called George, who subsequently became George I of Great Britain, all held the title Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. George died in 1641 and was succeeded by, Christian Louis, 1st son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg and he relinquished Calenburg when he became Prince of Lüneburg. George William, 2nd son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg and he relinquished Calenburg when he became Prince of Lüneburg on the death of his brother, Christian Louis. John Frederick, 3rd son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg, Ernest Augustus, 4th son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg. He became Prince of Calenberg on the death of his brother John Frederick and he was elevated to prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire in 1692. Ernest Augustuss wife, Sophia of the Palatinate, was declared heiress of the throne of England by the Act of Settlement of 1701, Sophia was at that time the senior eligible Protestant descendant of James I of England. George Louis, son of Duke Ernest Augustus and Sophia, became Elector and Prince of Calenberg in 1698 and he inherited his mothers claim to the throne of Great Britain when she died in 1714. George Louis became the first British monarch of the House of Hanover as George I in 1714, George I, George II, and George III also served as electors and dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, informally, Electors of Hanover. From 1814, when Hanover became a kingdom, the British monarch was also King of Hanover, in 1837, however, the personal union of the thrones of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended. After the death of William IV in 1837, the kings of Hanover continued the dynasty. The 1866 rift between the House of Hanover and the House of Hohenzollern was settled only by the 1913 marriage of Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia to Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick. At the end of the Thirty Years War, the Peace of Westphalia awarded the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück alternately to a Catholic bishop, since the treaty gave cadets priority over heirs and reigning princes, Osnabrück became a form of appanage of the House of Hanover. In 1884, the branch of the House of Welf became extinct. By a law of 1879, the Duchy of Brunswick established a council of regency to take over at the Dukes death
House of Hanover
–
George I (1714–1727)
House of Hanover
–
House of Hanover
House of Hanover
–
George III (1760–1820)
House of Hanover
–
George IV (1820–1830)
8.
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
–
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg was Princess of Wales between 1736 and 1751, and Dowager Princess of Wales thereafter. She was one of only four Princesses of Wales who never became queen consort, Princess Augustas eldest son succeeded as George III of the United Kingdom in 1760, as her husband, Frederick, Prince of Wales, had died nine years earlier. Princess Augusta was born in Gotha to Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and her paternal grandfather was Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, eldest surviving son of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. In 1736, it was proposed that she marry 29-year-old Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of King George II of Great Britain, originally, Frederick was intended to marry the eldest daughter of the King of Prussia. A marriage alliance between Great Britain and Prussia had been an ambition for many years, Frederick simply replied that he accepted any bride his father would decide for him. His motive in seeking a marriage was to obtain an additional allowance from Parliament in order to be financially independent of his father. Augusta did not speak French or English, and it was suggested that she be given lessons before the wedding, but her mother did not consider it necessary as the British royal family were from Germany. She arrived in Britain, speaking virtually no English, for a ceremony which took place almost immediately, on 8 May 1736, at the Chapel Royal in St Jamess Palace. Augusta of Saxe-Gotha left Hellevoetsluis 17 April 1736 and arrived at Greenwich on the royal yacht William and Mary on the 25th, where she was welcomed by her groom. On 27 April 1736, she was escorted to St Jamess Palace, London, when she was introduced to the royal family, she made a favorable impression on the king and queen by throwing herself on the floor before them in a gesture of submission. During the first year of marriage, Augusta could be playing with her doll in the windows of her residence, until her sister-in-law, Princess Caroline. Augusta and Frederick had nine children, the last born after Fredericks death, Frederick once stated that he would never allow himself to be influenced by his consort as his father was, and he thus never made Augusta his confidante. He did, however, instruct her to act in accordance with his wishes in his feud with his parents, when Augustas first pregnancy was announced, the queen stated that she would be sure to witness to birth, to be assured that the pregnancy was indeed genuine. She reportedly wished the succession to pass to her second son, the delivery was traumatic, St James palace was not ready to receive them, no bed was prepared, no sheets could be found, and Augusta was forced to give birth on a tablecloth. After the reconciliation, the couple became less isolated from high society, Augusta made a good impression in society life, where she was described as pretty, elegant and as a considered hostess. On 2 March 1751, Frederick unexpectedly died, making Augusta a widow and she was then the mother of eight children, expecting shortly to be the mother of a ninth, and she was brought reluctantly to knowledge that their father was no more. By this the world lost some rare supplementary chapters to the Cronique Scandaleuse, the king reportedly did not show much feeling upon the death of his son and the funeral was simple. This caused a controversy and opposition from William, Duke of Cumberland, the role of designated regent became irrelevant when her son came of age upon his eighteenth birthday in 1756
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
–
Portrait by Charles Philips, upon the occasion of her marriage
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
–
Augusta as Dowager Princess of Wales, mother of the future king, by Liotard, 1754.
9.
George II of Great Britain
–
George II was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death. George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain, he was born, after the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1714, his father George I, Elector of Hanover, inherited the British throne. In the first years of his fathers reign as king, George was associated with opposition politicians, as king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain. As elector, he spent twelve summers in Hanover, where he had direct control over government policy. He had a relationship with his eldest son, Frederick. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, Frederick died unexpectedly in 1751, nine years before his father, and so George II was ultimately succeeded by his grandson, George III. For two centuries after George IIs death, history tended to him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper. Since then, most scholars have reassessed his legacy and conclude that he held and exercised influence in foreign policy and military appointments. George was born in the city of Hanover in Germany, and was the son of George Louis, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, both of Georges parents committed adultery, and in 1694 their marriage was dissolved on the pretext that Sophia had abandoned her husband. She was confined to Ahlden House and denied access to her two children, George and his sister Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, who never saw their mother again. George spoke only French, the language of diplomacy and the court, until the age of four, after which he was taught German by one of his tutors, Johann Hilmar Holstein. In addition to French and German, he was schooled in English and Italian. Georges second cousin once removed, Queen Anne, ascended the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1702, consequently, after his grandmother and father, George was third in line to succeed Anne in two of her three realms. England and Scotland united in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, Georges father did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he had, and wanted him to have the opportunity of meeting his bride before any formal arrangements were made. Negotiations from 1702 for the hand of Princess Hedvig Sophia of Sweden, Dowager Duchess and regent of Holstein-Gottorp, the English envoy to Hanover, Edmund Poley, reported that George was so taken by the good character he had of her that he would not think of anybody else. A marriage contract was concluded by the end of July, on 22 August /2 September 1705O. S. /N. S. Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding, which was held the evening in the chapel at Herrenhausen. George was keen to participate in the war against France in Flanders, in early 1707, Georges hopes were fulfilled when Caroline gave birth to a son, Frederick
George II of Great Britain
–
Portrait by Thomas Hudson, 1744
George II of Great Britain
–
George as a young boy with his mother, Sophia Dorothea of Celle, and his sister, Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
George II of Great Britain
–
Caroline of Ansbach by Godfrey Kneller, 1716
George II of Great Britain
–
London, c. 1710
10.
Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain
–
Princess Elizabeth was a member of the British Royal Family, a grandchild of George II and sister of George III. Princess Elizabeth was born at Norfolk House, St Jamess Square and her father was The Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of King George II and Caroline of Ansbach. Her mother was The Princess of Wales, little is known of her short life other than a fragment preserved in the Letters of Walpole. We have lost another Princess, Lady Elizabeth and she died of an inflammation in her bowels in two days. Her figure was so unfortunate, that it would have been difficult for her to be happy. I saw her act in Cato at eight years old, better than any of her brothers and sisters. She had been so unhealthy, that at that age she had not been taught to read and she went to her father and mother, and begged she might act. They put her off as gently as they could—she desired leave to repeat her part, and when she did, it was with so much sense and she died on 4 September 1759 at Kew Palace, London and was buried at Westminster Abbey. 10 January 1741 –4 September 1759, Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of Wales List of British princesses
Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain
–
Princess Elizabeth Caroline (1740-1759)
Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain
–
The Family of Frederick, Prince of Wales
11.
Prince Frederick of Great Britain
–
Frederick was born, on 13 May 1750, at Leicester House, Westminster, London. His father was Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of George II and his mother was The Princess of Wales. He was christened four days later, at the house, by the Bishop of Oxford. His godparents were his brother Prince George, his maternal uncle Prince Wilhelm of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, the young prince died on 29 December 1765, at Leicester House. Fort Frederick, in Kingston, Ontario, a fortification consisting mostly of earthworks, fort Frederick contains one of the Martello Towers which houses the Royal Military College of Canada museum
Prince Frederick of Great Britain
–
Frederick aged 4 by Liotard
Prince Frederick of Great Britain
–
Frederick William as a toddler in 1751, before breeching
12.
Westminster
–
Westminster is an area of central London within the City of Westminster, part of the West End, on the north bank of the River Thames. Historically the area lay within St Margarets parish, City & Liberty of Westminster and it has been the home of the permanent institutions of Englands government continuously since about 1200 and is now the seat of British government. In a government context, Westminster often refers to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the closest tube stations are Westminster, St Jamess Park on the Jubilee, Circle, and District lines. Within the area is Westminster School, a public school which grew out of the Abbey. Bounding Westminster to the north is Green Park, a Royal Park of London, the area has a substantial resident population, indeed most of its listed buildings are residential. A proportion of residents are people of limited means, living in council, hotels, large Victorian homes and barracks exist nearer to Buckingham Palace. The name describes an area no more than 1 mile from Westminster Abbey, the settlement grew up around the palace and abbey, as a service area for them. The need for a church, St Margarets Westminster for the servants of the palace. It became larger and in the Georgian period became connected through urban development with the City along the Strand. It did not become a local government unit until created as a civil parish. Indeed, the Cathedral and diocesan status of the church lasted only from 1539 to 1556, as such it is first known to have had two Members of Parliament in 1545 as a new Parliamentary Borough, centuries after the City of London and Southwark were enfranchised. The historic core of Westminster is the former Thorney Island on which Westminster Abbey was built, the abbey became the traditional venue of the coronation of the kings and queens of England from that of Harold Godwinson onwards. From about 1200, near the abbey, the Palace of Westminster became the royal residence, marked by the transfer of royal treasury. Later the palace housed the developing Parliament and Englands law courts, thus London developed two focal points, the City of London and Westminster. The monarchs later moved to St James Palace and the Palace of Whitehall a little towards the north-east, the main law courts have since moved to the Royal Courts of Justice. The Westminster area formed part of the City and Liberty of Westminster in Middlesex, the ancient parish was St Margaret, after 1727 this became the civil parish of St Margaret and St John, the latter a new church required for the increasing population. The area around Westminster Abbey formed the extra-parochial Close of the Collegiate Church of St Peter surrounded by —, until 1900 the local authority was the combined vestry of St Margaret and St John, which was based at Westminster City Hall in Caxton Street from 1883. The Liberty of Westminster, governed by the Westminster Court of Burgesses, also included St Martin in the Fields, Westminster had its own quarter sessions, but the Middlesex sessions also had jurisdiction
Westminster
–
The Palace of Westminster
Westminster
–
Western façade of Westminster Abbey
Westminster
–
Bird's Eye Picture of Westminster in 1909
Westminster
13.
Caroline of Ansbach
–
Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach, commonly known as Caroline of Ansbach, was Queen of Great Britain as the wife of King George II. Her father, Margrave John Frederick of Brandenburg-Ansbach, belonged to a branch of the House of Hohenzollern and was the ruler of a small German state, the Principality of Ansbach. Caroline was orphaned at an age and moved to the enlightened court of her guardians, King Frederick I. As a young woman, Caroline was much sought-after as a bride and they had eight children, seven of whom grew to adulthood. Caroline moved permanently to Britain in 1714 when her husband became Prince of Wales, as Princess of Wales, she joined her husband in rallying political opposition to his father King George I. In 1717, her husband was expelled from court after a family row, Caroline came to be associated with Robert Walpole, an opposition politician who was a former government minister. Walpole rejoined the government in 1720, and Carolines husband and King George I reconciled publicly, over the next few years, Walpole rose to become the leading minister. Caroline succeeded as queen and electress consort in 1727, when her husband became King George II and her eldest son, Frederick, became Prince of Wales. He was a focus for the opposition, like his father before him, as princess and as queen, Caroline was known for her political influence, which she exercised through and for Walpole. Her tenure included four regencies during her husbands stays in Hanover, Caroline was widely mourned following her death in 1737, not only by the public but also by the King, who refused to remarry. Caroline was born on 1 March 1683 at Ansbach, the daughter of John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and her father was the ruler of one of the smallest German states, he died of smallpox at the age of 32, when Caroline was three years old. Caroline and her full sibling, her younger brother Margrave William Frederick, left Ansbach with their mother. In 1692, Carolines widowed mother was pushed into a marriage with the Elector of Saxony. Eleonore Erdmuthe was widowed two years later, after her unfaithful husband contracted smallpox from his mistress. Eleonore remained in Saxony for another two years, until her death in 1696, the orphaned Caroline and William Frederick returned to Ansbach to stay with their elder half-brother, Margrave George Frederick II. Frederick and Sophia Charlotte became king and queen of Prussia in 1701, the queen was the daughter of Dowager Electress Sophia of Hanover, and the sister of George, Elector of Hanover. She was renowned for her intelligence and strong character, and her uncensored and liberal court attracted a great many scholars, Caroline was exposed to a lively intellectual environment quite different from anything she had experienced previously. Before she began her education under Sophia Charlottes care, Caroline had received formal education
Caroline of Ansbach
–
Portrait by Jacopo Amigoni, painted in 1735
Caroline of Ansbach
–
Ansbach in the 17th century
Caroline of Ansbach
–
Engraving of the royal couple and their seven children who survived infancy
Caroline of Ansbach
–
Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk (pictured) was one of Caroline's Women of the Bedchamber in addition to being one of Caroline's husband's mistresses.
14.
Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
–
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg was Princess of Wales between 1736 and 1751, and Dowager Princess of Wales thereafter. She was one of only four Princesses of Wales who never became queen consort, Princess Augustas eldest son succeeded as George III of the United Kingdom in 1760, as her husband, Frederick, Prince of Wales, had died nine years earlier. Princess Augusta was born in Gotha to Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and her paternal grandfather was Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, eldest surviving son of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. In 1736, it was proposed that she marry 29-year-old Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of King George II of Great Britain, originally, Frederick was intended to marry the eldest daughter of the King of Prussia. A marriage alliance between Great Britain and Prussia had been an ambition for many years, Frederick simply replied that he accepted any bride his father would decide for him. His motive in seeking a marriage was to obtain an additional allowance from Parliament in order to be financially independent of his father. Augusta did not speak French or English, and it was suggested that she be given lessons before the wedding, but her mother did not consider it necessary as the British royal family were from Germany. She arrived in Britain, speaking virtually no English, for a ceremony which took place almost immediately, on 8 May 1736, at the Chapel Royal in St Jamess Palace. Augusta of Saxe-Gotha left Hellevoetsluis 17 April 1736 and arrived at Greenwich on the royal yacht William and Mary on the 25th, where she was welcomed by her groom. On 27 April 1736, she was escorted to St Jamess Palace, London, when she was introduced to the royal family, she made a favorable impression on the king and queen by throwing herself on the floor before them in a gesture of submission. During the first year of marriage, Augusta could be playing with her doll in the windows of her residence, until her sister-in-law, Princess Caroline. Augusta and Frederick had nine children, the last born after Fredericks death, Frederick once stated that he would never allow himself to be influenced by his consort as his father was, and he thus never made Augusta his confidante. He did, however, instruct her to act in accordance with his wishes in his feud with his parents, when Augustas first pregnancy was announced, the queen stated that she would be sure to witness to birth, to be assured that the pregnancy was indeed genuine. She reportedly wished the succession to pass to her second son, the delivery was traumatic, St James palace was not ready to receive them, no bed was prepared, no sheets could be found, and Augusta was forced to give birth on a tablecloth. After the reconciliation, the couple became less isolated from high society, Augusta made a good impression in society life, where she was described as pretty, elegant and as a considered hostess. On 2 March 1751, Frederick unexpectedly died, making Augusta a widow and she was then the mother of eight children, expecting shortly to be the mother of a ninth, and she was brought reluctantly to knowledge that their father was no more. By this the world lost some rare supplementary chapters to the Cronique Scandaleuse, the king reportedly did not show much feeling upon the death of his son and the funeral was simple. This caused a controversy and opposition from William, Duke of Cumberland, the role of designated regent became irrelevant when her son came of age upon his eighteenth birthday in 1756
Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
–
Portrait by Charles Philips, upon the occasion of her marriage
Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
–
Augusta as Dowager Princess of Wales, mother of the future king, by Liotard, 1754.
15.
Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
–
Frederick II was Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel from 1760 to 1785. He ruled as a despot, and raised money by renting soldiers to Great Britain to help fight the American Revolutionary War. He combined Enlightenment ideas with Christian values, cameralist plans for control of the economy. Frederick was born at Kassel in Hesse, the son of William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and his paternal grandfather was Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, and his paternal uncle was Frederick I of Sweden. His education was entrusted to Colonel August Moritz von Donop and then from 1726 to 1733 to the Swiss theologian and philosopher. On 8 May 1740, by proxy in London, and on 28 June 1740 in person in Kassel, Frederick married Princess Mary, fourth daughter of King George II of Great Britain and Caroline of Ansbach. They had four sons, William William I, Elector of Hesse Charles Frederick, father of Prince William of Hesse-Kassel, in December 1745, Frederick landed in Scotland with 6000 Hessian troops to support his father-in-law, George II of Great Britain, in dealing with the Jacobite rising. Although he supported the Protestant succession in Great Britain on this occasion, in February 1749, Frederick and his father visited the Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, Clemens August of Bavaria, who received Frederick into the Catholic Church. Despite his exertions in support of her father, Fredericks marriage with the British princess was not a happy one, the couple were living apart from each other by 1747, and were formally separated in 1755. Mary moved to Denmark the following year, to care for the children of her late sister Louise of Great Britain, all three of the couples surviving sons moved with Mary to Denmark. Two of them, including Fredericks heir William, later married Danish princesses, the younger sons lived permanently in Denmark, rising to high office in the court of their cousin, only William returned to Germany upon inheriting the principality of Hanau. He also later succeeded Frederick as Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, Mary died in 1772, and Frederick lost little time in marrying again. On 10 January 1773, at Berlin, he married Margravine Philippine, daughter of Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt, no children were born of this marriage. After being formally separated from his wife in 1755, Friedrich entered active service in the Prussian military, in 1760, he succeeded his father as Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. Despite Fredericks Catholicism, the principality remained Calvinist, and Fredericks children were raised as Protestants in Denmark, during the 17th and 18th centuries, it was a fairly widespread practice for smaller principalities to rent out troops to other princes. However, the practise was carried to excess in Hesse-Kassel, which maintained 7% of its population under arms throughout the eighteenth century. Frederick used the revenue to finance his patronage of the arts, the architect Simon Louis du Ry transformed for Frederick II. The town of Kassel into a modern capital, Landgrave Frederick II died in 1785 at Castle Weißenstein, Kassel
Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
–
Frederick II
16.
Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange
–
Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange was the second child and eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain and his consort, Caroline of Ansbach. She was the spouse of William IV, Prince of Orange, Princess Anne was the second daughter of a British sovereign to hold the title Princess Royal. She was Regent of the Netherlands from 1751 until her death in 1759 and she was known as an Anglophile due to her English upbringing and family connections, but was unable to convince the Dutch Republic to enter the Seven Years War on the side of the British. Anne was born at Herrenhausen Palace, Hanover, five years before her grandfather, Elector George Louis. She was christened shortly after birth at Herrenhausen Palace and she was named after her paternal grandfathers second cousin Anne, Queen of Great Britain. She learned German, French and English, and was music by Georg Friedrich Händel. Händel did not like teaching, but said he would make the exception for Anne. She remained a supporter, attending his operas and subscribing to his music. Convinced of its value, the Queen had her two younger daughters, Amelia and Caroline, inoculated successfully. Annes face was scarred by the disease, and she was not considered as pretty as her two younger sisters. On 30 August 1727, George II created his eldest daughter Princess Royal, a potential marriage contract between Anne and King Louis XV of France was eventually discarded when the French insisted that Anne convert to Roman Catholicism. On 25 March 1734 in the Chapel Royal at St. Jamess Palace, she married William IV and she ceased to use her British style in favour of the title she gained by marriage. The music played on her wedding, This is the day was set by Handel to the princesss own words based on Psalms 45 and 118. Handel also composed an operatic entertainment, Parnasso in Festa, in honour of her wedding which was performed for the first time at the Kings Theatre, London, on 13 March 1734, with great success. William had a deformity, which affected his appearance. She quarreled with her brother, the Prince of Wales, about her choice, William and Anne sailed to Holland after a honeymoon at Kew. In the Netherlands, they resided at Leeuwarden and this caused a conflict with her spouse and father, who commanded her to return to Holland after a brief stay. By April 1735, it was clear she was not with child after all, in 1736, she did become pregnant, but the child was stillborn
Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange
–
Portrait by Bernard Accama, 1736
Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange
–
Portrait of Herman van der Mijn by Anna van Hannover
Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange
–
Self-portrait of Anna van Hannover in 1740
17.
Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover
–
Ernest Augustus was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruled over the Principality of Calenberg subdivision of the duchy. He was appointed prince-elector, but died before the appointment became effective and he was also Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück. Ernest Augustus was born at Herzberg am Harz, the son of George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, in 1658 he married Sophia of the Palatinate in Heidelberg. However, after two of his brothers had died without sons, Ernest Augustus inherited part of his fathers territories in 1679. He participated in the Great Turkish War on the side of Leopold I, in 1692 he was appointed prince-elector by the Emperor, however, the electorship did not come into effect until 1708. Ernest Augustus died in 1698 at Herrenhausen, he was succeeded as duke by his eldest son George I Louis, who would later also become king of Great Britain
Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover
–
Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
18.
George I of Great Britain
–
George I was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 until his death, and ruler of the Duchy and Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698. George was born in Hanover and inherited the titles and lands of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg from his father, a succession of European wars expanded his German domains during his lifetime, and in 1708 he was ratified as prince-elector of Hanover. At the age of 54, after the death of his second cousin Queen Anne of Great Britain, in reaction, Jacobites attempted to depose George and replace him with Annes Catholic half-brother, James Francis Edward Stuart, but their attempts failed. During Georges reign, the powers of the monarchy diminished and Britain began a transition to the system of cabinet government led by a prime minister. Towards the end of his reign, actual power was held by Sir Robert Walpole. George died of a stroke on a trip to his native Hanover, George was born on 28 May 1660 in Hanover in the Holy Roman Empire. He was the eldest son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Sophia was the granddaughter of King James I of England through her mother, Elizabeth of Bohemia. For the first year of his life, George was the heir to the German territories of his father. In 1661 Georges brother, Frederick Augustus, was born and the two boys were brought up together, after Sophias tour she bore Ernest Augustus another four sons and a daughter. In her letters, Sophia describes George as a responsible, conscientious child who set an example to his brothers and sisters. In 1679 another uncle died unexpectedly without sons and Ernest Augustus became reigning Duke of Calenberg-Göttingen, Georges surviving uncle, George William of Celle, had married his mistress in order to legitimise his only daughter, Sophia Dorothea of Celle, but looked unlikely to have any further children. Under Salic law, where inheritance of territory was restricted to the male line, in 1682, the family agreed to adopt the principle of primogeniture, meaning George would inherit all the territory and not have to share it with his brothers. The same year, George married his first cousin, Sophia Dorothea of Celle, the marriage of state was arranged primarily as it ensured a healthy annual income and assisted the eventual unification of Hanover and Celle. His mother was at first against the marriage because she looked down on Sophia Dorotheas mother and she was eventually won over by the advantages inherent in the marriage. In 1683, George and his brother, Frederick Augustus, served in the Great Turkish War at the Battle of Vienna, and Sophia Dorothea bore George a son, George Augustus. The following year, Frederick Augustus was informed of the adoption of primogeniture and it led to a breach between father and son, and between the brothers, that lasted until Frederick Augustuss death in battle in 1690. With the imminent formation of a single Hanoverian state, and the Hanoverians continuing contributions to the Empires wars, Georges prospects were now better than ever as the sole heir to his fathers electorate and his uncles duchy. Sophia Dorothea had a child, a daughter named after her, in 1687
George I of Great Britain
–
George I, c. 1714. Studio of Sir Godfrey Kneller.
George I of Great Britain
–
George in 1680, when he was Prince of Hanover. After a painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller.
George I of Great Britain
–
George in 1706, when he was Elector of Hanover. After Johann Leonhard Hirschmann.
George I of Great Britain
–
George c.1714, the year of his succession, as painted by Sir Godfrey Kneller.
19.
Sophia of Hanover
–
Sophia of the Palatinate was the Electress of Hanover from 1692 to 1698. As a granddaughter of James VI and I, she became heir presumptive to the crowns of the Kingdom of England, after the Act of Union,1707, she became heir presumptive to the unified throne of the Kingdom of Great Britain. She died less than two months before she would have become queen, and her claim to the throne passed on to her eldest son, George Louis, Elector of Hanover, Sophias brother Charles Louis was restored to the Palatinate as part of the Peace of Westphalia. Sophia married Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1658, despite his jealous temper and frequent absences, Sophia loved him, and bore him seven children who survived to adulthood. Initially a landless cadet, Ernest Augustus succeeded in having the House of Hanover raised to electoral dignity in 1692, therefore, Sophia became Electress of Hanover, the title by which she is best remembered. A patron of the arts, Sophia commissioned the palace and gardens of Herrenhausen and sponsored philosophers, such as Gottfried Leibniz, through her mother, she was the granddaughter of James VI and I, king of Scotland and England. At birth, Sophia was granted an annuity of 40 thalers by the Estates of Friesland. Sophia was courted by her first cousin, Charles II of England, before her marriage, Sophia, as the daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine of the Rhine, was referred to as Sophie, Princess Palatine of the Rhine, or as Sophia of the Palatinate. The Electors of the Palatinate were the Calvinist senior branch of House of Wittelsbach, on 30 September 1658, she married Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg, at Heidelberg, who in 1692 became the first Elector of Hanover. Ernst August was a cousin of Sophias mother Elizabeth Stuart. Sophia became a friend and admirer of Gottfried Leibniz while he was librarian at the Court of Hanover and their friendship lasted from 1676 until her death in 1714. This friendship resulted in a correspondence, first published in the nineteenth century. She was well-read in the works of René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, together with Ernest Augustus, she greatly improved the Summer Palace of Herrenhausen and she was the guiding spirit in the creation of the gardens surrounding the palace, where she died. After Sophias tour, she bore Ernest Augustus another four sons, in her letters, Sophia describes her eldest son as a responsible, conscientious child who set an example to his younger brothers and sisters. In September 1700, Sophia met her cousin, King William III of England and II of Scotland and this happened just two months after the death of Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, nephew of King William III and son of the future Queen Anne. By this time, given the ailing William IIIs reluctance to remarry, the act restricts the British throne to the Protestant heirs of Sophia of Hanover who have never been Roman Catholic and who have never married a Roman Catholic. Some British politicians attempted several times to bring Sophia to England in order to enable her to assume the government immediately in the event of Annes death. It was also argued that such a course was necessary to ensure Sophias succession, the Electress was eager to move to London, but the proposal was denied, as such action would mortally offend Anne who was strongly opposed to a rival court in her kingdom
Sophia of Hanover
–
Sophia of the Palatinate
Sophia of Hanover
–
Sophia, dressed as an Indian. Painted by her sister (circa 1644), Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate
Sophia of Hanover
–
Sophia, Princess Palatine, and Electress of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Sophia of Hanover
–
Electress Sophia and her daughter
20.
Sophia Dorothea of Celle
–
Sophia Dorothea of Celle was the repudiated wife of George I of Great Britain and mother of George II. The union with her first cousin was a marriage of state, instigated by the machinations of his mother. She is best remembered for her affair with Philip Christoph von Königsmarck that led to her being imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden for the last thirty years of her life. George William eventually married his daughters mother officially in 1676, there was some talk of marriage between Sophia Dorothea and the future king of Denmark, but the reigning queen was talked out of it by Sophia of Hanover. Another engagement, to the duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, was broken off after Duchess Sophia convinced her brother-in-law of the advantage of having Sophia Dorothea marry her cousin and this occurred on the day the engagement between Sophia Dorothea and the duke was to be announced. Forced by her father, she fainted into her mothers arms on her first meeting with her future mother-in-law and she fainted again when presented to George Louis. On 22 November 1682, in Celle, Sophia Dorothea married her cousin, the marriage of George Louis and Sophia Dorothea was an unhappy one. His immediate family, especially his mother Duchess Sophia, hated and despised Sophia Dorothea and he does not care much for the match itself, but one hundred thousand thalers a year have tempted him as they would have tempted anybody else. These feelings of contempt were shared by George Louis himself, who was oddly formal to his wife, Sophia Dorothea was frequently scolded for her lack of etiquette, and the two had loud and bitter arguments. It was in circumstances that Sophia Dorothea renewed her acquaintance with Swedish count Philip Christoph von Königsmarck. The two had first met in Celle when he was sixteen and they flirted innocently, and traced their names on the palace windows with the words Forget me not. On 1 March 1688 he reminded her of their previous acquaintance, George Louis younger brothers loved the count and brought him to Sophia Dorotheas salon in the evening to cheer her up. For the two years he stayed in Hanover, there was no reason to believe their relationship was anything, in 1690, he left to join the German mercenaries serving in the Morean War. On his return, the relationship between him and Sophia Dorothea intensified and they began sending each other love letters which suggest that their relationship was consummated. In 1692, the letters were shown to the newly-appointed Elector Ernest Augustus. Since a scandal might have threatened his new status, the elector sent Königsmarck to fight with the Hanoverian army against France, other soldiers were given leave to visit Hanover, but he was not. Königsmarck deserted his post one night, and rode for six days to Hanover, the day after arriving, he called on Field Marshal Heinrich, confessed his breach of duty, and begged for leave to stay in Hanover. This was granted, though Heinrich suggested that the affair be ended or that Königsmarck leave the country, George Louis criticised his wife over her affair, and she criticised him for his
Sophia Dorothea of Celle
–
Sophie-Dorothea with her children
Sophia Dorothea of Celle
–
Sophia Dorothea in 1686.
Sophia Dorothea of Celle
–
Philip Christoph von Königsmarck (4 March 1665 – 2 July 1694)
Sophia Dorothea of Celle
–
Sophia Dorothea of Celle
21.
Eleonore d'Esmier d'Olbreuse
–
Éléonore Marie Desmier dOlbreuse was the wife of George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. She was Countess of Wilhelmsburg from 1674 and Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1676, Éléonore Desmier dOlbreuse was born at the Castle of Olbreuse in Deux-Sèvres near Niort, France into a Huguenot family of lower nobility. Her parents were Alexandre Desmier dOlbreuse and Jacquette Poussard du Bas-Vandré et de Saint-Marc, in the winter of 1664 Éléonore accompanied the Duchess of Thouars who visited her son in Kassel. There the beautiful Éléonore met the unmarried George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Éléonore became his mistress and received the title Lady of Harburg. In 1666 their only child, Sophie Dorothea, was born, in 1674 the child was legitimised and Éléonore became the Duchess of Wilhelmsburg. Two years later the couple could finally marry and their daughter was married in 1682 to George Louis, the son of her fathers brother, Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover, for dynastical reasons. Finally Sophia Dorothea was imprisoned by her husband in the Castle of Ahlden for the rest of her life, during the last years of her life, Éléonore cared for her daughter and tried to obtain her release, without success. Éléonore Desmier dOlbreuse died on 5 February 1722, nearly blind and she mentioned 342 persons in her will. She was buried in the Stadtkirche St. Marien in Celle, media related to Éléonore dOlbreuse at Wikimedia Commons
Eleonore d'Esmier d'Olbreuse
–
Éléonore d'Esmier d'Olbreuse, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg
22.
John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach
–
Johann Georg I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach. He was the fifth but third surviving son of Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, after the death of his father, his older brother Johann Ernst II inherited Weimar, and his second brother Adolf Wilhelm received Eisenach. Johann Georg received an income from the new duchy of Saxe-Eisenach, in 1668 his brother Adolf Wilhelm died. Wilhelm August died in 1671 at only two years of age, and Johann Georg inherited the duchy, Johann Georg was confirmed in his possession of Eisenach and took some towns, and his younger brother, Bernhard, inherited Jena. Johann Georg thus became the founder of the most recent line of the dukes of Saxe-Eisenach and he was ruler in 1685 when Johann Sebastian Bach was born in the duchy. In Wallau on 29 May 1661, Johann Georg married the Countess Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein, by her first marriage, Eleonore was the mother of the Queen Caroline of Brandeburg-Ansbach, wife of the King George II of Great Britain. Frederick August, Hereditary Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, Johann Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach. Maximilian Heinrich, twin of Johann Wilhelm, fredericka Elisabeth, married on 7 January 1698 to Johann Georg, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels. Anton Balthasar König, Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militärpersonen, band 3,1790, S.337 Digitalisat Ernst Wülcker, Johann Georg I. Band 14, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1881, S.365 f
John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach
–
John George I
23.
Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach
–
Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe Louise of Saxe-Eisenach, was a German princess member of the House of Wettin and through her two marriages was Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Electress of Saxony. Eleonore Erdmuthe Louise was the eldest child of John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, in Eisenach on 4 November 1681, Eleonore married firstly John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach as his second wife. They had three children, Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach, married George II of Great Britain and had issue, Margrave Frederick Augustus of Brandenburg-Ansbach, died in infancy. William Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach married Duchess Christiane Charlotte of Württemberg, daughter of Frederick Charles, after the death of her husband, the government of Brandenburg-Ansbach passed to her stepson Christian Albert, who being a minor ruled under a regency. In November 1691 Eleonore also arrived in Berlin to actively participate in the negotiations of her second marriage, in Leipzig on 17 April 1692, Eleonore married secondly John George IV, Elector of Saxony and moved with her children to Dresden, where the Saxon court was established. The union proved to be unsuccessful, John George IV lived openly with Billa, in addition, the Electress suffered two miscarriages during their marriage, in August 1692 and February 1693, and a phantom pregnancy in December 1693. During this time, Eleonore confided in the English diplomat George Stepney, who wrote extensively about her, John George IV died on 27 April 1694 from smallpox after being infected by the dying Billa. The new Elector, Frederick Augustus I allowed the Dowager Electress and her children to remain in Pretzsch and she was buried at Freiberg Cathedral. George Frederick II, as well as his predecessor, was a minor and ruled under a regency,338 p. google. books. com Beatty, Michael A. The English Royal Family of America, from Jamestown to the American Revolution,261 p. ISBN0786415584, ISBN9780786415588. Johann Georg IV. von Sachsen und Magdalena Sibylla von Neitschütz - Eine tödliche Liaison, wives of the Kings of England, From Hanover to Windsor. 182 p. ISBN0720612713, ISBN9780720612714, pleasure and Ambition, The Life, Loves and Wars of Augustus the Strong, 1670-1707. ISBN0857715712, ISBN9780857715715 google. books. com Van der Kiste, stroud, Gloucestershire, The History Press,2013. 240 p. ISBN0750954485, ISBN9780750954488, britains Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy. 400 p. ISBN1446449114, ISBN9781446449110
Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach
–
Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe
24.
Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha
–
Ernest I, called Ernest The Pious, was a duke of Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Altenburg. The duchies were merged into Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. He was the ninth but sixth surviving son of Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and his mother was a granddaughter of Christoph, Duke of Württemberg, and great-granddaughter of Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg. Left an orphan early in life, he was brought up in a strict manner and he soon showed traits of the piety of the time. As ruler, by his character and governmental ability as well as by personal attention to matters of state, he introduced a golden age for his subjects after the ravages of the Thirty Years War. By wise economy, which did not exclude fitting generosity or display on proper occasions, he freed his land from debt, left at his death a considerable sum in the treasury, and reduced taxation. Public security and an incorruptible and efficient judiciary received much of his attention and he prohibited dueling and imposed the death penalty for a mortal result. In 1640, according to the treaty with his brothers. His laws were not conceived in the spirit of ideas about individual liberty, they forbade secret betrothals, tried to regulate dress, and extended even to the stable, kitchen. Nevertheless, his regulations promoted agriculture, commerce, learning, and his palace of Friedenstein in Gotha was rebuilt, and its collections owe their origin to Ernest, the library became one of the largest in Germany. Churches were built and by his Schulmethodus of 1642 Ernest became the father of the present grammar-school. It was a saying that his peasants were better instructed than the townsmen and nobles elsewhere. He made the gymnasium in Gotha a model school which attracted pupils not only from all German lands, but from Sweden, Russia, Poland, and Hungary. In like manner he fostered the University of Jena, increasing its funds and regulating its studies, with too much emphasis on the religious side. The same fault is attached to his efforts in church affairs, which won him the nickname of Praying Ernest, the Bible was his own everyday book and he strove unceasingly to make his people religious after a strict Lutheran pattern. Religious instruction, consisting in catechetical exercises without Bible history, was kept up even to advanced years, ernests system has maintained itself surprisingly, it still exists legally though somewhat modified or disregarded. His efforts for Protestantism were not confined to his own land and he interceded with the emperor for his Austrian co-religionists, and wanted to establish them in Gotha. He became a benefactor to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Germans in Moscow and he even sent an embassy to introduce Lutheranism into Abyssinia, but this failed to accomplish its purpose
Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha
–
Ernest I, the Pious
25.
Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
–
Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, was a duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. He was the fourth but eldest surviving son of Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg, when Ernst inherited the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, he made Frederick the regent of that duchy. In 1674 Ernst, who was ill, made Frederick the regent of his entire lands. After the death of his father Frederick assumed the throne of both duchies, however, on the basis of his familys house law, he had to allow his six younger brothers to take part in the government. At first, they agreed to a household of all seven brothers in the Schloss Friedenstein. Afterwards, negotiations began for the division of the paternal inheritance and these towns virtually formed the old duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. They consisted of three large and coherent areas around Gotha, Kahla and Altenburg, as well as six smaller enclaves, Frederick continued the work of his father. In order to prevent future disputes between his descendants, he established primogeniture for his house in 1685, around 1680 he established himself in the Lustschloss Friedrichswerth, near the village of Erffa, approximately 20 km of Gotha, which was renamed in his honour Friedrichswerth. In 1683 Frederick created the Theatre of Gotha and he was also an eager diary writer, these diaries became one of the most important sources of his time. Frederick took part in the Great Turkish War against the Turks and he ruined the finances of his small duchy, however, using them to maintain a standing army, which by the time of his death counted over 10,000 men. Frederick married firstly in Halle on 14 November 1669, Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels and they had eight children, Anna Sophie, married on 15 October 1691 to Louis Frederick I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Dorothea Marie, married on 19 September 1704 to Ernst Ludwig I, fredericka, married on 25 May 1702 to Johann August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. Johanna, married on 20 June 1702 to Adolf Frederick II, in Ansbach on 14 August 1681, Frederick married secondly Christine of Baden-Durlach. Die Tagebücher 1667-1686, edited by Roswitha Jacobsen, der alchemistische Nachlaß Friedrichs I. von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg, described by Oliver Humberg, Elberfeld 2005. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1878, p.2
Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
–
Frederick I
26.
Princess Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg
–
Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg, was a princess of Saxe-Altenburg and, by marriage, duchess of Saxe-Gotha. She was the daughter of Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg. In Altenburg on 24 October 1636, Elizabeth Sophie married her kinsman Ernst I, as a dowry, she received 20,000 guilders, who were pledged by the town of Roßla. As Widows seat, the bride obtained the towns of Kapellendorf and Berka, because according to the succession laws of the House of Saxe-Altenburg, after her father died two years later, he was succeeded by his brother, Frederick Wilhelm II. When her cousin, the duke Frederick Wilhelm III died childless in 1672, Ernest I of Saxe-Gotha claimed the whole succession of Saxe-Altenburg, claimed both being the closest male relative and his wifes rights. However, the branch of the family, the Dukes of Saxe-Weimar didnt accept that will. Finally, Elisabeth Sophie and Ernsts sons received the share of Saxe-Altenburg inheritance. Hence, the Ernestine line of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg was founded, which would exist until 1825, when Duke Ernst I died in 1675, his numerous sons divided the inheritance into seven parts, Gotha-Altenburg, Coburg, Meiningen, Römhild, Eisenberg, Hildburghausen and Saalfeld. Of them, Coburg, Römhild and Eisenberg did not survive over one generation and were divided between the four remaining lines. Of the four remaining duchies, only two branches survive until today, Meiningen and Saalfeld, through the Saalfeld branch, Elisabeth Sophie is a direct ancestress of the British Royal Family. After her husbands death, Elisabeth Sophie changed the originally given to her as Widows seat in her marriage for the towns of Reinhardsbrunn. Under the name the Chaste, she was a member of the Virtuous Society, Ernst and Elisabeth Sophie had eighteen children, Johann Ernest. Elisabeth Dorothea, married on 5 December 1666 to Louis VI and their eldest son Frederick was the first to inherit this title. His granddaughter from this son, Anna Sophie of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, was a matrilineal ancestor of George V of the United Kingdom. His younger son John was father to Franz Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, august Beck, Ernst der Fromme, Herzog zu Sachsen-Gotha und Altenburg, H. Böhlau,1865, p.754. Ludwig Storch, Das Fürstenhaus von Gotha, Erfurt 1826, p.155
Princess Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg
–
Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg
27.
Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
–
Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, was a duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. He was the child and first son of Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. After the death of his father, in 1691, Frederick II assumed the duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, because he was still under age, a guardianship and co-regency was formed between his uncles, the dukes Bernhard I of Saxe-Meiningen and Heinrich of Saxe-Römhild. In 1693, after he returned from a journey to Holland and England, he wrote to the emperor for a license of adult age and took independent control of the government of his duchy. Frederick was a splendor-loving baroque ruler, maintaining his court and standing army, relating to domestic affairs, Frederick essentially continued the policy of his father. He created an orphanage in Altenburg, a workhouse and an asylum in Kahla, as well as the Magdalenenstift - in honor of his mother and wife -. At Friedenstein Castle in Gotha on 7 June 1696, he married his first cousin, Wilhelm, married on 8 November 1742 to Anna of Holstein-Gottorp. Christian Wilhelm, married on 27 May 1743 to Luise Reuss of Schleiz, fredericka, married on 27 November 1734 to Johann Adolf II, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels. Augusta, married on 8 May 1736 to Frederick, Prince of Wales and they had 9 children, their second child later became King George III of Great Britain. Band 8, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1878, S. 3–5, christian Ferdinand Schulze, Leben des Herzogs von Sachsen-Gotha und Altenburg Friedrich II
Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
–
Frederick II
28.
Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels
–
Augustus of Saxe-Weissenfels, was a Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt of the House of Wettin and administrator of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg. He was the son of John George I, Elector of Saxony. By that time, August had already served three years as coadjutor, the Peace of Prague confirmed his rule over the city, but three years later, Swedish troops expelled the Habsburg army and restored August as administrator as of 19 October 1638. August finally took control of Magdeburg on 31 December 1642 after a neutrality treaty was concluded with the Swedish general Lennart Torstenson. He was then able to begin the reconstruction of the city, in 1643 August was accepted into the Fruitbearing Society at the behest of Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen. In his will of 20 July 1652, Elector John George I ordered a division of the Albertine territories that was carried out on 22 April 1657 in Dresden, August inherited the towns of Weißenfels and Querfurt and became their first duke. August also increased his incomes by taking over the administration of the County of Barby during the minority of Count August Ludwig, on 17 October 1659, however, the young count died shortly before attaining his majority. With him, the line of Barby became extinct, a dispute over his lands was resolved in favor of August seven years later. In his will, the duke left Barby to his son Heinrich, on 25 July 1660, August laid the first stone for his official residence, Schloss Neu-Augustusburg in Weissenfels. This castle was built in the place as the old one. The duke died before the castle was finished, on 15 July 1667, the sons of the late Duke Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar offered August the presidency of the Fruitbearing Society. He accepted the office with its responsibility for fostering the work of artists and scientists and his activities as a patron left considerable debts for his descendants to deal with. In Schwerin on 23 November 1647 August married Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and they had twelve children, Magdalene Sibylle, married on 14 November 1669 to Duke Frederick I of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. She was an ancestor of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, August, Provost of Magdeburg, married on 25 August 1673 to Charlotte of Hesse-Eschwege. Christian, General Field Marshal of the Saxon Electoral Army, sophie, married on 18 June 1676 to Karl, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. Like her older sister Magdalene Sybille, she was an ancestor of Queen Victoria, christine, married on 21 June 1676 to August Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck. In Halle on 29 January 1672, two years after the death of his first wife, August married Johanna Walpurgis of Leiningen-Westerburg and they had three sons, Frederick, he inherited Dahme. Johann Christoph von Dreyhaupt, Beschreibung des … Saal-Creyses, insonderheit der Städte Halle, Halle 1749/1751 Heinrich Theodor Flathe,1, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1875, p.680
Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels
–
Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels
29.
Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels
–
Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels was a German noblewoman. She was a daughter of August, duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, and her paternal grandparents were John George I, Elector of Saxony, and Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia. On 14 November 1669, she married Duke Friedrich I of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and they had the following children, Anna Sophie, married on 15 October 1691 to Louis Frederick I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Dorothea Marie, married on 19 September 1704 to Ernst Ludwig I, fredericka, married on 25 May 1702 to Johann August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. Johanna, married on 20 June 1702 to Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels
–
Magdalena Sibylle
30.
Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
–
Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin was a German noblewoman, a member of the House of Mecklenburg and by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Weissenfels. She was the child and second daughter of Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin by his first wife Anna Maria, daughter of Enno III. In older historiography she appears with a name, Dorothea. In 1629 Anna Maria was sent to Saxony with Dowager Electress Hedwig, to the latters dower state, Castle Lichtenberg near Prettin, after Hedwigs death in 1642, Anna Maria returned to Schwerin, where she was reunited with her father, her mother having died in 1634. She also probably then met for the first time her stepmother, Marie Katharina of Brunswick-Dannenberg, Anna Maria was her fathers favorite child as demonstrated by the cordial, even affectionate tone of the letters that they wrote to each other. During her marriage, she bore children, including three daughters who died in infancy in 1663. On 22 April 1657 her husband, by the terms of his fathers will, received the towns of Weissenfels and Querfurt as his own Duchy, Anna Maria died on 11 December 1669 in Halle and was buried in a magnificent coffin in the Schloss Neu-Augustusburg in Weissenfels. Her three infant daughters who had buried in the Halle Cathedral were reinterred with her. In Schwerin on 23 November 1647 Anna Maria married Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels and they had twelve children, Magdalene Sibylle, married on 14 November 1669 to Duke Frederick I of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. She was an ancestor of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, August, Provost of Magdeburg, married on 25 August 1673 to Charlotte of Hesse-Eschwege. Christian, General Field Marshal of the Saxon Electoral Army, sophie, married on 18 June 1676 to Karl, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. Like her older sister Magdalene Sybille, she was an ancestor of Queen Victoria, christine, married on 21 June 1676 to August Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck. Anna Maria von Mecklenburg und August von Sachsen und die Begründung des Hauses Sachsen-Weißenfels, dynastische Beziehungen zwischen Mecklenburg und Kursachsen im 17. Jahrhundert, in Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher 123, 123-157, die Mitglieder der Fruchtbringenden Gesellschaft 1617-1650,527 Biographien. 300 Jahre Schloß Neu-Augustusburg, 1660–1694 - Residenz der Herzöge von Sachsen-Weißenfels
Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
–
Engraving by Johannes Frentzel, 1654.
31.
Karl, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
–
Charles William, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Zerbst. He was the son of John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. His two older brothers died before his birth, Karl William succeeded his father in Anhalt-Zerbst in 1667 at the age of fifteen years. During his minority, which lasted until 1674, his mother and he ordered the building of Zerbst Castle and the St. Trinitatis Church of Zerbst, which were both inaugurated in 1696. Also, he lived years in Jever. In Halle on 18 June 1676 Karl William married Sophie, daughter of August and they had three children, John Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. Magdalene Auguste, married on 17 June 1696 to Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, band 15, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1882, S.226 f
Karl, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
–
Karl William, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
32.
British princess
–
This is a list of British princesses from the accession of George I in 1714. This article deals with both princesses of the royal and women who become princesses upon marriage. The use of the title of Princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, individuals holding the title of princess are styled Her Royal Highness. Under the current practice, princesses of the blood royal are the legitimate daughters and they are dynasts, that is potential successors to the throne. For these individuals, the title Princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the title Princess and the style Royal Highness is prefixed to the Christian name, before another title of honour. From 1714 until 1917, the great granddaughters of the Sovereign were titled Princess of Great Britain. Since 1917, the great granddaughters of the Sovereign have held the style and title enjoyed by the children of dukes. For example, the daughters of the current Duke of Gloucester, princesses by marriage are the recognised wives of the Sovereigns sons and male-line grandsons. Generally, these women are entitled to the style Royal Highness by virtue of marriage, however, Queen Elizabeth II issued Letters Patent dated 21 August 1996 stating that any woman divorced from a Prince of the United Kingdom would no longer be entitled to the style Royal Highness. This has so far applied to Diana, Princess of Wales, for example, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, a male-line grandson of George III, married Sarah Louisa Fairbrother, in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act. Although morganatic marriage did not exist in British law, the wife was never titled the Duchess of Cambridge or accorded the style Her Royal Highness. Instead, she was known as Mrs FitzGeorge, the wife of a prince of the blood takes her husbands Christian name in her title as do all married royal women. For example, upon her marriage to Prince Michael of Kent in 1978, similarly, upon her marriage to then Prince Richard of Gloucester, the former Birgitte van Deurs assumed the title and style of Her Royal Highness Princess Richard of Gloucester. The situation is different when a woman is married to a prince who happens to be a peer or the Prince of Wales. Upon marriage, the wife of the Prince of Wales becomes Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales, upon marriage, the wife of a royal duke becomes Her Royal Highness The Duchess of X. When Prince Richard of Gloucester succeeded to his fathers dukedom in 1974 and it has been traditional, and is still technically the case, that a princess by marriage cannot be called Princess and her first name. However, Diana, Princess of Wales, was so consistently referred to as Princess Diana that by frequent usage it has come to be accepted occasionally in the media. The use of the prince and princess and the styles of Highness
British princess
–
HRH The Princess Royal, daughter of the Queen.
British princess
–
HRH Princess Beatrice of York, granddaughter of the Queen.
British princess
–
HRH Princess Eugenie of York, granddaughter of the Queen.
British princess
–
HRH The Duchess of Cornwall, daughter-in-law of the Queen.
33.
Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
–
Sophia Dorothea of Hanover was a Queen consort in Prussia as wife of Frederick William I. She was the sister of George II of Great Britain and the mother of Frederick II of Prussia, Sophia Dorothea was born on 16 March 1687, in Hanover. She was the daughter of George Louis of Hanover, later King George I of Great Britain. She was detested by her brother, King George II of Great Britain. Sophia Dorothea married her cousin, Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia, heir apparent to the Prussian throne and they had met as children under the care of their grandmother, Sophia of Hanover, and had disliked each other ever since. Sophia Dorothea differed from her husband in every aspect and the marriage suffered as a result, one of the most important differences between them was that Sophia Dorothea, unlike her husband, loved entertainment. Frederick William contemplated to divorce her the year they married. Her husband ascended the throne in 1713 and Sophia Dorothea became queen and she was nicknamed Olympia for her regal bearing. Her children were terrorized and frequently beaten by Frederick William, who may have suffered from porphyria, Sophia Dorothea was interested in art, science, literature and fashion. She was not described as a beauty, and she was scarred from smallpox and it was the opinion of her daughter Wilhelmine that her father treated her mother unjustly. His manner toward her was described as rough, and he is noted to have used uncivil language toward her and his usual bad manners toward her were so noted that the opposite was seen as a surprise. In 1726 Sophia Dorothea inherited a sum of three million from her mother, and Frederick William was noted to suddenly treat her very well and this was regarded to be very unusual, and the Imperial ambassador reported that his changed behavior was merely because he wanted her money. When she never received it, because her brother refused to release the sum, Frederick William disliked Sophia Dorotheas early ambition to have Frederick marry Princess Amelia of Great Britain and Wilhelmine marry Frederick, Prince of Wales. He also accused her of having damaged his relationship to their children and she had a good relationship with her son, Frederick, later known as Frederick the Great, who was very attached to her and deeply mourned her death. She spent many days talking to him in the library and was informed of his plans to escape from his fathers custody in 1728, after he withdrew from the Prussian court, she corresponded with him from the fortress of Küstrin. In 1740, her spouse died, and was succeeded by their son, when she died eighteen years after her sons accession, her death was described as a great blow to Frederick. Thea Leitner, Skandal bei Hof, Ueberreuter,1993, ISBN 3-8000-3492-1 Media related to Sophia Dorothea of Hanover at Wikimedia Commons
Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
–
Portrait by Antoine Pesne, 1726
Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
–
Sophia Dorothea of Hanover in center during the visit of the king of Poland to Berlin.
Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
–
Frederick Louis Prince of Prussia
Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
–
Friedrike Wilhelmine Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
34.
Princess Amelia of Great Britain
–
Princess Amelia of Great Britain was the second daughter of George II of Great Britain. Princess Amelia was born at Herrenhausen Palace, Hanover, Germany and her father was The Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the son of the Elector of Hanover. Her mother was Caroline of Ansbach, daughter of Johann Friedrich, at her birth she was styled HSH Princess Amelia of Hanover. She was known to her family as Emily, under the Act of Settlement 1701, Princess Amelias grandfather became King of Great Britain on 1 August 1714 following the death of Queen Anne. Amelias father became Duke of Cornwall, and was created Prince of Wales on 27 September 1714 and she moved to Great Britain with her family and resided at St Jamess Palace in London. Though comparatively healthy as an adult, Amelia was a child and her mother employed Johann Georg Steigerthal. On 11 June 1727, George I died and her father succeeded him as George II, Amelia was now styled HRH The Princess Amelia. She lived with her father until his death in 1760, Amelia may have been the mother of composer Samuel Arnold through an affair with a commoner of the name Thomas Arnold. Amelia greatly enjoyed riding and hunting, in 1751, Princess Amelia became ranger of Richmond Park after the death of Robert Walpole. Immediately afterwards, the Princess caused major public uproar by closing the park to the public, only allowing few close friends and this continued until 1758, when a local brewer, John Lewis, took the gatekeeper, who stopped him from entering the park, to court. The court ruled in favour of Lewis, citing the fact that, Princess Amelia was forced to lift the restrictions. The Princess was generous in her gifts to charitable organisations, in 1760 she donated £100 to the society for educating poor orphans of clergymen to help pay for a school for 21 orphan daughters of clergymen of the Church of England. In 1783 she agreed to become a subscriber of £25 to the new County Infirmary in Northampton. She also owned a property in Cavendish Square, Soho, London, a miniature of Prince Frederick of Prussia was found on her body. She was buried in the Henry VII Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey, Amelia Island in Florida, United States, is named for her, as is Amelia County in Virginia, United States. On 31 January 1719, as a grandchild of the sovereign, Amelia was granted use of the arms of the realm, on 30 August 1727, as a child of the sovereign, Amelias difference changed to a label argent of three points ermine. Panton, Kenneth J. Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy, van der Kiste, John George II and Queen Caroline
Princess Amelia of Great Britain
–
Princess Amelia (Jean-Baptiste van Loo,ca 1738)
35.
Princess Caroline of Great Britain
–
Princess Caroline of Great Britain was the fourth child and third daughter of George II. Princess Caroline was born at Herrenhausen Palace in Hanover, Germany and her father was George Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Hanover, the eldest son of George Louis, Elector of Hanover. Her mother was Caroline of Ansbach, daughter of Johann Friedrich, as a granddaughter of the Elector of Hanover, she was styled Her Serene Highness Princess Caroline of Hanover at birth. Under the Act of Settlement 1701, she was seventh in the line of succession to the British throne and she was baptised the day after her birth at Herrenhausen Palace. In 1714, Queen Anne died, and Carolines grandfather became George I, at the age of one year, Caroline accompanied her mother and elder sisters, the Princesses Anne and Amelia, to Great Britain, and the family resided at St Jamess Palace, London. She was then styled as a Princess of Great Britain, and was known as HRH Princess Caroline, a newly attributed list from January–February 1728 documents her personal expenses, including charitable contributions to several Protestant groups in London. In 1722, at the direction of her mother, she was inoculated against smallpox by variolation, Princess Caroline was her mothers favourite, and became known as the truth-telling Caroline Elizabeth. When any disagreement took place among the children, her parents would say, Send for Caroline. According to Dr. John Doran, The truth-loving Caroline Elizabeth was unreservedly beloved by her parents, was worthy of the affection and she was fair, good, accomplished, and unhappy. According to popular belief, Carolines unhappiness was due to her love for the married courtier Lord Hervey, Hervey, who was bisexual, may have had an affair with Carolines elder brother, Prince Frederick, and was romantically linked with several ladies of the court as well. When Hervey died in 1743, Caroline retired to St. Jamess Palace for many years prior to her own death, accessible to only her family and she was so unhappy that she wanted only to die. Princess Caroline died, unmarried and childless, on 28 December 1757, aged 44 and she was buried at Westminster Abbey. Her goodness was constant and uniform, her generosity immense, her charities most extensive, in short, I, no royalist, could be lavish in her praise. On 31 January 1719, as a grandchild of the sovereign, Caroline was granted use of the arms of the realm, differenced by a label argent of five points, each bearing three roses gules. On 30 August 1727, as a child of the sovereign, list of British princesses House of Hanover
Princess Caroline of Great Britain
–
Portrait by Jacopo Amigoni
Princess Caroline of Great Britain
–
Lord Hervey
36.
Princess Mary of Great Britain
–
Princess Mary of Great Britain was the second-youngest daughter of King George II and Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel as the wife of Landgrave Frederick II. Princess Mary was born at Leicester House, Westminster, London and her father was the Prince of Wales, later King George II. Her mother was Caroline of Ansbach, daughter of Johann Friedrich and her father succeeded, as George II, on 11 June 1727, and she became HRH The Princess Mary. Upon her death in 1737, her mother, queen Caroline, entrusted Mary to her elder sister Caroline, urging her to do what she could to support the meek and mild disposition of Princess Mary. A marriage was negotiated with Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Kassel, the son and heir of William VIII. For the marriage, Parliament voted Mary £40,000 and they married by proxy at the Chapel Royal of St. Jamess Palace in London on 8 May, then in person on 28 June 1740 at Kassel. They had four sons, three of whom survived to adulthood, the marriage was unhappy, and Frederick was said to be brutal and a boor. Frederick reportedly subjected Mary to spousal abuse, in late 1746, Mary made an extended trip to Britain to escape his maltreatment. The couple separated in 1754 on Fredericks conversion to Roman Catholicism and she was supported by her father-in-law, who provided her with a residence in Hanau, as she did not wish to return to Great Britain, but to stay on the continent to raise her children. In 1756, Mary moved to Denmark, to care of the children of her sister, Louise of Great Britain. She took her children with her, and they were raised at the royal court, Mary died on 14 or 16 January 1772, aged 48 at Hanau, Germany. Britains Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy, henry Churchyard Royal Genealogies, Part 10 Sam Sloan Big Combined Family Trees
Princess Mary of Great Britain
–
Portrait by George Desmarées
Princess Mary of Great Britain
–
Princess Mary
37.
Princess Augusta of Great Britain
–
Princess Augusta Frederica of Great Britain was a granddaughter of George II and the only elder sibling of George III. She married into the house of Brunswick, of which she was already a member. Her daughter Caroline was the wife of George IV, Princess Augusta Frederica was born at St. Jamess Palace, London. Her father was Frederick, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of King George II and Queen Caroline of Ansbach and her mother was the Princess of Wales and she was born second in the line of succession. Fifty days later, she was christened at St. Jamess Palace by the Archbishop of Canterbury and her godparents were her paternal grandfather, the King, and her grandmothers, Queen Caroline and the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Gotha. Her third birthday was celebrated by the first public performance of Rule, Augusta was given a careful education. She was not described as a beauty, having protuberant eyes, loose mouth, in 1761-62, a marriage was discussed between Augusta and the Hereditary Prince of Brunswick, but the negotiations were delayed because her mother disliked the House of Brunswick. This obstacle was overcome due to a described by Walpole, Lady Augusta was lively. As non of her children but the King, had, or had reason to have, much affection for their mother and she could not forbid her daughters frequent visits at Buckingham House, but to prevent ill consequence of them, she often accompanied her thither. This, however, was an attendance and a constraint the Princess of Wales could not support, to obtain this end, the profusion of favors to the hated House of Brunswick was not though too much. The Hereditary Prince was prevailed to accept Lady Augustas hand, with four-scour thousand pounds, an annuity of £5.000 a year on Ireland, on 16 January 1764, Augusta married Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, at the Chapel Royal of St Jamess Palace. Augusta never fully adapted to life in Brunswick due to her British patriotism, Augusta was not well liked at Brunswick, where her popularity was damaged by the fact that her eldest sons were born with handicaps. During her first pregnancy in 1764, she returned to Great Britain in the company of Charles to give birth to her first child, during their visit in England, it was noted that the Brunswicks were cheered by the crowds when they showed themselves in public. This, reportedly, exposed them to suspicion at court, during their visit, her sister-in-law Queen Charlotte apparently refused them some honors at court, such as military salutes. This attracted negative publicity toward the royal couple. Augusta regarded the residence in Brunswick as too simple, and was bored with the tone of her mother-in-laws court, particularly during the summers. In her retreat, Augusta amused herself spending her days eating heavy luncheons, gossiping and playing cards with her favorites, the marriage was an purely arranged dynastic marriage. In 1771-72, Augusta visited England on the invitation of her mother, on this occasion, she was involved in another conflict with her sister-in-law Queen Charlotte
Princess Augusta of Great Britain
–
Augusta of Great Britain
Princess Augusta of Great Britain
–
Princess Augusta, aged 17, by Liotard
Princess Augusta of Great Britain
–
Augusta by Angelica Kauffman, 1767; Royal Collection, London
38.
Caroline Matilda of Great Britain
–
Caroline Matilda of Great Britain was Queen consort of Denmark and Norway by marriage to King Christian VII. Caroline Matilda was born in Leicester House, London, on 22 July 1751 as the ninth and youngest child of Frederick, Prince of Wales and her father died suddenly about three months before her birth, on 31 March 1751. Both of her names were used to distinguish her from her paternal aunt, the princess was christened ten days after being born, on 1 August, at the same house, by the Bishop of Norwich, Thomas Hayter. Her godparents were her brother George, her aunt Caroline and her sister Augusta. She was brought up by her mother away from the English court and was described as natural and informal. She spent most of the time with her family in Leicester House, in 1764, a marriage was suggested between the Danish House of Oldenburg and the British House of Hanover, specifically between Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark, and a British princess. The marriage was suitable because both the British and Danish royal families were Protestant and of the rank, and thus had the same status as well as religion. Additionally, the deceased Queen Louise had been popular in Denmark. The official betrothal was announced on 10 January 1765, on 14 January 1766, in the middle of preparations for the wedding, King Frederick V died and his 17-year-old son became King Christian VII. On 1 October of that year in the chapel of St Jamess Palace the marriage was celebrated by proxy, in which the groom was represented by Prince Edward, Duke of York. Twelve days later, Caroline Matilda arrived in Roskilde, where she met her future husband, the official wedding ceremony took place on 8 November 1766 in the Royal Chapel at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen. Marriage celebrations and balls lasted for another month, on 1 May 1767, Caroline Matilda was crowned Queen of Denmark in Copenhagen. The young Queen at the Danish court was described as particularly temperamental, vivid, however, her natural and unaffected personality was not popular at the strict Danish court, despite the fact that originally she was warmly received in Copenhagen. The weak-willed, self-centered, and mentally ill Christian VII was cold to his wife and this was not difficult, as Christian VII did not like her. Caroline Matilda, though not interested in politics, after the birth of an heir has come to play a key role at the court. Her dislike of the favorites of her husband increased when, in 1768, Holck managed to exile Louise von Plessen from court and she refused to accept von Plessens successor, Anne Sofie von Berckentin, whom she suspected to have taken part in the plot to exile von Plessen. Thus, Plessen was not replaced until Margrethe von der Lühe agreed to accept the post in 1768, in May 1768 Christian VII took his long tour of Europe, including stays in Altona, Paris and London. Caroline Matilda spent the summer at Frederiksborg Castle with her son before returning to Copenhagen in the autumn
Caroline Matilda of Great Britain
–
Pastel by Francis Cotes, 1766
Caroline Matilda of Great Britain
–
In the arms of her mother the Princess of Wales surrounded by her siblings by George Knapton
Caroline Matilda of Great Britain
–
Caroline Matilda, aged 3, by Liotard
Caroline Matilda of Great Britain
–
The 16-year-old Queen stands next to her sister, Princess Louisa of Great Britain, by Francis Cotes
39.
Charlotte, Princess Royal
–
Charlotte, Princess Royal, was Queen of Württemberg as the wife of King Frederick. She was the 1st daughter and 4th child of King George III of the United Kingdom, Princess Charlotte was born on 29 September 1766 at Buckingham House, London, to British monarch, King George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Charlotte was officially designated as Princess Royal on 22 June 1789, after the birth of three sons in a row, her parents were delighted to have a Princess in the nursery. Like all of her siblings, Charlotte was inoculated—in her case, since French was the official language in every European court, the little Princess was given a Frenchwoman to be her tutor, in order that she should have no accent. Her memory was another of her beginning subjects and she was taught to recite little verses and stories, and as a result had an almost uncanny ability to recall detail for the rest of her life. Her early childhood was not all scholarly pursuits, when she was almost three years old, she took place in her first tableau dressed like Columbine, where she danced with her seven-year-old brother George, Prince of Wales. She was not a musical child and later abhorred such displays of children, declaring that they made children vain. This did not stop her parents from continuing to show her off, in late 1769, she and the Prince of Wales were once again displayed, this time to the public in a junior drawing room in St. James Palace. Charlotte was dressed in a Roman toga and lay on a sofa, though this type of thing was common in German courts, it was considered vulgar in England, where in reaction a London mob drove a hearse into the Palace courtyard. Afterward, the Prince of Wales told Lady Mary Coke that the event had made Charlotte terribly tired. Wisely, the King and Queen decided to never repeat the experience, though she was the eldest daughter, Charlotte was constantly compared to her sister Augusta Sophia, only two years younger than she. When Augusta was an old, Lady Mary Coke called her the most beautiful baby I have ever seen while Charlotte was very plain. Passing judgment once again three years later, Charlotte was now the most sensible agreeable child I ever saw, in 1770, the cluster of the three eldest princesses was completed with the birth of Princess Elizabeth, the seventh child. However, given the frequency with which children were being produced, on 18 May 1797, the Princess Royal was married at the Chapel Royal, St. The younger Frederick succeeded his father as the reigning Duke of Württemberg on 22 December 1797, the marriage between Duke Frederick and the Princess Royal produced one child, a stillborn daughter on 27 April 1798. In 1800, the French army occupied Württemberg and the Duke, the following year, Duke Frederick concluded a private treaty ceding Montbeliard to France and receiving Ellwangen in exchange two years later. He assumed the title Elector of Württemberg on 25 February 1803, in exchange for providing France with a large auxiliary force, Napoleon recognized the Elector as King of Württemberg on 26 December 1805. Electress Charlotte became queen when her husband ascended the throne on 1 January 1806 and was crowned as such on the same day at Stuttgart
Charlotte, Princess Royal
–
Princess Charlotte of United Kingdom
Charlotte, Princess Royal
–
The infant Charlotte, Princess Royal, in 1767 with her mother, Queen Charlotte
Charlotte, Princess Royal
–
The Princess Royal in 1769. Miniature by Ozias Humphry, Windsor Castle.
Charlotte, Princess Royal
–
Wax portrait relief by Peter Rouw c.1795 of Charlotte Augusta Matilda, Princess Royal, National Portrait Gallery, London, NPG 2174
40.
Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom was the sixth child and second daughter of George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Princess Augusta Sophia was born at Buckingham House, London, the child and second daughter of George III. Her father so much wanted the new baby to be a girl that the doctor presiding over the labor thought fit to protest that whoever sees those lovely Princes above stairs must be glad to have another. The King was so upset by this view he replied that whoever sees that lovely child the Princess Royal above stairs must not wish to have the fellow to her, to the Kings delight, and the Queens relief, the baby was a small and pretty girl. The young princess was christened on 6 December 1768, by Frederick Cornwallis, The Archbishop of Canterbury and her godparents were Prince Charles of Mecklenburg, The Queen-consort of Denmark and The Hereditary Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg. When only an old, Lady Mary Coke declared her the most beautiful infant I ever saw. Princess Augusta was the middle of the trio of princesses that consisted of her, her older sister Charlotte. In 1771, the two elder Princesses started traveling to Kew to take lessons under the supervision of Lady Charlotte Finch, the Princesses, who had formerly been very close to their brothers now saw little of them, except when their paths crossed on daily walks. In 1774, Martha Goldsworthy, or Gouly became the new head of their educations, the young Augusta was a great favorite with Miss Planta, who called her the handsomest of all the Princesses though compared to her older sister, she was childish. However, the princess was painfully shy, and stammered when in front of people she didnt know, from an early age Augusta was fixed on being good and was often upset when she did not succeed. Her behavior veered in between troublesome and well-mannered and she sometimes threw tantrums and hit her governesses, though she also often had a calm disposition and family-minded ways. She strongly disliked the political tensions that by 1780 had sprung up between her brothers and their parents, and preferred to occupy herself with her coin collection. As all her sisters were, Augusta was sheltered from the world so much that her only friends were her attendants. In 1782, Augusta was debuted at the Kings birthday celebrations, as she was still terrified of crowds, her mother did not tell her daughter about her debut until two days before it happened. Later that year, the Princess youngest brother Alfred died, followed eight months later by her next youngest brother Octavius, Augusta was soon a big sister again, with the birth of her youngest sibling Amelia in August 1783. She stood as a godmother, along with Charlotte and George, though the birth of her sister did not erase the pain she felt at losing her brothers, Augusta did not dwell on their deaths as her father did. By the time they reached their teens, the three eldest Princesses were spending a great deal of time with their parents. They accompanied them to the theater, to the Opera, and to Court, and their once academic lessons began to wind down, with music and the arts becoming the new focus
Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Augusta Sophia
Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom
–
A portrait of King George III, Queen Charlotte, and their six eldest children in 1770. Augusta is the baby in her mother's arms.
Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Augusta, aged thirteen.
41.
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom was the 7th child and 3rd daughter of King George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. After marrying the Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, Frederick VI, she took permanent residence in Germany as landgravine, the Princess Elizabeth was born at Buckingham House, London on 22 May 1770. Her father was the reigning British monarch, George III, the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and she was christened in the Great Council Chamber at St. Jamess Palace, on 17 June 1770 by Frederick Cornwallis, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Her godparents were The Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Cassel, The Princess of Nassau-Weilburg, the Princess upbringing was very sheltered and she spent most of her time with her parents and sisters. King George and Queen Charlotte were keen to shelter their children, however, in 1812, Princess Elizabeth purchased The Priory at Old Windsor in Berkshire as her private residence. Elizabeth was her mothers favorite daughter and she was described as clever and rather demanding. Her sisters called her Fatima because of her weight problems and it is alleged that Princess Elizabeth went through a form of marriage with George Ramus and bore him a daughter, Eliza, in 1788. George Ramus was the son of Nicholas Ramus, who had been Page to Elizabeths father King George, Eliza Ramus was allegedly adopted and brought up by her uncle, Henry Ramus of the East India Company. She married James Money, also of the East India Company, and her daughter Marian Martha married George Wynyard Battye, in 1808 Elizabeth was reluctantly obliged to decline a proposal from the exiled Duke of Orléans due to his Catholicism and her mothers opposition. During a ball in the British royal court in 1814 Elizabeth got to know the German Prince Frederick of Hesse-Homburg, when Elizabeth saw the Austrian officer in his elegant Hussars uniform, she is supposed to have said, If he is single, I will marry him. Against all resistance the wedding took place on 7 April 1818 in the chapel in Buckingham Palace in Westminster. It was not a love match, in spite of the mutual understanding and respect. Elizabeth was able to escape the constrictive environment of her home by moving to Germany with her husband, on 20 January 1820, Frederick succeeded his father as the Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg. Thanks to Elizabeths dowry and annual allowance, he was able to remodel the palace in Homburg and she died on 10 January 1840 at age 69 in Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany. She was buried in the Mausoleum of the Landgraves, Homburg, michael A. Beatty, The English Royal Family of America, from Jamestown to the American Revolution, p.207
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Elizabeth, portrait by Sir Thomas Gainsborough.
Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Elizabeth, portrait by Sir William Beechey (1797)
42.
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
–
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh was the 11th child and 4th daughter of King George III of the United Kingdom. She married her first cousin, Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, in her last years, her niece Victoria was on the throne as the fourth monarch during Marys life, after her father and two of her brothers. Princess Mary was the longest-lived and last survivor of George IIIs fifteen children, of those fifteen issue and she was also the only one of George IIIs children to be photographed. She died on 30 April 1857 at Gloucester House, London, Princess Mary was born, on 25 April 1776, at Buckingham Palace, London. Her father was the reigning British monarch, George III and her mother was Queen Charlotte, the daughter of Charles, reigning Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Mary was christened on 19 May 1776, in the Great Council Chamber at St. Jamess Palace, by Frederick Cornwallis and her godparents were, Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Cassel The Duchess of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg Princess Charles of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. According to author and historian Flora Fraser, Mary was considered to be the most beautiful daughter of George III, Mary danced a minuet for the first time in public at the age of sixteen in June 1791, during a court ball given for the kings birthday. In the spring of 1792 she officially debuted at court, around 1796 Mary fell in love with the Dutch Prince Frederick, while he and his family lived in exile in London. Frederik was a son of William V, Prince of Orange, the Dutch stadholder, however Frederik and Mary never wed because George III stipulated that her elder sisters should marry first. In 1799 Prince Frederik died of an infection while serving in the army, Marys youngest sister and beloved companion Princess Amelia called her Mamas tool because of her obedient nature. Amelias premature death in 1810 devastated her sister, who had nursed her devotedly during her painful illness, Marys upbringing was very sheltered and she spent most of her time with her parents and sisters. King George and Queen Charlotte were keen to shelter their children, on their wedding day, Marys brother, The Prince Regent, raised the bridegrooms style from Highness to Royal Highness, an attribute to which Marys rank as daughter of the King already entitled her. The couple lived at Bagshot Park, but after Williams death she moved to White Lodge in Richmond Park, Princess Mary was said to be the favourite aunt of her niece, Queen Victoria. Princess Mary was quite close to her eldest brother, and she shared his dislike toward his wife, when the latter left for Italy, Princess Mary congratulated her brother on the prospect of a good riddance. Heaven grant that she may not return again and that we may never see more of her, list of British princesses Archival material relating to Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
–
Princess Mary
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
–
Princess Mary aged six.
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
–
Mary at left, aged nine, with her two younger sisters Sophia and Amelia in 1785. Painted by John Singleton Copley
Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
–
1856 daguerreotype of Princess Mary (seated far right). Sitting to her left are Queen Victoria and Princess Alice. Standing is the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII). Daguerreotype by Antoine Claudet
43.
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom was a member of the British Royal Family. She was the 15th child and 6th daughter of King George III of the United Kingdom and his queen consort Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Princess Amelia was born on 7 August 1783, at the Royal Lodge, Windsor and it is often said that she was her fathers favourite, he affectionately called her Emily. She was born after the deaths of her two elder brothers, Octavius and Alfred. These deaths left a gap of almost six years between Amelia and her nearest surviving sibling, Princess Sophia and she was twenty-one years younger than her eldest sibling, George, and nearly seventeen years younger than her eldest sister, Charlotte. Amelia was christened at the Chapel Royal, St Jamess Palace by John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury and her godparents were the Prince of Wales, the Princess Royal, and the Princess Augusta Sophia. She was the fifteenth sibling christened there and she was later confirmed by the Archbishop on 24 December 1799. Our littlest sister is without one of the prettiest children I have ever seen. She was expected to be as beautiful, charming, and winning as Octavius, as a result of her two brothers deaths, Amelia was considered as her fathers favourite. From an early age, Amelia was conscious of her rank, burney even dubbed her the little idol. As the youngest of the thirteen surviving children, Amelia spent most of her time with her sisters Mary and Sophia and it seems that the three youngest princesses were much wilder than their elder sisters, as evidenced by their behaviour when they sat for a portrait in 1785. In 1770, Zoffany had been able to paint the King, the Queen, in 1785, however, Copley had so much difficulty getting the dogs, birds, and especially the three royal children to sit still that he never painted another portrait. Compared to the carefully planned education that Charlotte, Augusta, and Elizabeth had been given, the given to Mary, Sophia. Amelia was only five years old when her father suffered his first bout of madness, as a consequence of her fathers declining health, she never experienced the closeness and affection that had characterized the family during her elder sisters early years. Prior to 1788, King George had told his daughters that he would take them to Hanover and find suitable husbands despite misgivings he had. He remarked, I cannot deny that I have never wished to see any of them marry, I am happy in their company, however, the King suffered his first bout of madness that year, when Amelia was aged five. Further lapses into insanity occurred in 1801 and 1804, thus forestalling talk of marriage for his daughters, the question of matrimony was rarely raised, Queen Charlotte feared that the subject, which had always discomforted the King, would push him back into insanity. Furthermore, the Queen, under strain due to her illness, Amelia and her sisters, Charlotte, Augusta Sophia, Elizabeth, Mary and Sophia were over-protected and isolated, which restricted meeting eligible suitors of their own age
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Amelia
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Amelia in 1785
Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom
–
The Three Youngest Princesses, by John Singleton Copley, 1785 (Amelia is the baby)
44.
Princess Sophia of Gloucester
–
Princess Sophia Matilda of Gloucester was a great-granddaughter of King George II of Great Britain and niece of King George III. Princess Sophia was born in Grosvenor Street, Mayfair and her father was Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, the third eldest son of The Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales. Her mother was the Duchess of Gloucester, the daughter of Edward Walpole. She was privately christened in a room at Gloucester House on 26 June 1773, by Charles Moss. She had three godparents, The Duke of Cumberland, her uncle, the Duchess of Cumberland, her aunt by marriage. The King had been asked to stand as godfather, but he refused, upset by his brothers marriage to Maria Walpole, Sophia was considered as a potential bride for the Duke of Clarence, but she expressed no enthusiasm for the match. Sophia never married nor had any children and she lived at New Lodge in Winkfield, near Windsor in Berkshire and held the office of Ranger of Greenwich Park. She died at the Rangers House, Blackheath, London on 29 November 1844 and is buried in St. Georges Chapel, on 22 July 1816, Sophias brother Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester married their cousin, Princess Mary, a daughter of George III. On their wedding day, the Prince Regent bestowed the style of Royal Highness on the Duke of Gloucester, the next day, Sophia was also bestowed with this style, giving her equal rank with her brother. List of British princesses British Royal Family House of Hanover
Princess Sophia of Gloucester
–
c. 1803-5 portrait by Sir William Beechey
Princess Sophia of Gloucester
–
Princess Sophia as a young child.
45.
Princess Elizabeth of Clarence
–
Princess Elizabeth of Clarence was an infant member of the British royal family. She was the daughter and third child of Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews and his wife. She was a granddaughter of King George III of the United Kingdom, after having had one child who died on the day of her birth, Princess Charlotte and suffering a stillbirth, the third pregnancy of the Duchess of Clarence also did not go as expected. The Duchess delivered a girl, almost six weeks premature, on 10 December 1820 at St Jamess Palace and she was christened on the day of her birth at the Palace by William Howley, then Bishop of London. The Duke and Duchess of Clarence had wanted to name her Georgina, the couple agreed and christened her Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide. She lived the remainder of her days at St Jamess Palace, after being suddenly seized with the fatal disease, an intro-susception of the bowels she died shortly thereafter, aged 12 weeks. After her death, her mother suffered three more stillbirths, Elizabeth was buried at Windsor Castle, in St Georges Chapel, on 10 March 1821. During her short life, she was ahead of her cousin, the future Queen Victoria, in the line of succession
Princess Elizabeth of Clarence
–
Statue by W. Scoular, Windsor Castle
46.
Princess Augusta of Cambridge
–
Princess Augusta of Cambridge was a member of the British Royal Family, a granddaughter of George III. She married into the Grand Ducal House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and became the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Princess Augusta was born on 19 July 1822 at the Palace of Montbrillant, Hanover. Her father was Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, the son of George III. Her mother was Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel, as a male line granddaughter of the British monarch, she was styled as a British princess with the prefix Her Royal Highness. The young princess was christened at the palace on 16 August 1822. Princess Augusta had one brother, Prince George, later 2nd Duke of Cambridge, as such, Princess Augusta was a first cousin of Queen Victoria and aunt to Mary of Teck, later consort of George V. On 28 June 1843, Princess Augusta married her first cousin, Frederick William of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, at Buckingham Palace, although she spent most of her adult life in Germany, the Grand Duchess Augusta retained close personal ties to the British Royal Family. She frequently visited her mother, the Duchess of Cambridge, at her Kensington Palace apartments, in making preparations for the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in 1901, the Duke of Norfolk consulted her on matters of etiquette and attire. This was due to her presence at the Coronation of King William IV and she was nine years old at the time and kissed the Queens hand. She was also able to provide details of the Coronation of Queen Victoria, the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was particularly close to her niece, the future Queen Mary. However, old age prevented her from attending the Coronation of King George V, following the outbreak of World War I, the British Government suspended the pension she had been receiving as a member of the British Royal Family. During the war, the Swedish Embassy passed letters from the Queen to her aunt, as an elderly lady, she was known for being cantankerous. She was also known as being quite shrewd and intelligent, 101-105 he offers a masterly sketch of this formidable lady. The Dowager Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz died on 5 December 1916 in Neustrelitz and was buried in Mirow, as the longest-lived grandchild of George III, she was the last link to the British branch of the House of Hanover. As a male-line granddaughter of a King of Hanover, she bore the titles of Princess of Hanover. Princess Augusta of Cambridge | House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Princess Augusta of Cambridge
–
Princess Augusta
47.
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge
–
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge was a member of the British Royal Family, a granddaughter of George III and great-grandmother of Elizabeth II. She held the title of Duchess of Teck through marriage, Mary Adelaide is remembered as the mother of Queen Mary, the wife of King George V. She was one of the first royals to patronise a wide range of charities, Mary Adelaide was born on 27 November 1833 in Hanover, Germany. Her father was Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, the youngest surviving son of George III and her mother was Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel, the daughter of Prince Frederick of Hesse-Cassel. The young princess was christened on 9 January 1834 at Cambridge House, Hanover by Rev John Ryle Wood and her godmother and paternal aunt Princess Elizabeth was the only godparent who was present. The rest were King William IV and Queen Adelaide, Princess Mary, Princess Marie of Hesse-Cassel and she was named Mary Adelaide Wilhelmina Elizabeth for her aunts and uncle. Mary Adelaide spent the years of her life in Hanover, Germany. After the death of William IV, Mary Adelaides first cousin, however, Salic law prevented Victoria from ascending the throne of Hanover, which instead passed to Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. The Duke of Cumberland moved to Hanover as King and Mary Adelaides father, no longer needed in Hanover, returned to London with his family, by the age of 30, Mary Adelaide was still unmarried. Her large girth and lack of income were contributing factors, as was her advanced age, however, her royal rank prevented her from marrying someone not of royal blood. Her cousin, Queen Victoria, took pity on her and attempted to arrange pairings, eventually a suitable candidate was found in Württemberg, Prince Francis of Teck. With no other options available, Mary Adelaide decided to marry him, the couple were married on 12 June 1866 at St. Annes Church, Kew, Surrey. The Duke and Duchess of Teck chose to reside in London rather than abroad, mainly because Mary Adelaide received £5,000 per annum as a Parliamentary annuity and her mother, the Duchess of Cambridge, also provided her with supplementary income. Requests to Queen Victoria for extra funds were generally refused, however, Mary Adelaide requested that her new husband be granted the style Royal Highness, but this was refused by Queen Victoria. The queen did, however, promote Francis to the rank of Highness in 1887 in celebration of her Golden Jubilee. The Tecks had one daughter and three sons, Despite their modest income, Mary Adelaide had expensive tastes and lived an extravagant life of parties, expensive food and clothes and holidays abroad. The debts soon built up and the Tecks were forced to flee the country in 1883 to avoid their creditors and they travelled to Florence, Italy, and also stayed with relatives in Germany and Austria. Initially, they travelled under the names of the Count and Countess von Hohenstein, however, Mary Adelaide wished to travel in more style and reverted to her royal style, which commanded significantly more attention and better service
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge
–
Mary Adelaide in 1897
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge
–
The Duchess of Teck and her family c. 1880; Prince Alexander sits centre with his arm around the Duchess, Princess Mary (later Queen Mary) is seated at far right
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge
–
Mary Adelaide in c.1880
48.
Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Alice of the United Kingdom was the third child and second daughter of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort. Alice was the first of Queen Victorias nine children to die, Alice spent her early childhood in the company of her parents and siblings, travelling between the British royal residences. Her education was devised by Alberts close friend and adviser, Baron Stockmar, when her father, Prince Albert, was diagnosed with typhoid fever in December 1861, Alice nursed him until his death on 14 December that year. Following his death, Queen Victoria entered a period of intense mourning, on 1 July 1862, while the court was still at the height of mourning, Alice married the minor German Prince Louis of Hesse, heir to the Grand Duchy of Hesse. The ceremony—conducted privately and with unrelieved gloom at Osborne House—was described by the Queen as more of a funeral than a wedding, the Princesss life in Darmstadt was unhappy as a result of impoverishment, family tragedy, and worsening relations with her husband and mother. Alice was a patron of womens causes and showed an interest in nursing. When Hesse became involved in the Austro-Prussian War, Darmstadt filled with the injured, one of her organisations, the Princess Alice Womens Guild, took over much of the day-to-day running of the states military hospitals. As a result of activity, Queen Victoria became concerned about Alices directness about medical and, in particular, gynaecological. In 1871, she wrote to Alices younger sister, Princess Louise, be very silent and cautious about your interior. In 1877, Alice became Grand Duchess upon the accession of her husband, in the latter months of 1878, diphtheria infected the Hessian court. Alice nursed her family for over a month before falling ill herself, another daughter, Elisabeth, who had married Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, was, like the tsaritsa and her family, killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918. Alice was born on 25 April 1843 at Buckingham Palace in London and she was the second daughter and third child of Queen Victoria, and her husband Albert, Prince Consort. She was christened Alice Maud Mary in the chapel at Buckingham Palace by The Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley. She was named Alice to honour Victorias first Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, Maud, the Anglo-Saxon name for Matilda, was chosen in honour of one of Alices godparents, Princess Sophia Matilda of Gloucester, a niece of King George III. Mary was chosen because Alice was born on the day as her maternal great-aunt. Her gender was greeted with mixed feelings from the public, and even the Privy Council sent a message to Albert expressing its congratulation, Alices birth prompted her parents to find a larger family home. Buckingham Palace was not equipped with the apartments that Victorias growing family needed. Therefore, in 1844, Victoria and Albert purchased Osborne House on the Isle of Wight as a holiday home
Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Alice in 1875
Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
–
Alice (right) and her sister Victoria in the 1850s
Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
–
A portrait of Louis of Hesse, 1860
Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Alice in 1861
49.
Princess Helena of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Helena (Helena Augusta Victoria, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein by marriage, was the third daughter and fifth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Helena was educated by private tutors chosen by her father and his friend and adviser. Her childhood was spent with her parents, travelling between the variety of residences in Britain. The intimate atmosphere of the court came to an end on 14 December 1861. In the early 1860s, Helena began a flirtation with Prince Alberts German librarian, although the nature of the relationship is largely unknown, Helenas romantic letters to Ruland survive. After the Queen found out in 1863, she dismissed Ruland, three years later, on 5 July 1866, Helena married the impoverished German Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. However, after Queen Victorias death on 22 January 1901, Helena saw relatively little of her surviving siblings. Helena was the most active member of the family, carrying out an extensive programme of royal engagements at a time when royalty was not expected to appear often in public. She was also a patron of charities, and was one of the founding members of the Red Cross. She was founding president of the Royal School of Needlework, as president of the latter, she was a strong supporter of nurse registration against the advice of Florence Nightingale. She became the first member of her family to celebrate her 50th wedding anniversary in 1916, Helena outlived him by six years, and died aged 77 at Schomberg House on 9 June 1923. Helena was born at Buckingham Palace, the royal residence in London, on 25 May 1846. She was the daughter and fifth child of the reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria. Albert reported to his brother, Ernest II, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, that Helena came into this world quite blue and he added that the Queen suffered longer and more than the other times and she will have to remain very quiet to recover. Albert and Victoria chose the names Helena Augusta Victoria, the German nickname for Helena was Helenchen, later shortened to Lenchen, the name by which members of the royal family invariably referred to Helena. As the daughter of the sovereign, Helena was styled Her Royal Highness The Princess Helena from birth, Helena was baptised on 25 July 1846 at the private chapel at Buckingham Palace. Her godparents were The Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, her first cousin once-removed by marriage, The Duchess of Orléans, Helena was a lively and outspoken child, and reacted against brotherly teasing by punching the bully on the nose. Lady Augusta Stanley, a lady-in-waiting to the Queen, commented favourably on the three-year-old Helenas artwork, like her sisters, she could play the piano to a high standard at an early age
Princess Helena of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Helena
Princess Helena of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Helena (right) with her brother Prince Alfred. Helena was Alfred's favourite sister.
Princess Helena of the United Kingdom
50.
Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom, VA CI GCVO GBE RRC GCStJ was the fifth daughter and youngest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. King Felipe VI of Spain is her great-great-grandson, Beatrice was the last of Queen Victorias children to die,65 years after the first, her sister Alice. Beatrices childhood coincided with Queen Victorias grief following the death of her husband Albert, as her elder sisters married and left their mother, Queen Victoria came to rely on the company of her youngest daughter, whom she called Baby for most of her childhood. Beatrice was brought up to stay with her mother always and she resigned herself to her fate. Queen Victoria was so set against her youngest daughter marrying that she refused to discuss the possibility and she was attracted to the Prince Imperial and there was talk of a possible marriage, but he was killed in the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879. Beatrice fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg, the son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Julia von Hauke and brother-in-law of her niece Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine. Queen Victoria consented on condition that Beatrice and Henry make their home with her, the Prince and Princess had four children, but 10 years into their marriage, on 20 January 1896, Prince Henry died of malaria while fighting in the Anglo-Asante War. Beatrice remained at her mothers side until Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901, Beatrice devoted the next 30 years to editing Queen Victorias journals as her designated literary executor and continued to make public appearances. She died at 87, outliving all her siblings, two of her children, and several nieces and nephews including George V and Wilhelm II, Beatrice was born at Buckingham Palace. She was the daughter and youngest of the nine children of the reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria. The birth caused controversy when it was announced that Queen Victoria would seek relief from the pains of delivery through the use of chloroform administered by Dr John Snow, chloroform was considered dangerous to mother and child and was frowned upon by the Church of England and the medical authorities. Queen Victoria was undeterred and used that blessed chloroform for her last pregnancy, a fortnight later, Queen Victoria reported in her journal, I was amply rewarded and forgot all I had gone through when I heard dearest Albert say Its a fine child, and a girl. She was christened in the chapel at Buckingham Palace on 16 June 1857. Her godparents were the Duchess of Kent, the Princess Royal, from birth, Beatrice became a favoured child. The elder favourite daughter of Prince Albert, the Princess Royal, was about to take up residence in Germany with her new husband, at the same time, the newly arrived Beatrice showed promise. Albert wrote to Augusta, Fritzs mother, that Baby practises her scales like a prima donna before a performance and has a good voice. Although Queen Victoria was known to dislike most babies, she liked Beatrice and this provided Beatrice with an advantage over her elder siblings. Queen Victoria once remarked that Beatrice was a pretty, plump, with fine large blue eyes, pretty little mouth and very fine skin
Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Beatrice
Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom
–
Queen Victoria, holding Princess Beatrice in 1862
Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom
–
The daughters of Queen Victoria mourn the loss of their father. Beatrice is the only one shown who is not looking down.
Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Beatrice in 1868. Her late childhood brought little companionship since Prince Leopold, the sibling closest to her age, could not play because of his haemophilia.
51.
Princess Frederica of Hanover
–
Princess Frederica of Hanover, was a member of the House of Hanover. After her marriage, she lived mostly in England, where she was a prominent member of Society, Frederica was born 9 January 1848 in Hanover, the elder daughter of the Hereditary Prince of Hanover and of his wife, Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg. She held the title of Princess with the style Her Royal Highness in Hanover, in the United Kingdom, she held the title of Princess with the style Her Highness as a male-line great-granddaughter of King George III. These plans came to nothing as tensions grew between Hanover and Prussia final resulting in the Austro-Prussian War, in 1866, Fredericas father was deposed as King of Hanover. Eventually the family settled at Gmunden in Austria, where they owned Schloss Cumberland, Frederica visited England with her family in May 1876, and again, after her fathers death, in June 1878. Frederica was courted by her cousin, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany. Frederica, however, was in love with Baron Alfons von Pawel-Rammingen, Alfons had served as an equerry to Fredericas father. Alfons was naturalised as a British subject on 19 March 1880 and, on 24 April 1880, he, the wedding took place in Windsor Castle presided by the Bishop of Oxford. Alfons sister Anna was married to Baron Oswald von Coburg, the son of a son of Prince Ludwig Karl Friedrich of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After their marriage Frederica and Alfons lived in an apartment at Hampton Court Palace, the apartment was in the south-west wing of the west front of the palace in the suite formerly called the Lady Housekeepers Lodgings. Frederica and Alfons had one daughter who was born and died at Hampton Court Palace and she was buried in the Albert Memorial Chapel in St Georges Chapel at Windsor Castle. Frederica and Alfons were frequent guests at Windsor Castle and at Osborne House, Frederica was involved with numerous charitable activities. In August 1881 she established the Convalescent Home, an institution for women who have given birth but have been discharged from maternity hospitals. Because her father had been blind, she was a benefactress of the Royal Normal College, Frederica was interested in children & became patron of the Church Extension Association, then based in Kilburn, which wished to set up schools in Willesden, then a new suburb of London. On 24 July 1889 she opened Princess Frederica School in Kensal Rise and she was President of the Middlesex Branch of SSFA. Frederica and Alfons gave up their apartment at Hampton Court Palace in 1898, while they continued to live part of the year in England, they subsequently spent more time in Biarritz in France where they had previously vacationed. Frederica died in 1926 at Biarritz and she was buried in the Royal Vault in St Georges Chapel at Windsor Castle. In 1927 a window in her memory was unveiled in the English Church in Biarritz
Princess Frederica of Hanover
–
Princess Frederica
Princess Frederica of Hanover
–
Frederica of Hanover circa 1915
52.
Princess Marie of Hanover
–
Princess Marie of Hanover was the younger daughter of King George V of Hanover and of his wife, Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg. Marie was born in the city of Hanover and she held the title of Princess with the style of Royal Highness in the Kingdom of Hanover. In the United Kingdom, she held the title of Princess with the style Her Highness as a male line great-granddaughter of King George III, in 1866 Maries father was deposed as king of Hanover. Marie and her mother remained in Hanover for over a year, residing at Schloss Marienburg, eventually the family settled at Gmunden. Marie visited England with her family in May 1876, and again, after her fathers death and her sister Frederica moved to England where she married, but Marie returned to Gmunden where she remained single and lived with her mother at Schloss Cumberland. An American newspaper suggests that Marie twice turned down an offer of marriage from Queen Victorias third son the Duke of Connaught, Marie died at Gmunden at the age of 54. Her funeral was the day after her death two days later her niece Princess Alexandra of Hanover and Cumberland was scheduled to marry Grand Duke Friedrich Franz IV of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Marie is buried in the mausoleum at Schloss Cumberland next to her mother who outlived her by three years. 2 December 1849 –4 June 1904, Her Royal Highness Princess Marie of Hanover, Princess of Great Britain and Ireland
Princess Marie of Hanover
–
Princess Marie
Princess Marie of Hanover
–
Marie and Marie from Hanover, postcard by Carl Jagerspacher, Gmunden 1904, with the original signature of "Marie R. (Regina)"
53.
Louise, Princess Royal
–
Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife was the third child and the eldest daughter of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom and Queen Alexandra, she was a younger sister of King George V. She was the daughter of a British monarch to be styled Princess Royal. Princess Louise was born at Marlborough House, the London residence of her parents, then The Prince and she spent much of her childhood at Sandringham House, her parents country estate in Norfolk. Like her sisters, Princesses Maud and Victoria, she received limited formal education and she was christened at Marlborough House on 10 May 1867 by Charles Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury. With her sisters Maud and Victoria, she was a bridesmaid at the 1885 wedding of their paternal aunt Princess Beatrice, on Saturday 27 July 1889, Princess Louise married the 6th Earl Fife, at the Private Chapel in Buckingham Palace. Two days after the wedding, Queen Victoria created him Duke of Fife, the letters patent creating this dukedom contained the standard remainder to male heirs of the body lawfully begotten. However, it became apparent that the Duke and Duchess would not have a son and her Highness Princess Maud of Fife married the 11th Earl of Southesk, and had issue. On 9 November 1905, King Edward VII created Princess Louise the Princess Royal, in December 1911, while sailing to Egypt, the Princess Royal and her family were shipwrecked off the coast of Morocco. Although they escaped unharmed, the Duke of Fife fell ill with pleurisy and he died at Assuan, Egypt in January 1912, and Princess Alexandra succeeded to his dukedom, becoming Duchess of Fife in her own right. Princess Alexandra later married Prince Arthur of Connaught, a first cousin of Princess Louise, Princess Louise of Wales received the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert in 1885 and the Imperial Order of the Crown of India in 1887. She became a Lady of the Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem in 1888 and she became colonel-in-chief of the 7th Dragoon Guards in 1914. She later served as colonel-in-chief of the 4th and 7th Dragoon Guards when it was formed in 1921, in the autumn of 1929 at Mar Lodge she was taken ill with gastric hemorrhage and was brought back to London. The Princess Royal died fifteen months later in January 1931, at her home in Portman Square, London and was buried in St. Georges Chapel and her remains were later removed to the Private Chapel, Mar Lodge, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. The inescutcheon was dropped by royal warrant in 1917
Louise, Princess Royal
–
Princess Louise
Louise, Princess Royal
–
The Princess Royal with her daughters Princesses Maud, left, and Alexandra, ca. 1911.
54.
Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom, known as Toria, was the fourth child and second daughter of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark, and the younger sister of George V. Princess Victoria was born on 6 July 1868 at Marlborough House and her father was Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Her mother was Alexandra, Princess of Wales, the eldest daughter of King Christian IX and she was christened at Marlborough House on 6 August 1868 by Archibald Campbell Tait, Bishop of London. Princess Victoria was educated at home by tutors and spent her childhood at Marlborough House, the Princess was particularly close to her brother, George, the future King George V. With her sisters, she was a bridesmaid at the wedding in 1885 of their paternal aunt Princess Beatrice to Prince Henry of Battenberg and she was a bridesmaid at the wedding of the Duke and Duchess of York on 6 July 1893. Although she had a number of suitors, the most famous of them being King Carlos I of Portugal and her mother, Alexandra, is believed to have actively discouraged her from marrying. Instead she remained a companion to her parents, particularly her mother, the Princess then set up her own home at Coppins, Iver, in Buckinghamshire. She took a particular interest in the life, becoming honorary president of the Iver Horticultural Society. Princess Victorias last years were plagued with health issues and she suffered from neuralgia, migraines, indigestion, depression, colds and influenza. Princess Victoria died at home on 3 December 1935 and her funeral took place on 7 December 1935 at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle, where she was initially buried. Her remains were moved and reburied at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore, Windsor Great Park. Her death greatly affected King George V, who died one month later, the inescutcheon was dropped by royal warrant in 1917. Princess Victoria, His Majestys Sister, A Quiet Home Life, The Times,4 December 1935, p.18, ronald Allison and Sarah Ridell, The Royal Encyclopedia
Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Victoria
Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Victoria with her dog, Mac, taken by her mother
55.
Maud of Wales
–
Maud of Wales, GCVO, GCStJ, VA, CI was Queen of Norway as spouse of King Haakon VII. She was the youngest daughter of the British king Edward VII, Maud of Wales was the first queen of Norway since 1380 who was not also queen of Denmark or Sweden. Maud was born on 26 November 1869 at Marlborough House, London and she was the third daughter and fifth child of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of Queen Victoria, and Princess Alexandra of Denmark. She was christened Maud Charlotte Mary Victoria at Marlborough House by John Jackson, Maud had a relatively happy childhood compared to her siblings, who found their upbringing oppressive and stifled. Her fathers favourite child, she was high-spirited and enjoyed riding, the tomboyish Maud was known as Harry to the royal family, after Edward VIIs friend Admiral Henry Keppel, whose conduct in the Crimean War was considered particularly courageous at the time. Maud took part in almost all the visits to the Princess of Waless family in Denmark and later accompanied her mother and sisters on cruises to Norway. She was a bridesmaid at the 1885 wedding of her paternal aunt Beatrice to Prince Henry of Battenberg, Maud, along with her sisters, Victoria and Louise, received the Imperial Order of the Crown of India from Queen Victoria on 6 August 1887. Like her sisters, she held the Royal Order of Victoria. Maud married relatively late, waiting until her twenties to find a husband. She had initially wanted to marry Prince Francis of Teck, elder brother of her sister-in-law Mary, despite being relatively impoverished from mounting gambling debts and being in a position to possibly benefit from Mauds status, he ignored her advances. On 22 July 1896, Princess Maud married her first cousin, Prince Carl of Denmark, Prince Carl was the second son of Queen Alexandras elder brother, Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark, and Princess Louise of Sweden. The brides father gave her Appleton House on the Sandringham Estate as a residence for her frequent visits to England. It was there that the only child, Prince Alexander, was born on 2 July 1903. Prince Carl was an officer in the Danish navy and he, in June 1905 the Norwegian parliament, the Storting, dissolved Norways 91-year-old union with Sweden and voted to offer the throne to Prince Carl. Mauds membership of the British royal house had some part in why Carl was chosen, following a plebiscite in November, Prince Carl accepted the Norwegian throne, taking the name of Haakon VII, while his young son took the name of Olav. King Haakon VII and Queen Maud were crowned at Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim on 22 June 1906, Queen Maud never lost her love of Britain, but she quickly adapted to her new country and duties as a queen consort. Maud played a strong and dominant role within the court and family and she disliked representation but performed her role as a queen with great care, and used clothes and jewelry to make a regal impression. She supported charitable causes, particularly associated with children and animals
Maud of Wales
–
Maud following her coronation, wearing the Queen's Crown, sceptre and orb
Maud of Wales
–
Princess Maud of Wales (centre) as a teenager, together with her sisters Louise (left) and Victoria (right).
Maud of Wales
–
Wedding of Princess Maud of Wales and Prince Carl of Denmark
Maud of Wales
–
Queen Maud with her husband and their son.
56.
Marie of Romania
–
Princess Marie of Edinburgh, more commonly known as Marie of Romania, was the last Queen consort of Romania as the wife of King Ferdinand I. Born into the British royal family, she was titled Princess Marie of Edinburgh at birth and her parents were Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia. Maries early years were spent in Kent, Malta and Coburg, after refusing a proposal from her cousin, the future King George V, she was chosen as the future wife of Crown Prince Ferdinand of Romania, the heir apparent of King Carol I, in 1892. Marie was Crown Princess between 1893 and 1914, and became popular with the Romanian people. After the outbreak of World War I, Marie urged Ferdinand to ally himself with the Triple Entente and declare war on Germany, during the early stages of fighting, Bucharest was occupied by the Central Powers and Marie, Ferdinand and their five children took refuge in Moldavia. There, she and her three daughters acted as nurses in hospitals, caring for soldiers who were wounded or afflicted by cholera. On 1 December 1918, the province of Transylvania, following Bessarabia and Bukovina, Marie, now Queen consort of Greater Romania, attended the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, where she campaigned for international recognition of the enlarged Romania. In 1922, she and Ferdinand were crowned in a cathedral in the ancient city of Alba Iulia, in an elaborate ceremony which mirrored their status as queen. As queen, she was popular, both in Romania and abroad. In 1926, Marie and two of her children undertook a tour of the United States. They were received enthusiastically by the people and visited several cities before returning to Romania, there, Marie found that Ferdinand was gravely ill and he died a few months later. Now queen dowager, Marie refused to be part of the council which reigned over the country under the minority of her grandson. In 1930, Maries eldest son Carol, who had waived his rights to succession, deposed his son and usurped the throne and he removed Marie from the political scene and strived to crush her popularity. As a result, Marie moved away from Bucharest and spent the rest of her either in the countryside. In 1937, she became ill with cirrhosis and died the following year, following Romanias transition to a Socialist Republic, the monarchy was excoriated by communist officials. In the years preceding the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Maries popularity recovered, Marie is primarily remembered for her work as a nurse, but is also known for her extensive writing, including her critically acclaimed autobiography. She was born at her parents residence, Eastwell Manor in Kent, on 29 October 1875 and her birth was celebrated by firing the Park and Tower guns. She was named Marie Alexandra Victoria, after her mother and grandmothers, the Duke of Edinburgh wrote that his daughter promises to be as fine a child as her brother and gives every evidence of finely developed lungs and did so before she was fairly in the world
Marie of Romania
–
Marie wearing her regalia. Photograph by George Grantham Bain.
Marie of Romania
–
Signature
Marie of Romania
–
1882 portrait by John Everett Millais commissioned by Queen Victoria and exhibited at the Royal Academy.
Marie of Romania
–
Princess Marie, photographed in 1888
57.
Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
–
She was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as well as of Emperor Alexander II of Russia and Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine. Born a British princess, Victoria spent her life in England. In 1889 the family moved to Coburg, where Victorias father became the duke in 1893. Instead, bowing to pressure, Victoria married in 1894 a paternal first cousin, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, following the wishes of their shared grandmother. Victoria scandalized the royal families of Europe when she divorced her husband in 1901, the couples only child, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, died of typhoid fever in 1903. Victoria married Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich in 1905 and they wed without the formal approval of Britains King Edward VII, required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772, and in defiance of Tsar Nicholas II. In retaliation, the Tsar stripped Kirill of his offices and honours and they had two daughters and settled in Paris before being allowed to visit Russia in 1909. In 1910 they moved to Russia, where Nicholas recognized her as Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna, after the fall of the Russian monarchy in 1917, they escaped to Finland where she gave birth to her only son. In exile they lived for years among her relatives in Germany. In 1926, Kirill proclaimed himself emperor in exile and Victoria supported her husbands claims, Victoria died after suffering a stroke while visiting her daughter Maria in Amorbach. Victoria was born on 25 November 1876 in San Anton Palace in Attard, Malta, hence her second name, Melita. Her father, who was stationed on the island as an officer in the Royal Navy, was Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and her mother was Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna, the only surviving daughter of Alexander II of Russia and Marie of Hesse. As a grandchild of the British monarch, she was styled Her Royal Highness Princess Victoria of Edinburgh, within her family, she was always known as Ducky. At the time of her birth, she was 10th in the line of succession to the British throne, the princess was christened on 1 January 1877 at San Antonio Palace by a Royal Navy chaplain. Her godparents included her paternal grandmother Queen Victoria, who was represented by a proxy, after the Duke’s service in Malta was over they returned to England where the family lived for the next few years. They divided their time between Eastwell Park, their home in Kent, and Clarence House, their residence in London facing Buckingham Palace. Eastwell, an estate of 2,500 acres near Ashford, with its forest. In January 1886, shortly after Princess Victoria turned nine, the family left England when her father was appointed commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean naval squadron, for the next three years, the family lived at the San Anton Palace in Malta, Victorias birthplace
Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
–
Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna.
Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
–
The Duchess of Edinburgh with her children. From left to right: Princess Alexandra, Grand Duchess Maria, Princess Beatrice, Princess Marie, Prince Alfred and Princess Victoria Melita
Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
–
The Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha with his family. From left to right: Princess Beatrice, Alfred Duke of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, Duchess Marie, Dowager Duchess Alexandrine, Princess Victoria, Princess Alexandra and Princess Marie at Rosenau.
Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
–
Victoria Melita and Ernst Ludwig at their marriage in 1894
58.
Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
–
Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was a member of the British Royal Family, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. She later married into the Spanish Royal Family, and was the wife of Alfonso de Orleans y Borbón, Infante of Spain and she was called Baby Bee by her family. Princess Beatrice was born on 20 April 1884 at Eastwell Park and her father was the Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, the second son of Queen Victoria and The Prince Consort. Her mother was Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia, the surviving daughter of Alexander II of Russia and Princess Marie of Hesse. She was baptised at Eastwell House on 17 May 1884 by the Revd William Lloyd, Beatrice spent much of her early years in Malta, where her father was serving in the Royal Navy. She was a bridesmaid at the wedding of the Duke and Duchess of York on 6 July 1893, the Duke and Duchess, with their five surviving children, travelled shortly afterwards to Coburg to take up residence. In 1902, Princess Beatrice had a romance with Russian Grand Duke Michael, the brother of Tsar Nicholas II. She began receiving letters from him in September 1902 and, although he was a Russian Grand Duke and she now a German Princess, they corresponded in English, however she was prevented from marrying the Grand Duke as the Russian Orthodox Church forbade the marriage of first cousins. Although such marriages had been allowed previously in the House of Romanov, in November 1903, Michael wrote to Beatrice telling her that he could not marry her. The situation was aggravated by a letter Beatrice then received from her elder sister Victoria Melita, the humiliated Beatrice was sent to Egypt to recover from heartbreak, but pined and wrote reproachful letters to Michael until 1905. Beatrice was then rumoured to be intending to marry Alfonso XIII of Spain and it was at their wedding that Beatrice met a cousin of King Alfonso, Alfonso de Orleans y Borbón, Infante of Spain, 5th Duke of Galliera. Nonetheless, Beatrice and Alfonso married in a Roman Catholic and Lutheran ceremony at Coburg on 15 July 1909, the couple settled in Coburg until, in 1912, Alfonso and Beatrice were allowed to return to Spain and his rank of Infante was restored. In August 1913, Beatrice was received into the Roman Catholic Church, during King Alfonso XIIIs unhappy marriage, he had numerous affairs and dalliances, some of which produced illegitimate children. He allegedly also made advances toward Princess Beatrice, which she rebuffed, the King expelled her and her husband from Spain, under the pretext of sending Infante Alfonso on a mission to Switzerland. The Spanish Royal Family eventually relented, and Beatrice and her family were allowed to return to Spain where they established their home at an estate in Sanlúcar de Barrameda. The 1930s were a time for the family, as the collapse of the Spanish monarchy. After the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, King Alfonso, in the years that followed, the political situation in Spain worsened as various groups wrestled for power. By the late-1930s, the conflicts had erupted into civil war
Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
–
Princess Beatrice
59.
Princess Patricia of Connaught
–
Princess Patricia of Connaught was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Upon her marriage to Alexander Ramsay, she relinquished her title of a British princess, Princess Patricia — Patsy to family and friends — was born on 17 March 1886, St Patricks Day, at Buckingham Palace in London. Her father was Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and her mother was Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia. She had two siblings, Prince Arthur of Connaught and Princess Margaret of Connaught, later Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden. She was named Victoria after Queen Victoria, Patricia, after St Patrick, the saint of her birthday and she grew up as a member of the Royal Family. She was a bridesmaid at the wedding of the Duke and Duchess of York on 6 July 1893, Princess Patricia travelled extensively in her early years. Her father, the Duke of Connaught, was posted to India with the army, Connaught Place, the central business locus of New Delhi, is named for the Duke. In 1911, the Duke was appointed Governor General of Canada, Princess Patricia accompanied her parents to Canada, and she became popular there. Her portrait appears on the note of the Dominion of Canada with the issue date 17 March 1917. She was named Colonel-in-Chief of Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry on 22 February 1918, the regiment named for her was privately raised by Andrew Hamilton Gault, of Montreal, at his own expense, it was the last privately raised regiment in the British Empire. Princess Patricia personally designed the badge and colours for the regiment to take overseas to France, and at her wedding in 1919, as the regiments Colonel-in-Chief, she played an active role until her death. The Princess Patricia of Connaught worshipped here while resident at Government House 1911-1916, the question of Patricias marriage was the subject of much speculation in the Edwardian era, as she was considered one of the most beautiful and eligible royal princesses of her generation. In the end, however, Patricia chose a rather than a husband of royal blood. She married naval Commander The Hon. Alexander Ramsay, one of her fathers aides-de-camp and she was married at Westminster Abbey on 27 February 1919. On the occasion of her marriage, Princess Patricia of Connaught voluntarily relinquished the style of Royal Highness and she was granted by Royal Warrants of 25 February 1919 the style of Lady Patricia Ramsay with precedence immediately before the Marchionesses of England. Cdr Alexander Ramsay and Lady Patricia Ramsay had one child, Alexander Ramsay of Mar, married,1956, Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun, and had issue. She rode in the processions with other members of the Royal Family at the funerals of George V in 1936. She also attended royal garden parties and participated in state visits, Lady Patricia was an accomplished artist specializing in watercolours
Princess Patricia of Connaught
–
Princess Patricia, photographed by W & D Downey
Princess Patricia of Connaught
–
The Duke and Duchess of Connaught with their children in 1893.
Princess Patricia of Connaught
–
Princess Patricia and Major Worthington on the skating rink at Rideau Hall in 1914.
Princess Patricia of Connaught
–
A photo of the wedding party at Princess Patricia of Connaught's marriage to the Hon. Alexander Ramsay on February 27, 1919.
60.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
–
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, VA, GCVO, GBE, GCStJ, was a member of the British Royal Family. She is the longest-lived Princess of the Blood Royal of the British Royal Family and she was godmother to Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, who is the granddaughter of her first cousin on her mothers side, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. Princess Alice was born 25 February 1883 at Windsor Castle and her father was Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, the youngest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Her mother was Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont and she had one brother, Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and later reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. As the granddaughter of the Sovereign through the line, she was a Princess of the United Kingdom. As the daughter of the Duke of Albany, she was, therefore and she was baptised in the Private Chapel of Windsor Castle on 26 March 1883, and named Alice for her late paternal aunt. On 10 February 1904, at St Georges Chapel, Windsor, Princess Alice of Albany married her second cousin once-removed, Prince Alexander of Teck, the brother of Princess Mary, after their marriage, Princess Alice was styled Princess Alexander of Teck. Prince and Princess Alexander of Teck had three children, Princess Alice was one of the carriers of the gene for haemophilia which originated with Queen Victoria, Princess Alice inherited the gene from her father who himself was a sufferer. As such, the two surviving children lost their Württemberg princely titles, Alice remained, however, a Princess of Great Britain and Ireland and a Royal Highness in her own right, as granddaughter of Queen Victoria in the male line. The Earl was appointed Governor-General of the Union of South Africa and served from 1924 to 1931, Lord Athlone and Princess Alice had a coastal beach house constructed at Muizenberg, which still stands today and is one of South Africas national monuments. She became a friend of the South African politician Bernard Friedman. On the sudden death of the vastly popular John Buchan in 1940 Canada found itself without a Governor General in time of war, Princess Alice accompanied her husband to Canada where he served as Governor General from 1940 to 1946. In 1944, the Princess Alice Barracks Cabin at Britannia Bay provided a retreat for Royal Canadian Air Force Womens Division personnel based in Ottawa. The cabin was located near the Britannia Boating Clubs facilities for tennis, rented from the Kings Daughters Guild of Ottawa, the cabin featured 60 beds, a separate cookhouse and dining pavilion. The cabin, which had served previously as a Fresh Air Cottage for mothers, further, in December 1941, British prime minister Winston Churchill arrived at Rideau Hall, where he presided over British Cabinet meetings via telephone from his bed. The viceregal couple also played host at Quebec City to prime minister Mackenzie King, as well as Churchill, photos of the Earl with Roosevelt, Churchill and Mackenzie King on the ramparts of the Citadel during the Quebec Conference were widely published at the time. It was at these meetings that the four men discussed the Allied strategies that would lead to victory over Nazi Germany. When Germany fell on 8 May 1945 and Japan on 15 August of the year, Athlone led the national celebrations held on Parliament Hill
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
–
As Viceregal consort of Canada
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
–
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone with her children May and Rupert, circa 1909.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
–
Princess Alice in Royal Canadian Air Force uniform, circa 1942
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
–
The Earl of Athlone and Princess Alice, followed by Mackenzie King at the opening of parliament, 6 September 1945.
61.
Princess Marie Louise of Hanover
–
Princess Marie Louise of Hanover and Cumberland, Princess of Great Britain and Ireland, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Marie Louise was the eldest daughter of Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover and Princess Thyra of Denmark, through her father, Marie Louise was a great-great-granddaughter of George III of the United Kingdom and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Marie Louise and Maximilian had one daughter and one son, Princess Marie Alexandra of Baden, married Prince Wolfgang Moritz of Hesse-Kassel, a son of Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Margaret of Prussia. Marie Alexandra was killed in a bombing of Frankfurt by the Allies of World War II, married Princess Theodora of Greece and Denmark, a daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. Prince Berthold was the brother-in-law of Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Princess Marie Louise of Hanover
–
Princess Marie Louise
Princess Marie Louise of Hanover
–
For other people called Princess Marie Louise, see Princess Marie Louise (disambiguation).
62.
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
–
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood was a member of the British Royal Family, she was the third child and only daughter of King George V and Queen Mary. Princess Mary was born at York Cottage on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk and her parents were the then Duke and Duchess of York. Her father was the eldest surviving son of the then Prince and she was named after her paternal great-grandmother Queen Victoria, her paternal grandmother, Alexandra, Princess of Wales, and her maternal grandmother, Princess Mary of Teck. Since she had the same birthday as her deceased great-aunt Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine and she was always known by the last of her Christian names, Mary. She was fifth in the line of succession at the time of her birth and her baptism took place at St Mary Magdalenes Church near Sandringham on 7 June 1897 by William Dalrymple Maclagan, Archbishop of York. Her godparents were, The Queen, the King of the Hellenes, the Dowager Empress of Russia, the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Teck, Princess Victoria of Wales, and Prince Francis of Teck. Princess Mary was educated by governesses, but shared some lessons with her brothers, Prince Edward, Prince Albert and she became fluent in German and French and developed a lifelong interest in horses and horse racing. Princess Mary and her husband Lord Harewood regularly rode with the Bramham Moor Hunt where he was Master of the Hunt and her first state appearance was at the coronation of her parents at Westminster Abbey on 22 June 1911. During World War I, Princess Mary visited hospitals and welfare organizations with her mother, assisting with projects to give comfort to British servicemen and assistance to their families. One of these projects was Princess Marys Christmas Gift Fund, through which £100,000 worth of gifts was sent to all British soldiers and sailors for Christmas,1914 and this initiative was revived in 2005 by the charity uk4u-Thanks. She took a role in promoting the Girl Guide movement, the VADs. In June 1918, following an announcement in The Gentlewoman, she began a course at Great Ormond Street Hospital. Princess Marys public duties reflected her concerns with nursing, the Girl Guide movement, and she became honorary president of the British Girl Guide Association in 1920, a position she held until her death. In 1926, Princess Mary became the commandant-in-chief of the British Red Cross Detachments and she was patron of the Leeds Triennial Musical Festival for many years. George was a music critic whose career included the role of artistic director of the Leeds Triennial Musical Festival. Their wedding at Westminster Abbey was the first royal occasion in which the future Queen Elizabeth, the Princess was 24, Lord Lascelles was 39. Princess Mary and Lord Lascelles had two sons, George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, married,1949, Marion Stein, had issue, divorced 1967, married,1967, Patricia Elizabeth Tuckwell, had issue. The Honourable Gerald Lascelles, married,1952, Angela Dowding, had issue, divorced 1978, married Elizabeth Collingwood, had issue
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
–
The Princess in 1926.
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
–
Princess Mary, centre, with her five brothers
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
–
The 1914 Christmas gift box.
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
–
A 1922 wedding portrait of Princess Mary and Viscount Lascelles.
63.
Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife
–
Princess Arthur of Connaught, 2nd Duchess of Fife, GCStJ was a granddaughter of King Edward VII and great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Alexandras father was Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife, Princess Louise accordingly became the Duchess of Fife. Alexandra was born at East Sheen Lodge, Richmond on 17 May 1891, as a female-line granddaughter of the British monarch, Alexandra was not entitled to the title of Princess of the United Kingdom Great Britain and Ireland, nor to the style of Her Royal Highness. Instead she was styled Lady Alexandra Duff, as the daughter of a duke, on 5 November 1905, King Edward VII declared his eldest daughter Princess Royal. From that point, Her Highness Princess Alexandra held her title and rank, not from her ducal father, around 1910, Alexandra became secretly engaged to Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark, a son of King George I of the Hellenes. The engagement was terminated when their disapproving parents learned of the liaison, as Prince Christophers father was a younger brother of Princess Alexandras maternal grandmother, the hopeful couple were first cousins once-removed. On 15 October 1913, Princess Alexandra married her cousin Prince Arthur of Connaught at the Chapel Royal, St. Jamess Palace, the brides attendants were, Princess Mary, daughter of King George V. Princess Mary of Teck and Princess Helena of Teck, daughters of Prince Adolphus, Princess May of Teck, daughter of Prince Alexander of Teck and Princess Alice of Albany. Prince Arthur of Connaught was the son of the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, third son of Queen Victoria and thus a younger brother of her maternal grandfather. As such, Arthur and Alexandra were first cousins once removed, after their marriage, Alexandra was referred to as HRH Princess Arthur of Connaught, in accordance with the tradition that a wife normally shares the title and style of her husband. With her husband, Alexandra also carried out engagements on behalf of her uncle, King George V. She also served as a Counsellor of State between 1937 and 1944, during World War I, Princess Arthur of Connaught served as nurse at St. Marys Hospital in Paddington. When Prince Arthur was appointed general of the Union of South Africa in 1920, she accompanied him to Pretoria. Upon the couples return to Britain, she continued to carry out royal duties and she died at her home near Primrose Hill, London, in 1959 and was buried at St Ninians Chapel, Braemar. The Royal Encyclopedia, ISBN 0-333-53810-2 Marlene A. Eilers, Queen Victorias Descendants, ISBN 91-630-5964-9 Alison Weir, Britains Royal Families, the Complete Genealogy, rev. ed. ISBN 0-7126-4286-2
Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife
–
Princess Alexandra
Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife
Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife
–
The wedding day of Prince Arthur of Connaught and Princess Alexandra of Fife.
Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife
–
Princess Arthur of Connaught with her only son Alastair.
64.
Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk
–
Princess Maud Alexandra Victoria Georgina Bertha, later Countess of Southesk, was a granddaughter of the British king Edward VII. Maud and her sister, Alexandra, had the distinction of being the only female-line descendants of a British sovereign officially granted both the title of Princess and the style of Highness. Although Princess Maud did not otherwise carry out royal engagements, because of her position in the Commonwealths order of succession she served as a Counsellor of State between 1942 and 1945, Maud was born at East Sheen Lodge, Richmond-upon-Thames, Surrey on 3 April 1893. Her father was Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife and he was raised from Earl to Duke of Fife following marriage to Mauds mother, Princess Louise of Wales, the eldest daughter of the future King Edward VII. Maud and her sister were unique in sharing descent from both William IV, and William IVs niece, Queen Victoria, who succeeded him because he left no legitimate issue. Maud became second in line to the dukedom, after her elder sister Alexandra, as a female line great-granddaughter of a British monarch, Maud was not entitled to the title of a Princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland nor to the attribute Royal Highness. Instead she was styled Lady Maud Duff, as the daughter of a duke and she was sixth in the line of succession to the British throne at the time of her birth. On 5 November 1905, King Edward VII gave Mauds mother the title of Princess Royal and she took part in the carriage procession for members of the Royal Family when she attended the funeral of Edward VII in 1911. This had no effect on Maud and her sister, whose rank and style derived from the specific promotions granted to them by their grandfather. However, Maud complied with George Vs wish that she stop using her title and style of Princess and Highness and he did not, however, retract the royal warrant conferring the princely title and attribute upon her. She rode in the procession with members of the Royal Family at the funeral of George V in 1936. On 13 November 1923, Maud married Charles, Lord Carnegie at the Royal Military Chapel, Wellington Barracks, Lord Carnegie was the eldest son of Charles Noel Carnegie, 10th Earl of Southesk and inherited the title of Earl of Southesk on his fathers death on 10 November 1941. Maud and her husband operated a farm from Elsick House, in Kincardineshire. Princess Maud consistently appeared at the Court of St. Jamess among the Royal Family, during George VIs absence in Africa in 1943, Maud served as a Counsellor of State. Mauds only son James, Lord Carnegie, succeeded his aunt as 3rd Duke of Fife in 1959 and he succeeded to his fathers titles in 1992. Princess Maud died in a London nursing home in December 1945 after a bout of acute bronchitis
Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk
–
Princess Maud
Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk
–
Princess Maud of Fife as a teenager.
65.
Elizabeth II
–
Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
Elizabeth II
–
The Queen in March 2015
Elizabeth II
–
Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Elizabeth II
–
Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by Philip de László, 1933
Elizabeth II
–
Elizabeth in Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
66.
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
–
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, CI, GCVO, GCStJ was the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom and the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II. Margaret spent much of her childhood in the company of her older sister and her life changed dramatically in 1936, when her paternal uncle, King Edward VIII, abdicated to marry a divorcée, Wallis Simpson. Margarets father became King, and her sister became heir presumptive. During World War II, the two stayed at Windsor Castle, despite suggestions to evacuate them to Canada. During the war years, Margaret was considered too young to perform any official duties, after the war, Margaret fell in love with Group Captain Peter Townsend. In 1952, Margarets father died, her sister became Queen, early the following year, he proposed to Margaret. Many in the government believed he would be a husband for the Queens 22-year-old sister. Margaret eventually abandoned her plans with him and in 1960, she accepted the proposal of the photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones, Margaret was often viewed as a controversial member of the British royal family. Her divorce earned her publicity, and she was romantically associated with several men. Her health gradually deteriorated in the two decades of her life. A heavy smoker for most of her life, she had a lung operation in 1985, a bout of pneumonia in 1993. She died at King Edward VII Hospital on 9 February 2002, Margaret was born on 21 August 1930 at Glamis Castle in Scotland, her mothers ancestral home, and was affectionately known as Margot within the royal family. The Home Secretary, J. R. Clynes, was present to verify the birth, the registration of her birth was delayed for several days to avoid her being numbered 13 in the parish register. At the time of her birth, she was fourth in the line of succession to the British throne and her father was Prince Albert, Duke of York, the second son of King George V and Queen Mary. Her mother was Elizabeth, Duchess of York, the youngest daughter of the 14th Earl, King George V disliked the name Ann but approved of the alternative Margaret Rose. Margaret was baptised in the chapel of Buckingham Palace on 30 October 1930 by Cosmo Lang. Margarets early life was spent primarily at the Yorks residences at 145 Piccadilly and she was educated alongside her sister, Princess Elizabeth, by their Scottish governess Marion Crawford. Margarets education was supervised by her mother, who in the words of Randolph Churchill never aimed at bringing her daughters up to be more than nicely behaved young ladies
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
–
Princess Margaret
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
–
Princess Margaret (front) with her sister Elizabeth (right) and grandmother Queen Mary (left)
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
–
William Timym, "HRH Princess Margaret", c. 1944
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
–
A ticket for the wedding procession
67.
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
–
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, KG, GCVO is the youngest granddaughter of King George V and Queen Mary. She is the widow of Sir Angus Ogilvy, as of January 2017, she is 50th in the line of succession to the thrones of 16 states, at the time of her birth in 1936, she was sixth. Princess Alexandra was born on 25 December 1936 at 3 Belgrave Square and her parents were Prince George, Duke of Kent and Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, a daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia. She received the name Christabel because she was born on Christmas Day, like her aunt by marriage, Princess Alice and her birth was the last to have the tradition of having the Home Secretary present to verify the birth of potential heirs to the throne. Secretary Sir John Simon was present and was the last to do this, as a male-line granddaughter of the British monarch, she was styled as a British princess with the prefix Her Royal Highness. She was born two weeks after the abdication of her uncle King Edward VIII, of her godparents, only the King and Queen and Lord Athlone were present. Princess Alexandra spent most of her childhood at her familys house, Coppins. She lived with her grandmother, Queen Mary, the widow of George V and her father was killed in an aeroplane crash near Caithness, Scotland on 25 August 1942 while serving in the Royal Air Force. Princess Alexandra has the distinction of being the first British princess to have attended a boarding school and she was also trained at Great Ormond Street Hospital. She was a bridesmaid at the 1946 wedding of Captain Lord Brabourne, the following year, she served as bridesmaid at the wedding of her cousins, the then-Princess Elizabeth and The Duke of Edinburgh, on 20 November 1947. The Queen is Princess Alexandras paternal first cousin, the Duke of Edinburgh is Princess Alexandras maternal first cousin once removed and she was also a bridesmaid at the 1962 wedding of Prince Juan Carlos of Spain and her second cousin, Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark. On 24 April 1963, she married the Hon. Angus James Bruce Ogilvy, the wedding ceremony was attended by the royal family and was broadcast worldwide on television, watched by an estimated 200 million people. The bride wore a gown of Valenciennes lace, with matching veil and train. Angus Ogilvy declined the Queens offer to be created an earl upon marriage, Angus Ogilvy was knighted in 1988, later being sworn of the Privy Council in 1997. Taking part in roughly 120 engagements each year, Princess Alexandra is one of the most active members of the royal family, the number of her engagements in 2012 were 110. However, in late June 2013 she cancelled all future engagements due to arthritis, Princess Alexandra was almost 16 years old when her cousin acceded to the throne. In 1959, she carried out a tour of Australia. The Alexandra Waltz was composed for this visit by radio legend, Russ Tyson and it was sung for the princess by teen-aged Gay Kahler, who later changed her name to Gay Kayler
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
–
During her visit to Hong Kong in 1961, Princess Alexandra greets Cantonese opera performers Yam Kim-fai and Bak Sheut-sin after their performance of The Romance of the White Snake
Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
–
Princess Alexandra in 2010
68.
Anne, Princess Royal
–
Anne, Princess Royal, KG KT GCVO GCStJ QSO GCL CD is the second child and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of her birth, she was third in the line of succession, behind her mother – then Princess Elizabeth – and elder brother and she rose to second after her mothers accession, but is currently 12th in line. Anne is known for her work, and is patron of over 200 organisations. Princess Anne has held the title of Princess Royal since 1987 and is its seventh holder, Anne was married to Captain Mark Phillips in 1973, they divorced in 1992. They have two children and three grandchildren, in 1992, within months of her divorce, Anne married Vice Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence, whom she had met while he served as her mothers equerry between 1986 and 1989. Anne was born at Clarence House on 15 August 1950 at 11,50 am, as the child and only daughter of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh. She was the grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Anne was baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 21 October 1950, by Archbishop of York, after the death of George VI, Annes mother ascended the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. Given her young age at the time, she did not attend the coronation, the Company was active until 1963, when Anne went to boarding school. Anne enrolled at Benenden School in 1963, in 1968 she left school with six GCE O-Levels and two A-Levels. In the next couple of years, Anne started dating, in 1970 her first boyfriend was Andrew Parker Bowles, who later became the first husband of Camilla Shand. Following the wedding, Anne and her husband lived at Gatcombe Park and he was made acting captain by the start of 1974 when he was appointed a personal aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II. By 1989, however, Princess Anne and Mark Phillips announced their intention to separate, the couple divorced on 23 April 1992. The Queen had offered Phillips an earldom on his wedding day, the couple had two children, Peter Phillips and Zara Phillips. As female-line descendants of royalty, the children have no title despite being the grandchildren of a monarch, Anne became a grandmother on 29 December 2010 when Peter and his wife Autumn had a daughter, Savannah. On 29 March 2012, the couple had daughter, Isla. Annes third granddaughter, Mia Grace, was born on 17 January 2014 to Zara and her husband Mike Tindall. As Princess Anne and Mark Phillips were returning to Buckingham Palace on 20 March 1974, from a charity event on Pall Mall, the driver of the Escort, Ian Ball, jumped out and began firing a pistol
Anne, Princess Royal
–
The Princess Royal at Chatham House, October 2015
Anne, Princess Royal
Anne, Princess Royal
–
Princess Anne with her parents and elder brother in October 1957
Anne, Princess Royal
–
Anne and Charles at the White House with Tricia Nixon and Julie & David Eisenhower in June 1970
69.
Princess Beatrice of York
–
Princess Beatrice of York is the elder daughter of Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and Sarah, Duchess of York. Beatrice is seventh in line to succeed her grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II and her name, an unexpected choice, was not announced until almost two weeks after her birth. Beatrice began her education at the independent Upton House School in Windsor. From there, she and her sister attended the independent Coworth Park School from 1995. Beatrice continued her education at the independent St Georges School in Ascot, having been diagnosed with dyslexia as a child, she delayed sitting her GCSE exams for one year. She remained at St Georges to take her A-Levels, gaining a grade A in drama and she was elected Head Girl in her final year. In September 2008, she started a course studying for a BA in History and History of Ideas at Goldsmiths College. Princess Beatrice graduated in 2011 with a 2,1 degree, in 2002, Beatrice visited children living with HIV in Russia, and, in Britain, she supported Springboard for Children and the Teenage Cancer Trust. During the summer of 2008, Beatrice volunteered as an assistant at Selfridges, and it was reported Beatrice. In April 2010, running to raise money for Children in Crisis, Beatrice was in a long-term relationship with Virgin Galactic businessman Dave Clark until July 2016. Princess Beatrice attends garden parties and receptions at Buckingham Palace, at the wedding of her cousin Prince William, Beatrices fascinator designed by Philip Treacy was remarked upon by some as an odd choice of fashion. In May 2011, the hat was offered for sale on the auction site eBay with the proceeds going to charity. Princess Beatrice accompanied her grandmother, the Queen, to the traditional Royal Maundy services on 5 April 2012 in York and she and the Duke of Edinburgh were the sole members of the royal family to attend the Maundy Thursday services at York Minster with the Queen. There, Beatrice interacted with parishioners, received flowers from the public, in the lead up to the 2012 Summer Olympics Princess Beatrice welcomed the Olympic flame on the steps of Harewood House near Leeds. In 2013, Beatrice and her sister promoted Britain overseas in Germany and she also visited the Isle of Wight in 2014. After the birth of her first cousin once removed, Princess Charlotte of Cambridge in 2015, in November 2012, Beatrice became a patron of the York Musical Society. In April 2013, she became patron of The Helen Arkell Dyslexia Centre. She accompanied her father during an engagement in the United Arab Emirates on 24 November 2014
Princess Beatrice of York
–
Princess Beatrice at the wedding of Lady Melissa Percy, 22 June 2013
Princess Beatrice of York
–
Princess Beatrice with her sister at Trooping the Colour, June 2013.
Princess Beatrice of York
–
The infamous fascinator worn by Princess Beatrice at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton.
70.
Princess Eugenie of York
–
Princess Eugenie of York is the younger daughter of Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and of Sarah, Duchess of York. She is eighth, and the female, in line to succeed her grandmother. In 2015, she started working for the Hauser & Wirth art gallery in London as an associate director, on 30 March, the seventh day after her birth, it was announced that the Duke and Duchess of York had named her Eugenie Victoria Helena. She was baptised at the Church of St Mary Magdalene, Sandringham, by the Bishop of Norwich and she was the first royal baby to have a public christening, and the only one of the Queens grandchildren not to be baptised in the Lily font. Her godparents were James Ogilvy, Captain Alastair Ross, Susan Ferguson, Julia Dodd-Noble and she was named after Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg and after Princess Helena, Queen Victorias granddaughter and daughter respectively. Eugenie is the first British princess since her grandmothers aunt, Princess Victoria Alexandra Alice Mary, Eugenie is the only one of the Queens granddaughters without Elizabeth as a middle name. Eugenies parents divorced when she was six years old, when she was not at school, she spent her time with her family, as the divorce had been amicable. The Duke and Duchess of York had agreed to joint custody of the girls, Eugenie and her sister frequently travel abroad with one or both of their parents. In the April 2008 issue of Tatler, Eugenie described her grandmother as one of the most amazing women ever and she made a full recovery and is not expected to undergo any further surgery for the condition. Eugenie began her schooling at Winkfield Montessori from 1992 to 1993, from there she joined her sister at Upton House School in Windsor until 1995. She attended Coworth Park School from 1995 to 2001, and then St Georges School, for the next five years, Eugenie boarded at Marlborough College in Wiltshire. She undertook a gap year before continuing her education in 2009, Eugenie began studying Combined Honours BA at Newcastle University in September 2009, combining Art History, English Literature and Politics. She completed her studies in 2012, earning a 2,1 in English literature, in 2013, she moved to New York City for one year to work for the online auction firm Paddle8 as a benefit auctions manager. In July 2015, she moved back to London to work for the Hauser & Wirth art gallery as an associate director, Princess Eugenie does not carry out public duties and receives no allowance from the Privy Purse. She has undertaken limited public engagements, such as connected with charities her mother supports, including the Teenage Cancer Trust, Children in Crisis. She also attends receptions and garden parties at Buckingham Palace, Eugenie and her sister represented their father at a service of thanksgiving for her aunt, Diana, Princess of Wales, in 2007. In 2008, she opened a Teenage Cancer Trusts unit for young patients in Leeds. On 2 June 2011, Eugenie visited the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital with her father as one of her first official engagements, in April 2012 she agreed to be patron for the Hospitals Redevelopment Appeal, this was her first patronage
Princess Eugenie of York
–
Eugenie at her first royal engagement, opening Teenage Cancer Trust's unit in Leeds, October 2008
Princess Eugenie of York
–
Princess Eugenie with her sister at Trooping the Colour, June 2013.
71.
Lady Louise Windsor
–
Lady Louise Windsor is the elder child and only daughter of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. She is the youngest granddaughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Lady Louise was delivered by the Royal Surgeon and Gynaecologist Marcus Setchell via emergency Caesarean section due to placental abruption, which caused severe blood loss to both child and mother. Louise was transferred to a unit in St Georges Hospital, Tooting, London. Meanwhile, her mother remained at Frimley Park until she was enough to be discharged. Lady Louises name was announced on 27 November and she was baptised in the private chapel of Windsor Castle on 24 April 2004. Born with esotropia, Louise underwent a 30-minute operation under general anaesthetic in an attempt to correct the problem in January 2006, the operation was unsuccessful, and she had further treatment in late 2013 that corrected her vision. At age 9, she sustained a broken arm falling off a pony and she is a member of the Guides division, and was previously a Brownie, of Girl Guides of which her grandmother is patron and her mother is president. Her mother was a Brownie when she was a child, on 29 April 2011, she was one of the bridesmaids at the wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. Louise is styled as Lady Louise Windsor, although letters patent issued in 1917 assign a princely status, therefore, all else being equal, Louise would have been styled as Her Royal Highness Princess Louise of Wessex. However, when her parents married, the Queen, via a Buckingham Palace press release, announced that their children would be styled as the children of an earl, thus, court communications refer to her as Lady Louise Windsor. In June 2008, to recognise a visit by her father to the Canadian province of Manitoba and her mother descends from King Henry IV of England. Louise is also related to the family of the Viscounts Molesworth via the descent of her mothers grandmother - Margaret Patricia Molesworth - from Robert Molesworth
Lady Louise Windsor
–
Lady Louise at Trooping the Colour, June 2013
72.
Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
–
Princess Charlotte of Cambridge is the younger child and only daughter of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. She is fourth in line to succeed her paternal great-grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, after her grandfather, father. Clarence House announced on 8 September 2014 that the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge were expecting their second child, the next month, Kensington Palace announced that the baby was expected to be born in April 2015. On 2 May 2015, at 08,34 BST, the Duchess gave birth to a daughter at St Marys Hospital, London, the Duke of Cambridge was present at the birth. The Duchess had been in labour at St Marys Hospital since 06,00 BST, farthing, Thorpe-Beeston, and Godambe were also present at the birth of the Cambridges first child, Prince George, in 2013. The baby was shown to the public for the first time outside the hospital with her parents, on 4 May, gun salutes were fired at Hyde Park and the Tower of London. Later that day, her name was announced as Charlotte Elizabeth Diana, on 5 July 2015, Princess Charlotte was baptised by the Archbishop of Canterbury at St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham. Laura Fellowes, Prince Williams maternal cousin, Adam Middleton, the Duchesss paternal cousin, and family friends Thomas van Straubenzee, James Meade, on 1 May 2016, the Royal Family released photographs of Charlotte ahead of her first birthday. Multiple retailers, particularly in clothing, were expected to benefit greatly from their placement in these photographs. On 11 June, she made her first public appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace following Trooping the Colour, the princess is fourth in line to succeed the Queen, after her grandfather, father, and elder brother. Because of the changes to succession law effected in 2015, she cannot be displaced in the line of succession by any younger brothers. In 2016, Marc Jacobs debuted the lipstick Charlotte named after her, ancestry charts of the current British royal family Genealogy of the British royal family Birth certificate The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge website
Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
–
The queue outside Buckingham Palace, London, to view the official announcement of the birth of Princess Charlotte at 13:15 on 2 May 2015. The ornate golden easel holding the announcement is just visible behind the railing, centre left.
73.
Princess Louisa of Great Britain
–
Princess Louisa of Great Britain was a grandchild of George II and sister of George III. Princess Louisa was born on 19 March 1749, at Leicester House, Westminster, London and her father was Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of George II and Caroline of Ansbach. Her mother was The Princess of Wales and her godparents were Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel and her paternal aunts The Queen of Denmark and The Princess of Orange, all of whom were represented by proxies. She was reportedly close to her sister Caroline Matilda, who was of roughly the age and was raised with her. Her health was delicate throughout her life, according to Walpole, she never appeared more than an unhealthy child of thirteen or fourteen. In 1764, negotiations were made between the British and Danish royal houses of a marriage between the Danish heir to the throne and a British princess. The marriage was considered suitable in status and welcomed by both houses, as there were few Royal Protestant houses to choose between at that point for either party, the marriage was announced in Great Britain 10 January 1765. The same year,1764, she received a proposal from her brother-in-law, Adolf Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Princess Louisa died, at Carlton House, London, on 13 May 1768, unmarried, and without issue, at the age of 19. 19 March 1749 –13 May 1768, Her Royal Highness The Princess Louisa List of British princesses Henry Churchyard Royal Genealogies, Part 10 Sam Sloan Big Combined Family Trees
Princess Louisa of Great Britain
–
Princess Louisa
Princess Louisa of Great Britain
–
By Jean-Etienne Liotard, 1754